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Y I R I R M iE ; 



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ADAPTED TO 



ANDREWS AND STODDARD^S LATIN GRAMMAR. 



WITH NOTES, 



COPIOUS DICTIONARY 



PROF. E. A. ANDREWS. ^^^^^^r—-^ 




BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 

47 Washington Street 

4842. 



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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, 

By Crocker & Brewster, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



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STKRKOTYPED AT THE 
BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. 



PREFACE 



This edition of the Viri Rom^ of Lhomond is 
intended as the second part of a series of Latin works 
adapted to the Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard. 
It has been prepared, in conformity with the views of 
several judicious teachers, for the purpose of rendering 
the transition from the Latin Reader to the easier classic 
authors less abrupt and difficult. In pursuance of this 
design, the text has been carefully revised, and Notes, 
•containing numerous references to the Grammar, to- 
gether with a copious Dictionary, have been added. 
The Dictionary is entirely a new work, and has been 
prepared at an expense of much time and labor. 

The third part of the series will consist of the Com- 
mentaries of Cffisar, prepared in the same manner as 
the editor's recent edition of Sallust, and intended as 
an introduction to that work. 

E. A. A. 

New Haven, June 1, 1842. 



LIVES OF ILLUSTRIOUS ROMANS, 

FROM ROMULUS TO AUGUSTUS. 



BOOK I. 



COMMENCEMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 

1. Proca, rex Albanorum, duos filios, Numitorem et 
Amulium, habuit. Nurnitori, qui natu major erat, regnum 
reliquit : sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit, et, ut eum sobole 
privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestae sacerdotem fecit; 
quae tamen Romulum et Remum uno partu edidit. duo 
cognito, Amulius ipsam in vincula conjecit, parviilos alveo 
impositos abjecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat 
effusus; sed, relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. 
Vastse tum in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama 
traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, infantes lingua lambit, 
ubera eorum ori admovit, matremque se gessit. 

2. duum lupa saspius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos, 
reverteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, rem animadvertit : eos 
tulit in casam, et Accae Larentiae conjugi dedit educandos. 
dui adulti inter pastores primo ludicris certaminibus vires 
auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare coeperunt, tum la- 
trones a rapina pecorum arcere. duare iis insidiati sunt 
latrones, a quibus Remus captus est; Romulus autem vi se 
defendit. Tunc Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit 

1* 



6 VIRl ROM%E. 

Romulo, quis esset ejus avus, quas mater. Roraulus statim, 
armatis pastoribus, Albam properavit. 

3. Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perdux- 
erunt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris greges iiifestare 
solitus esset; Remus itaque a rege Numitori ad supplicium 
traditus est : at Numitor, considerate adolescentis vultu, baud 
procul erat, quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris 
lineamentis erat matri simillimus, setasque tempori expositionis 
congruebat. Dum ea res animum Numitoris anxium teneret, 
repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem liberavit, et, Amulio in- 
terfecto, avum Numitorem in regnum restituit. 

4. Deinde Roraulus et Remus urbem in iisdem 
^' ^" ^;/" locis, ubi expositi educatique fuerant, condiderunt : 
sed orta est inter eos contentio/uter nomen novae 
urbi daret, eamque regeret; adhibuere auspicia. Remus 
prior sex vultures, Romulus postea, sed duodecim, vidit. Sic 
Romulus, augurio victor, Romam vocavit; et, ut eam prius 
legibus quam moenibus muniret, edixit ne quis vallum tran- 
siliret. Quod Remus irridens transilivit; eum iratus Rom- 
ulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: "Sic deinceps male 
afficietur, quicumque transiliet moenia mea." Ita solus po- 
titus est imperio Romulus. 

ROMULUS, FIRST KING OF ROME. 

5. Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat: 
deerant incolae. Erat in proximo lucus: hunc asylum fecit. 
E6 statim multitudo latronum pastorumque confugit. Quum 
vero ipse et populus uxores non haberent, legatos ad vicinas 
gentes raisit, qui societatem connubiumque peterent. Nus- 
quam benigne legatio audita est: ludibrium etiam additnm: 
"Q,uidni feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim com- 
par foret connubium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dis- 
simulans, ludos parat : indici deinde finitimis spectaculum 
jubet. Multi convenere studio etiam videndae novae urbis, 
maxime Sabini cum liberis et conjugibus. Ubi spectaculi 



BOOK I. 7 

tempus venit, eoque deditae mentes cum oculis erant, turn, 
dato signo, virgines raptae sunt: et hsec fuit statira causa 
bellorum. 

6. Sabini ob virgines raptas bellum adversus Romanos 
sumpserunt, et, quum Romas appropinquarent, Tarpeiam 
virginem nacti sunt, quae aquae causa, sacrorum haurieiidas 
descenderat, Hujus pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus 
Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si 
exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. Ilia petiit quod 
Sabini in sinistris manibus gerebaat, videlicet annulos et ar- 
millas. Q,uibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcera 
perduxit, ubi Tatius eam scutis obrui praecepit : nam et 
scuta in laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio ceieri poena 
vindicata est. 

7. Romulus adversijs Tatium processit, et in eo loco, ubi 
nunc Romanum forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo im- 
petu, vir inter Romanos insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortis- 
sime dimicans cecidit ; cujus interitu consternati Romani 
fugere cceperunt. Jam Sabini clamitabant: " Vicimus per- 
fidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciuntlonge aliud esse 
virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris." Tunc Romulus, 
arma ad caelum tollens, Jovi redem vovit, et exercitus seu forte 
seu divinitus restitit. Proelium itaque redintegratur ; sed 
raptae mulieres, crinibus passis, ausae sunt se inter tela 
volantia inferre ; et hinc patres, inde viros deprecatae, pacem 
conciliarunt. 

8. Romulus cum Tatio fffidus percussit, et Sabinos in 
uibem recepit. Centum ex senioribus elegit, quorum con- 
silio omnia ageret ; qui ob senilem aetatem Senatus vocati 
sunt. Tres Equitum centurias constituit ; plebem in triginta 
curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, quum ad Caprae paludem 
exercitum lustraret, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno 
fragore tonitribusque, et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est : 
eum ad deos abiisse vulgo creditum est; cui rei fidem fecit 
Proculus vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem 
seditione, is in concionem processit, et jurejurando affirmavit 



8 VIRl ROM^. 

' RomuJum a se visum augustiore forma, quam fuisset, eun- 
demque praecipere, ut seditionibus abstinerent, et virtutem 
colerent.' Ita Romulus pro deo cultus, et Quirinus est 
appellatus. 

WUMA POMPILIUS, SECOND KING OF ROME. 

9. Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir in- 
■ ■ _ clyta jtistitia et religione. Is Curibus, oppido 
Sabinorum, accitus est. Q,uuni Roraam venisset, 
ut populum ferum religione molliret, sacra plurima instituit. 
Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetud alendum 
virginibus dedit. Flaminem, Jovis sacerdotem, creavit, 
eumque insigni veste et curuli sella ornavit. Duodecim 
Salios, Martis sacerdotes, legit, qui ancilia, quaedam imperii 
pignora e coelo, ut putabant, delapsa, ferre per urbem, 
canentes et rite saltantes, solebant. Annum in duodecim 
menses ad cursum lunss descripsit ; nefastos fastosque dies 
fecit ; portas Jano gemino pedificavit, ut esset index pacis et 
belli : nam apertus in armis esse civitatem, clausus vero 
pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat. 

10. Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero 
majorem institutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit 
sibi cum dea JEgeria esse colloquia nocturna, ejusque monitu 
se omnia, quge ageret, facere. Lucus erat, quem medium 
fons perenni rigabat aqua : eo ssepe Numa sine arbitris se 
inferebat, velut ad congressum deae : ita omnium animos 
religione imbuit, ut fides et jusjurandum, non minus quam 
legum et poenarum metus, cives continerent. Bellum quidem 
nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit, quam Romulus. 
Morbo exstinctus, in Janiculo monte sepultus est. Ita duo 
deinceps reges, ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. 
Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos; Numa tres et 
quadraginta. 



BOOK I. 9 

TULLUS HOSTILIUS, THIRD KING OF ROME. 

1 1. Mortuo Numa, Tullus Hostilius rex creatus 

est. Hie non solum proximo regi dissimilis, sed • ' r^ 

etiam Romulo ferocior fuit. Eo regnante, bellum 
inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est, Ducibus Hostilio et 
Fuffetio placuit, paucorum manibus fata utriusque populi 
committi. Erant apud Romanos trigemini Horatii, trigemini 
quoque apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro 
sua quisque patria dimicent ferro, Fcedus ictum est ea lege, 
ut unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini 
arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. 
Consederant utrinque duo exercitus. Datur signum, in- 
festisque armis terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum animos 
gerentes, concurrunt. 

12. Ut primo concursu increpuere arma, horror ingens 
spectantes perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim 
duo Romani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt : tres 
Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gau- 
dio exercitus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. 
Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant : is quamvis 
integer, quia tribus impar erat, fugam simulavit, ut singulos 
per intervalla secuturos separatim aggrederetur. Jam ali- 
quantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, 
quum respiciens videt unum Curiatium baud procul ab se 
abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exer- 
citus inclamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri, jam Horatius 
eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset 
consequi, interfecit. 

13. Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. 
Alterius erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria 
ferox animus. Alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahebat 
corpus. Nee illud prcelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male 
sustinentem arma conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani 
ov I tes ae gratulantes Horatium aceipiunt, et domum de- 



10 VIRI ROM^. 

ducunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se 
gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, qusB desponsa fuerat uni ex 
Curiatiis, visoque super burner os fratris paludamento sponsi, 
quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere coepit. Movit 
feroci juveni animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio 
publico : stricto itaque gladio transfigit puellam, simul earn 
verbis increpans : " Abi bine cum immaturo amore ad spon- 
sum, oblita fratrum, oblita patriae. Sic eat qusecumque 
Romana lugebit liostem." 

14. Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique, quare 
raptus est in jus Horatius, et apud judices condemnatus. 
Jam accesserat lictor, injiciebatque laqueum. Turn Hora- 
tius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex 
proclamabat filiam suam jure cassam fuisse; et juvenem ara- 
plexus, spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne 
se orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris lacrymas, 
juvenemque absolvit, magis admiratione virtutis, quam jure 
causes. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, qui- 
busdam sacrificiis peractis, transmisit per viam tigillum, et 
filium, capite adoperto, velut sub jugum misit : quod tigillum 
sororium appellatum est. 

15. Non diu pax Albana mansit : nam Fuffetius, dux 
Albanorum, quum invidiosum se apud cives videret, quod 
bellum uno paucorum certamine finisset, ut rem corrigeret, 
Veientes adversus Romanos concitavit. Ipse a Tullo in 
auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem subduxit, ut fortunam 
belli experiretur ac sequeretur. dua re, Tullus, intellecta, 
dixit clara voce suo illud jussu FufFetium facere, ut hostes a 
tergo circumvenirentur. ' Quo audito, hostes territi victique 
sunt. Postera die Fuffetius, quum ad gratulandum Tullo 
venisset, jussu illius quadrigis religatus est, et in diversa dis- 
tractus. Deinde Tullus Albam propter ducis perfidiam dir- 
uit, et Albanos Romam transire jussit. 

16. Roma interim crevit Albse minis; duplicatus est civ- 
ium numerus ; mons Coelius urbi additus ; et, quo frequen- 
lius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus regige cepit, ibique deinde 



BOOK I. 11 

habitavit. Auctarum viriurn fiducia elatus bellurn Sabinis 
indixit; pestilentia insecuta est: nulla tamen ab aimis quies 
dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae 
quam domi esse juvenum corpora ; sed ipse quoque diutumo 
morbo est implicitus : tunc fracti simul cum corpore sunt 
spiritus illi feroces, nullique rei deinceps nisi sacris operam 
dedit. Mernorant TulJum fulmine ictura cum domo con- 
flagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit annos duos et 
triginta. 

AZNXUS M.\P.CIU5,. FOURTH KING OF ROME. 

17. TuUo mortuo, Ancum Marciura regem 
populus creavit. Numae Porapilii nfepos Ancus * " ' ^^^' 
Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. 

Tunc Latini, cum quibus, Tullo regnante, icturn fedu? erat, 
sustulerunt animos, et incursionem in agrum Pvjjiiarium fece- 
runt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum njisit, 
qui res repeteret ; eumque morem posteri rednuenint. Id 
aatera hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit, 
a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato, ait : '* Audi, Jupiter ; 
audite, fines hujus populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi 
R-omani : verbis meis fides sit."' Deinde peragit postulata. 
Si non deduntur res, quas exposcit, hastam in fines hostium 
emittit, bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea de re mittitur, 
feciaJis, ritusque belli indicendiJws/ec/fzZe appellatur. 

18. Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est 
a Latinis ; quare bellum hoc modo eis indictum e^. Ancus, 
exercitu conscripto, profectus. I 

tis, cives Romara traduxit. Q. . , 

multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus carcerem in 
media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit : 
muro lapideo urbem circumdedit, et Janiculum montem, 
ponte sublicio in Tiberim facto, urbi conjunxit. Pluribus 
aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis, immatura morte 
prsBreptus, non potuit praestare, qualem proraiserat regem. 



12 VIRI ROMM. 



LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, FIFTH KING OF ROME. 



19. Anco regnante, Lucius Tarquinius, urbe 

T; 

A. C. 614. 



■ ' ■ Tarquiniis profectus, cum conjuge et fortunis om- 



nibus Romam commigravit. Additur haec fabula : 
scilicet, ei advenienti aquila pileum sustulit, et super carpen- 
tum, ubi Tarquinius sedebat, cum magno clangore volitans, 
rursus capiti apte reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil 
conjux, augtiriorum peiita, regnum ei portendi intellexit : ita- 
que virum complexa jussit eum alta sperare. Has spes cogita- 
tionesque secum portantes, urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque 
ibi comparato, Tarquinius pecunia et industria dignitatem 
atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est; a quo 
tutor liberis rel ictus, regnum intercepit, et ita administravit, 
quasi jure adeptus fuisset. 

20. Tarquinius Priscus bellum cum Sabinis gessit, in 
quo bello equitum centurias numero auxit; nomina mutare 
non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii auctoritate. At- 
tus, ea tempestate augur inclytus, id fieri posse negabat, nisi 
aves addixissent; iratus rex, in experimentum artis, eum in- 
terrogavit, ' fierine posset, quod ipse mente conceperat : ' 
Attus, augurio acto, 'fieri posse respondit.' "Atqui hoc," 
inquit rex, " agitabam, an cotem illam secare novacula pos- 
sem." "Potes ergo," inquit augur, et secuisse dicitur. 
Tarquinius Sabinos vicit, et filium tredecim annorum, quod 
in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta et bulla donavit, unde 
haec ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt. 

21. Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se pa- 
terno regno fraud atos esse, regi paraverunt insidias. Ex 
pastoribus duos ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. 
li, simulata rixa, in vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. duum 
eorum clamor penitus in regiam pervenisset, vocati ad regem 
pergunt. Primo uterque simul vociferari coepit, et certatim 
alter alteri obstrepere. Quum vero jussi essent invicem di- 
cere, unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in 



BOOK I. IS^ 

eum se rex totus averteret, alter elatam securim in ejus caput 
dejecit, et, relicto telo, ambo foras se proripiunt. 



SERVIUS TULLIUS, SIXTH KIJNG OF ROME. 

22. Servius Tullius matre nobili, sed captiva, 

natus est. Q-uum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educa- A. U. 176. 
retur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile ac- ' ' * 
cidisse. Flammag species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. 
Hoc viso Tanaquil summam ei dignitatem portendi intellexit : 
conjugi suasit, ut eum non secus ac liberos suos educaret. 
Is postquam adolevit, a Tarquinio gener assuraptus est; et 
quum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, celata ejus morte, 
populum ex superiori parte sedium allocuta, ait regem, gravi 
quidem, sed non letali vulnere accepto, petere, ut interim,, 
dum convalescit, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Ser- 
vius Tullius quasi precario regnare coepit, sed recte imperium. 
administravit. 

23. Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere voluit. 
Jam turn inclytum erat Dianse EphesiaB fanum. Id com- 
muniter a civitatibus Asise factum fama ferebat. Itaque 
Latinorum populis suasit, ut et ipsi Romae fanum Dianae 
cum populo Romano asdificarent. Q,uo facto, bos mirae 
magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum som- 
nio datum, 'eum populum summam imperii habiturum, cujus 
civis bovem ill am immolasset.' Latinus bovem ad fanum 
Dianae deduxit, et causam sacerdoti Romano exposuit. Sa- 
cerdos callidus dixit ' eum debere prius vivo flumine manus 
abluere.' Dum Latinus ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bo- 
vem immolavit, Ita imperium civibus, sibique gloriam vin- 
dicavit. 

24. Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alte- 
ram habebat. Duo quoque Tarquinii Prisci filii longe dis- 
pares moribus erant. Tullia fer ox Tarquinio miti nupser at; 
Tullia vero mitis Tarquinio feroci ; sed mites, seu forte, seu 
fraude, perierunt : feroces morum similitude conjunxit. Sta- 

2 



14 VIRI ROMM, 

tim Tarquinius Superbus a Tullia incitatus, advocato senatu,. 
regnum paternum repetere coepit : qua re audita, Servius, 
dum ad curiam contendit, jussu Tarquinii gradibus dejectuSy 
et domum refugiens interfectus est, Tullia carpento vecta 
in forum properavit, virum e curia evocavit, et prima regem 
salutavit : a quo jussa ex turba decedere, quum domum redi- 
ret, viso patris corpora, mulionem evitantem super ipsum 
corpus carpentum agere praecepit. Unde vicus ille Seek- 
ratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit amios quatuor et 
quadraginta. 

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, SEVENTH AND LAST KING OF 
ROME. 

25. Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occu- 
A. C. 532. pavit. Tamen bello strenuus hostes domuit. Ur- 
bem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude Sexti filii. 
Is quum indigne ferret earn urbem a patre expugnari non 
posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris in se scevitiam querens, 
Benigne a Gabinis exceptus est, et paulatim eorum benevo- 
lentiam fictis blanditiis alliciendo, dux belli electus est. Turn 
e suis unum ad patrem mittit sciscitatum, * quidnam se facere 
vellet.' Pater nuntio filii nihil respondit, sed in hortum 
transiit ; ibique inambulans, sequente nuntio, altissima pa- 
paverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius fessus exspectando 
redit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris simul ac facto, 
intellexit, quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit, 
patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit. 

26. Postea Tarquinius Superbus Ardeam urbem oppug- 
navit. Ibi Tarquinius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte 
ccenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum aliis juvenibus re- 
giis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio : quum unusquisque suara 
laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque equis Ilomam petunt. 
Regias nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt 
inde Collatiam. Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancil- 
las in lanificio inveniunt. Ea ergo ceteris praestare judica- 



BOOK I. 15 

tur. Paucis interjectis diebus, Sextus Collatiam rediit, et 
Lucretiae vira attulit. Ilia postero die, advocatis patre et 
conjuge, rem exposuit, et se cultro, quem sub veste texerat, 
occidit. Conclamant vir paterque, et in exitium regum 
conjurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis 
portae, et exsilium indictum. 



16 



BOOK II. 



LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, FIRST ROMAN CONSUL. 

1. Junius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii natus, 
A r f^m ^^^^ eandem fortunam timeret, in quam frater 
inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam fuerat ab 
avunculo occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est. 
Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apolli- 
nem muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum 
inclusum deo donum tulit. Peiactis deinde mandatis patris, 
juvenes Apollinem consuluerunt, ' quisnam ex ipsis Romse 
regnaturus esset.' Responsum est, ' eum Romce summam 
potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrern osculareter.' 
Tunc Brutus, perinde atque casu prolapsus, terram oscu- 
latus est, quod ea communis sit mater omnium mortalium. 

2. Expulsis regibus, duo consules creati sunt, Junius 
Brutus et Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretiae maritus. At 
libertas modo parta, per dolum et proditionem psene amissa 
est. Erant in juventute Romana adolescentes aliquot, so- 
dales Tarquiniorum. Hi de accipiendis nocte in urbem 
regibus colloquuntur, ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem 
consilii assumnnt. Sermonem eorum ex servis unus exce- 
pit : rem ad consules detulit. Scripts^ ad Tarquinium litte- 
rs manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula con- 
ecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati 
uvenes nobilissimi, sed prns ceteris liberi consulis omnium 
in se oculos convertebant. Consules in sedem processere 
suam, missique lictores nudatos virgis CEedunt, securique fe- 
riunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et exactor eral 
Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret. 



BOOK II. 17 

3. Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum recuperare 
teiitavit. Equitibus proeerat Aruns Tarquinii filius : rex 
ipse cum legionibus sequebatur : obviam hosti consules 
eunt. Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu antecessit. 
Aruns, ubi Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira, : " Ille est vir," 
inquit, " qui nos patria expulit ; en ille nostris decoratus 
insignibus magnifice incedit." Turn concitat calcaribus 
equum, atque in ipsum consulem dirigit : Brutus avide se 
certamini ofFert. Adeo infestis animis concurrerunt, ut 
ambo hasta transfixi ceciderint; fugatus est tamen Tar- 
quinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit : Bruti 
collegae fiinus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum ma- 
tronae ut parentem annum luxerunt. 

HORATIUS COCLES. 

4. Porsena, rex Etruscorum, ad restituendum 
Tarquinios cum infesto exercitu Romam venit. ^- U- 246. 
Primo impetu Janiculum cepit. Non unquam 

alias ante tantus terror Romanos invasit : ex agris in urbem 
demigrant ; urbem ipsam sepiunt prsesidiis. Alia urbis pars 
muris, alia Tiberi objecto tuta videbatur. Pons sublicius iter 
paene hostibus dedit, nisi unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes, illo 
cognomine, quod in alio proelio oculum amiserat. Is pro 
ponte stetit, et aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a 
tergo interrumperetur : ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostes ; 
ponte rescisso, armatus in Tiberim desiluit, et incolumis ad 
suos transnavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit; 
ei tantum agri datum est, quantum una die circumarari po- 
tuisset. Statua quoque in comitio posita. 

CAIUS MUCIUS SC^VOLA. 

5. Quum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Ro- 
mante constantiae, senatum adiit, et veniam transfugiendi 
petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta potestate, in 

2* 



18 VIRI R03LE. 

«astra Porsenas venit. Ibi in confertissima turba prope re- 
giurn tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus 
dabatur ; et scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mu- 
cins ilium pro rege deceptus occidit. Apprehensus et ad 
regem pertr actus, dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo in- 
jecit; hoc supplicii area exigens, quod in casde peccasset. 
Attonitus miraculo rex juvenem amoveri ab altaribus jus- 
-sit. Turn Mucius, quasi benencium remunerans, ait ' tre- 
centos, sui similes, adversus eurn conjurasse.' Qua re ille 
•territus bellum, acceptis obsidibus, deposuit. 

THE MAIDED" CECELIA. 

6. Porsena Cloeliam, virginem nobilem, inter obsides ac- 
cepit. Q,uum ejus castra hand procul ripa Tiberis locata 
essent, Clcelia, deceptis custodibus, noctu egressa, equum, 
quern fors dederat, arripuit, et Tiberim trajecit. duod ubi 
regi nuntiatum est, prirno ille incensus ira Romara legatos 
misit ad Clceliam obsidem reposcendam. Romani earn ex 
foedere restituerunt. Turn rex, virginis virtutem admiratus, 
earn laudavit, ac parte obsidum donare se dixit, permisitque 
ut ipsa, quos vellet, legeret. Productis obsidibus, Clcelia 
virgines puerosque elegit, quorum aetatem injuriae obnoxiam 
sciebat, et cum iis in patriam rediit. Romani novam in fem- 
ina virtutem novo genere honoris, statua equestri, dona- 
vere. In summa Via Sacra fuit posita virgo insidens equo. 

PUBLIUS VALERIUS PL'BLICOLA. 

7. Tarquinius Collatinus se consulatu abdica- 
A. U. 247. ^.j^^ quod invisum esset populo Tarquinii nomen. 
Itaque consul creatus est Publius Valerius, quo 
adjutore Brutus reges ejecerat. Hie tamen, quia in locum 
Bruti mortui alterum consulem non subrogaverat, et domum 
in alto atque munito loco habebat, in suspicionem regni af- 
fectati venit. Q,uo cognito, apud populum questus est, quod 



BOOK II. 19 

de se tale aliquid timuissent, et misit, qui domum suam 
diruerent. Dempsit etiam secures fascibus, eosque in populi 
concione submisit, quasi major populi quam consulis majestas 
esset. Gratum id multitudini spectaculum fuit. Inde Va- 
leric cognomen Publicolae datum est. Q,uum quartura consul 
fiiisset, mortuus est adeo pauper, ut faneri sumptus deesset. 
Collectis a populo nummis est sepultus, et annuo matronarum 
luctu honoratus. 



AULL'S POSTUMIUS, THE DICTATOR. 



A. U. 255. 



8. Tarquinius ejectus ad Mamilium Tuscula- 
num, generum suum, confugerat : quum ille, con- ^ q ^^i 
citato Latio, Romanos graviter urgeret, nova 

Romae dignitas creata est, quse dictatura appellata est, 
major quam consulatus. Tunc creatus est raagister equitum, 
qui dictatori etiam obsequeretur. Aulus Postumius, dictator 
factus, cum hostibus apud Regillum lacum conflixit, ubi, 
quum victoria nutaret, m agister equitum equis frenos detrahi 
jussit, ut irrevocabili impetu ferrentur : itaque et aciem La- 
tinorum fuderunt, et castra ceperunt. Tarquinius Cumas se 
contulisse dicitur, in eaque urbe senio et cegritudine esse 
confectus. 

ME^EXIUS AGRIPPA. 

9. Menenius Agrippa concordiam inter patres 
plebemque restituit : nam quum plebs a patribus .^ q ^ng 
secessisset, quod tributum et railitiam non tolera- 

ret, Agrippa, vir facundiis, ad plebem missus est; qui, in- 
tromissus in castra, nihil aliud, quam hoc narrasse fertur : 
" Olim humani artus, quum ventrem otiosum cernerent, ab 
eo discordarunt conspiraruntque, ' ne man us ad os cibum fer- 
rent, nee os acciperet datum, nee dentes conficerent.' At 
dum ventrem domare vellent, ipsi quoque defecerunt, totum- 
que corpus ad extremam tabem venit : inde apparuit ventris 
baud segne ministerium es.se, eumque acceptos cibos per 



20 VIRI ROM^. 

omnia membra disserere, et cum eo in gratiam redierunt. 
Sic senatus et populus quasi unum corpus discordia pere- 
unt, Concordia valent." 

10. Hac fabula Menenius flexit hominum mentes : plebs 
m urbem regressa est. Creavit tamen tribunes, qui liberta- 
lem suam adversiis nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. Paulo 
jost mortuus est Menenius, vir omni vita pariter patribus ac 
(jlebi carus ; post restitutam civium concordiam carior plebi 
factus. Is tamen in tanta paupertate decessit, ut eum pop- 
ulus collatis quadrantibus sepeliret, locum sepulcro senatus 
publice daret. Potest consolari pauperes Menenius, sed 
multo magis docere locupletes, quam non sit necessaria 
solidam laudem cupienti nimis anxia divitiarum comparatio. 

CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLAISUS. 

11. Caius Marcius gentis patricice a captis 
A C 491 Coriolis, urbe Volscorum, Coriolanus dictus est. 
Patre orbatus adbuc puer sub matris tutela adole- 
vit. Sortitus erat a natura nobiles ad laudem impetus, sed, 
quia doctrina non accessit, irae impotens, obstinataeque per- 
vicaciae fuit. Q,uum prima stipendia facere ccepisset adoles- 
cens, e multis proeliis, quibus interfuit, nunquam rediit, nisi 
donatus corona aliove militari prsemio. In omni vitas rations 
nihil aliud sibi proponebat, quam ut matri placeret : quum- 
que ilia audiret filium laudari, aut corona donari videret, tum 
demum felicem se putabat. Ea oblectanda et colenda satiari 
non poterat. Ilia cupiente uxorem duxit : illius in aedibus 
cum uxore habitavit. 

12. Coriolanum, post insignem victoriam ejus opera 
maxime partam, Postumius consul apud milites laudavit : 
eum militaribus donis onerare voluit; agri centum jugera, 
decem captivos, totidem ornatos equos, centum boves et ar- 
genti pondus quantum sustinere potuisset, offerebat. Cori- 
olanus vero nihil ex his omnibus accepit, praeter unius 
hospitis captivi salutem et equum. Consul factus, gravi 



BOOK II. 21 

annona advectum e Sicilia frumentum magno pretio dandum 
populo curavit, ut plebs agros non seditiones coleret. Qua 
de causa damnatus ad Volscos concessit, eosque adversus 
Ronlanos concitavit. Imperator a Volscis factus, ad quar- 
tum ab urbe lapidem castra pcsuit, et agrum Romanum est 
populatus. 

13. Missi sunt Roma ad Coriolanum oratores de pace, 
sed atrox responsum retulerunt; iterum deinde missi ne in 
castra quidem recepti sunt. Sacerdotes quo que suis infu- 
lis velati ad eum iverunt supplices, nee magis animum ejus 
flexerunt : stupebat senatus, trepidabat populus, viri pariter 
ac mulieres exitium imminens lamentabantur. Tum Vetu- 
ria, Coriolani mater, et Volum.nia uxor, duos parvos filios se- 
cum trahens, castra hostium petierunt. Ubi matrem aspexit 
Coriolanus : " O patria," inquit, " vicisti iram meam admotis 
matris mese precibus, cui tuam in me injuriam condono." 
Cornplexus inde suos castra movit, et exercitum ex agro 
Romano abduxit. Coriolanus postea a Volscis, ut proditor, 
occisus dicitur. 



THE THREE HUNDRED AND SIX FABII. 

14. Vexabantur incursionibus Veientium Ro- 

A. U 275 
mani. Tum Fabia gens senatum adit. Consul ^* q ^-j-i 

Fabius pro gente loquitur : " Vos alia bella curate : 

Fabios hostes Veientibus date : istud bellum privato sumptu 

gerere nobis in animo est." Ei gratiae ingentes actse sunt. 

Consul e curia egressus, comitante Fabi'" 

rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor : Fabic 

ferunt : Fabii postera die arma capiunt. xS uu 41101.111 e.\erciius 

neque minor numero, neque clarior fama et admiratione 

hom.inum, per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, 

omnes patricii, omnes unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen 

perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est locus communiendo 

praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices petunt. 

15. Veientes pacis inipetratas brevi pcenituit. Itaque, red- 



22 VIRI ROM^. 

integrate bello, inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem 
captandi. Multo successu Fabiis audacia crescebat : quum 
igitur palati passim agros popularentur, pecora a Veientibus 
obviam acta sunt ; ad qusB progressi Fabii, in insidias circa 
ipsum iter locatas delapsi sunt, et omnes ad unum perierunt. 
Dies, quo id factum est, inter nefastos relatus fuit : porta, 
qua profecti fuerant, SceJerata est appellata. Unus omnino 
superfuit ex ea gente, qui, propter aetatem irapuberem, domi 
relictus fuerat. Is genus propagavit ad Q,uintum Fabium 
Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit. 

LUCIUS QUINCTIUS CIXCINNATUS. 



A. U. 296. 



16. yEqui consul em Minucium atque exercitum 
A. C. 456. ^J^^ circumsessos tenebant : id ubi Romae nuntia- 
tum est, tantus pavor, tanta trepidatio fuit, quanta 
si urbem ipsam, non castra, hostes obsiderent : quum autem 
in altero consule parum esse praesidii videretur, dictatorem 
dici placuit, qui rem afflictam restitueret. Quinctius Cin- 
cinnatus omnium consensu dictator est dictus. Ille, spes 
unica imperii Romani, trans Tiberim quatuor jugerum cole- 
bat agrum. Ad quem missi legati nudum eum arantem of- 
fenderunt. Salute data invicem redditaque, Quinctius togam 
propere e tugurio proferre uxorem Raciliam jussit, ut senatus 
mandata togatus audiret. 

17. Postquam absterso pulvere ac sudore, toga indutus 
processit Q,uinctius, dictatorem eum legati gratulantes con- 
«=ilutant; quantus terror in exercitu sit, exponunt. Quinc- 
tius igitur Romam venit, et antecedentibus lictoribus do- 
mum deductus est. Postero die profectus, caesis hostibus, 
exercitum Romanum liberavit. Urbem triumphans ingres- 
sus est. Ducti ante currum hostium duces, militaria signa 
praelata: secutus est exercitus praeda onustus; epulae in- 
structaB ante omnium domos. duinctius sexto decimo die 
dictatura, quam in sex menses acceperat, se abdicavit, et ad 
boves rediit triumphalis agricola. 



BOOK II. 23 



LUCIUS VIRGIXIUS, THE CE^TUR10^^ 

18. Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita, pro 

A U 300 
duobus consulibus decemviri creati sunt, qui al- j^ q ^^2 

latas e Grsecia leges populo proponerent. Unus 

ex iis, Appius Claudius, virginem plebeiam adamavit, quara 

quum Appius non posset pretio ac spe pellicere, clienti suo 

negotium dedit, ut earn in servitutem deposceret : facile vic- 

turus, quum ipse esset et accusator et judex. Lucius Vir- 

ginius, puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur 

virgini venienti in forum injecit manum, affirmans suam esse 

servam : eam sequi se jubet ; ni faciat, minatur se cunctan- 

tem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem 

nutricis fit concursus. Quum ille puellam non posset abdu- 

cere, eam vocat in jus, ipso Appio judice. — 

19. Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is 
prima luce Romam advenit, quum jam civitas in foro ex- 
spectatione erecta staret. Virginius statim in fn-r^-— 
mabundus et civium opem implorans, filiaiu suam 
Appius obstinatum gerens animum in tribi al , ..^ ^^ 
Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi nihil us- 
quam auxilii vidit : "Q,uaeso,'"' inquit, " Appi, ignosce pa- 
trio dolori; sine me filiam ultimo alloqui." Data venia 
pater filiam in secretum abducit. Ab lanio cultrum arripit, 
et pectus puellae transfigit. Turn ferro sibi viam facit, et 
respersus cruore ad exercitura profugit. Concitatus exercitus 
montem Aventinum occupavit ; decern tribunos militum cre- 
avit ; decemviros magistratu se abdicare coegit, eosque omnes 
aut morte aut exsilio multavit : ipse Appius Claudius in car- 
cere necatus est. 

M.\PvCUS FURiUS CAMILLUS. 

20. duum Marcus Furius Camillas urbem Fa- a. U. 361. 
lerios obsideret, ludimagister plurimos et nobilis- -^- ^- 391- 



24 VIRI ROM^. 

simos inde pueros, velut ambulandi gratia eductos, in castra 
Romanorum perduxit : quibus Camillo traditis, non erat du-- 
biuin, quill Falisci, deposito bello, sese Romanis dedituri 
essent; sed Camillus perfidiam proditoris detestatus : "Non 
ad similem tui," inquit, " venisti ; sunt belli sicut et pacis 
jura: arma iiabemus, non adversus eaia aitatem, cui etiam 
captis urbibus parcitur, sed adversus armatos, qui castra^ 
Romana oppugnaverunt." Denudari deinde ludimagistrum 
jussit ; eum, manibus post tergum alligatis, in urbem redu- 
cendum pueris tradidit, virgasque eis dedit, quibus euntem 
verberarent. Statim Falisci, beneficio magis, quam armis 
victi, portas Romanis aperuerunt. 

21. Camillus post multa in patriam merita, judicio pop- 
uli damnatus, exsulatum abiit. Urbe egrediens a diis pre- 
catus esse dicitur, ut, si innoxio sibi ea injuria fieret, de- 
siderium sui facerent ingratae patria3 quamprimum : neque 
multo postea res evenit. Nam Galli Senones Clusium, Etru- 
rise oppidum, obsederunt. Clusini novo bello exterriti ab 
Romanis auxilium petierunt. Missi sunt Roma tres legati, 
qui Gallos monerent, ut ab oppugnatione desisterent. Ex 
his legatis unus contra jus gentium in aciem processit, et 
ducem Senonum interfecit. Qua re commoti Galli, petitis 
in deditionem legatis, nee impetratis, ad urbem venerunt, et 
exercitum Romanum apud Alliam fluvium ceciderunt die 
decimo sexto calendas Augusti : qui dies, inter nefastos re- 
latus, Alliensis dictus est. 

22. Galli victores paulo ante solis occasum 
A. U. 365. ^^ urbem Romam perveniunt. Postquam hostes 
adesse nuntiatum est, juventus Romana, duce 
Manlio, in arcem conscendit; seniores vero domos ingressi 
adventum Gallorum obstinato ad mortem animo exspectabant. 
dui inter eos curules magistratus gesserant, ornati honorum 
insignibus, in vestibulis aedium eburneis sellis insedere, ut, 
quum venisset hostis, in sua dignitate morerentur. Interim 
Galli, domos patentes ingressi, vident viros ornatu et vultus 
majestate diis simillimos : quum Galli ad eos, veluti simula- 



BOOK II. 25 

era, conversi starent, unus ex his senibus dicitur Gallo, bar- 
bam suam permulcenti, scipionem eburneum in caput in- 
cussisse. Iratus Gallus eum occidit : ab eo initium coedis- 
ortum est. Deinde ceteri omnes in sedibus suis trucidati 
sunt. 

23. Galli deinde impetum facere m arcem statuunt. 
Primo militem, qui tentaret viam, praemiserunt. Turn, 
nocte sublustri, sublevantes invicem et trahentes alii alios, 
in summum saxum evaserunt tanto silentio, ut non solum 
custodes fallerent, sed ne canes quidem, sollicitum animal, 
excitarent. Anseres non fefellere, quibus in summa inopia 
Romani abstinuerant, quia aves erant Junoni sacrse ; quae 
res Romanis saluti fuit. Namque clangore anserum alarum- 
que crepitu excitus Manlius, vir bello egregius, ceteros ad 
arma vocans, Gallos ascendentes dejecit : unde mos iste in- 
cessit, ut solemni pompa canis in furca suffixus feratur; 
anser vero, velut triumphans, in lectica et veste stragula 
gestetur. 

24. Tunc consensu omnium placuit ab exsilio Camillum 
acciri ; missi igitur ad eum legati, ipseque dictator absens 
dictus est. Interim fames utrumque exercitum urgebat : at, 
ne Galli putarent Romanos ea necessitate ad deditionem 
cogi, multis locis de Capitolio panis jactatus est in hostium 
stationes. Ea re adducti sunt Galli, ut baud magna mer- 
cede obsidionem relinquerent. Pactum est pretium mille 
pondo auri. Nondum omni auro appenso, Camillus dictator 
intervenit, collectis Romani exercitus reliquiis : auferri au- 
rum de medio jubet, denuntiatque Gallis, ut se ad proelium 
expediant. Instruit deinde aciem, et Gallos internecione 
occidit. Ne nuntius quidem cladis relictus est. Dictator, 
recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans urbem ingressus 
est, et a militibus parens patriae conditorque alter urbis 
appellatus est. 

3 



BOOK III 



CAIUS LICIISiUS STOLO. 
1. Fabius Ambustus ex duabus filiabus maiorern 

A. U. 378. . , ^, , . . . . . T • • • c. 1 • 

A C 37i Aluo bulpicio patricio, mmorem Licmio fetoloni 

piebeio, conjugem dedit. Aulus Sulpicius tribunus 

militum erat potestate consulari. Q,uum in ejus domo sorores 

Fabice inter se tenipus sermonibus tererent, forte incidit, ut 

Sulpicius de foro domum se reciperet, et ejus lictor forem, ut 

mos est, virga percuteret; miEor Fabia moris ejus iusueta id 

expavit : risui sorori fuit miranti sororem id ignorare. Con- 

fusara earn quum pater vidisset, sciscitanti coiifessa est earn 

esse causam doloris, quod viro piebeio juricta esset. Con- 

solatur filiam Ambustus, polliceturque eosdem honores domi 

propediem visuram, quos apud sororem videat. Inde consilia 

inire ccEpit cum genero, qui, ubi tribunatum plebis aggressus 

est, legem tulit, ut alter consul ex plebe crearetur. Lex, 

resistentibus patribus, lata tamen est, et primus Licinius 

Stolo consul e plebe factus, 

TITUS MA^NLIL'S TORQL-ATUS. 

2. Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tardita- 
■ J;' ^ ' tem a patre rus relegatus fuerat. Quum audlsset 
patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno plebis, 
cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis anirai, sed pietate 
laudabile. Cultro succinctus, mane in urbem, atque a porta 
confestim ad Pomponium pergit : introductus cultrum stringit, 
et super lectum Pomponii stans, se eum transfixurum rnina- 



BOOK III. 27 

tur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat. Pavidus tribunus, 
quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micare, accusationem 
dimisit. Ea res adolescent! honori fuit, quod animum ejus 
acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem 
anno tribunus militum factus est. 

3. Quum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anie- 
nem fluvium castra posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe 
profectus est, et in citeriore ripa fluvii constitit. Pons in 
medio erat : tunc Gallus eximia corporis raagnitudine in 
vacuum pontem processit, et quam maxima voce potuit : 
"Quern nunc," inquit, "Roma fortissimum habet, is pro- 
cedat ad pugnam, ut eventus ostendat, utra gens bello sit 
melior." Diu inter primores juvenum Romanorum silentium 
fuit. Turn Titus Manlius ex statione ad imperatorem pergit : 
" Injussu tuo," inquit, " imperator, extra ordinem nunquam 
pugnaverim, non, si certam victoriam videam ; si tu permit- 
tis, volo isti belluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, 
quae Gallorum agmen e rupe Tarpeia deturbavit." Cui 
imperator : " Macte virtute," inquit, " Tite Manli, esto : 
perge, et nomen Romanum invictum praBsta." 

4. Armant deinde juvenem sequales: scutum capit, 
Hispano cingitur gladio ad propiorem pugnam habili. Ex- 
spectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus, et linguam ab irrisu exse- 
rens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus ensem cum 
ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii dejecit. Manlius vero insinu- 
avit sese inter corpus et arma Galli, atque uno et altero ictu 
ventrem transfodit; jacenti torquem detraxit, quera cruore 
respersum collo circumdedit suo, Defixerat pavor cum ad- 
miratione Gallos. Romani alacres obviam militi suo pro- 
grediuntur, et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem per- 
ducunt. Manlius inde Torquati nomen accepit. 

5. Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut 
disciplinam militarem restitueret, edixit, * ne quis extra ordi- 
nem in hostes pugnaret.' Forte filius ejus accessit props 
stationem hostium : is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi 



28 VIRI ROiSLE. 

consulis filium agnovit, " Visne," inquit, " congredi mecura, 
ut singularis proelii eventu cernatur, quantum eques Latinus 
Romano prsestet?" Movit ferocem animum juvenis sen 
ira, sen detrectandi certaminis pudor. Oblitus itaque impe- 
rii paterni in certamen ruit, et Latinum ex equo excussum 
transfixit, spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Ex- 
templo filium aversatas consul milices classico advocat; qui 
postquam frequentes convenere : " Cluandoquidem," inquit, 
" tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti, opcrtet ut dis- 
ciplinam poena tua restituas. Triste exemplum, sed in pos- 
terum salubre juventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad palum." 
Metu omnes obstupuere; sed, postquam, cervice csesa, fusus 
est cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam 
redeunti seniores tantum obviam exierunt : juventus et tunc 
eum, et omni deinde vita, exsecrata est. 

PUBLIUS DECIUS MUS. 

6. p. Decius sub Valerio consule tribunus 
A. U. 412. 
a! C 34o! niilitum fuit. Quum exercitus Romanus in 

angustiis clausus esset, Decius conspexit editum 

collem imminentem liostium castris. Accepto praesidio, 

verticem occupavit, hostes terruit, et spatium consuli dedit 

ad subducendum agmen in sequiorem locum. Ipse intem- 

pesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno oppressas 

incolumis evasit. Q,uare ab exercitu donatus est corona 

obsidionali, quae dabatur ei, qui obsidione cives liberasset. 

Consul fuit bello Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Tunc quum 

utrique consuli somnio obvenisset ' eum pcpulum victorem fore, 

cujus dux in proelio cecidisset,' convenit inter ecs, ut is, cujus 

cornu in acie laboraret, diis se Manibus devoveret : inclinante 

sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus devovit. Armatus 

in equum insiluit, ac se in medios hostes immisit. Corruit 

obrutus telis, et victoriam suis reliquit. 



BOOK III. 29 

MARCUS VALERIUS CORVJNUS. 

7. Bello Gallico, quum Romani in stationibus 

. A. U. 406. 

quieti tempus tererent, Gallus quidam, magnitudine ^' q' ^ 

atque armis insignis, ante alios progressus est ; 

quatiensque scutum hasta, quum silentium fecisset, unum e 

Romanis per interpretem provocavit, qui secum ferro de- 

cerneret. Marcus erat Valerius tribunus militum adoles- 

cens, qui prius sciscitatus consulis voluntatem, in medium 

armatus processit : tunc res visu mirabilis accidisse fertur ; 

nam quum jam manum consereret Valerius, repente in galea 

ejus corvus insedit in hostem versus. Ales non soliim captam 

semel sedem tenuit, sed quotiescumque certamen initum est, 

levans se alis, os oculosque Galli rostro et unguibus appetiit. 

Hostem territum talis prodigii visu, oculisque simul ac mente 

turbatum, Valerius obtruncat. Corvus e conspectu elatus 

orientem petit. Inde Valerius Corvinus dictus est. 

8. Valerius Corvinus, annos tres et viginti natus, consul 
creatus, Samnites bis proelio fudit. Non alias dux militi 
carior fuit, quia nullus militi familiarior. Omnia inter infi- 
mos militum munia baud gravate obibat. In ludo etiam 
militari, quum velocitatis viriumque certamina inter se 
aequales ineunt, Valerius ipse cum eis certabat, nee quem- 
quam aspernabatur parem, qui se ofFerret. Semper comis 
et eodem vultu, seu vinceret, seu vinceretur. Quum postea 
in exercitu orta esset gravis seditio, parsque militum a cete- 
ris defecisset, et ducem sibi fecisset, adversus eos Valerius 
dictator missus est: qui ubi in conspectum venit, benigne 
milites allocutus, extemplo omnium iras permulsit, seditio- 
nemque compressit : adeo hominum animos conciliant comi- 

• tas affabilitasque sermonis ! 

LUCIUS PAPIRIUS CURSOR. 

9. Lucius Papirius, quum dictatorem se adversis A. U. 430. 
ominibus contra Samnites profectum esse sensisset, A- ^- 3^2. 

3* 



30 VIRI ROM^. 

ad auspicia repetenda Rornam regressus est, ac prius 
duinto Fabio, magistro equiturn, edixit, ut sese loco tene- 
ret, neu, absente se, nianurn curn hoste consereret. Fa- 
bius, post dictatoris profectionera, opporturiitate ductus, acie 
cum Samnitibus conflixit. Neque melius res geri potuisset, 
si adfuisset dictator. Non miles duci, non dux militi defuit. 
Viginti millia hostium eo die csesa traduntur. Haud multo 
post dictator adveriit, plenus minarum iraeque. Statim, ad- 
vocata concione, spoJiari magistrum equitnm, virgasque ac 
secures expediri jussit. Turn Fabius militum lidem im- 
plorare ccepit. Clamor in tota concione est ortus; alibi 
preces, alibi minse audiebantur. Itaque res in posterurn diem 
est dilata. 

10. Magister equitnm noctu clam ex castris Romam 
profugit : quem dictator ipse secutus est. Vocato senatu 
iterata contentio est; prehendi Fabium Papirius jussit. 
Turn Fabii pater ad populum provocavit. Populus Roma- 
nus, ad preces et obtestation era versus, oravit dictatorem, ut 
veniam adolescentiee Fabii daret. Ipse adolescens ej usque 
pater procumbere ad genua dictatoris ccsperunt, iramque 
deprecari. Tot precibus cessit Papirius. Is fuit vir non 
animi solum vigore, sed etiam corporis viribus excellens. 
Praecipua pedum pernicitas inerat, quae cognomen etiam de- 
dit. Idem cornis et jocornrn studiosus. Quadam die inam- 
bulans ante tabernaculum, pra^torern Praenestinurn, qui per 
timorem segnius suos in prceliurn duxerat, vocari jussit, et 
postquam eurn graviter increpuit : " Lictor, expedi," inquit, 
" secures ; " et quum praetorem vidisset metu mortis attoni- 
tum : " Agedum, lictor," inquit, " exscinde radicem banc 
incommodam ambulantibus." Deinde praetorem, multa dic- 
ta, dimisit. 

SPTJRIUS post[:mius. 
,, „„ 11. Spurius Postumius consul, quum bellum 

A. U. 433. 1 ^ c. • rr, , • 

A. G. 319. adversus Samnites gereret, a Pontio Thelesmo, 
duce hostium, in insidias inductus est : is namque 



BOOK III. 31 

siiDulatos transfbgas mbit, qui RoiTianf>s monerent Luce- 
riam, Apuli* iirberri, a Sarnriitibus obttideri. Non erat du- 
biurri, quin Rornani Luccrinjs, bonis ac fideJibus sociis, 
opem ferrerit. Luceriaro duaj vije dacebant, altera longior 
ct tutior, altera brevior et periculosior. Festiriatio brevio- 
rem elegit. Itaque qiiurn in irisidias venissent, qui locus 
FarrulfB Caudinm vocab'itur, et fraus hostilis apparuisset, 
retro viara, qua venerarit, repetunt ; at earn hostiurn praesidio 
claosam inveniunt : sistunt igitur gradura, et pmni gpe ever 
dendi adempta, iotuentes alii alios diu immobiles silent; de- 
inde emmpunt in querebis adversus duces, quorum temeri- 
tate in eum locum erant adducti, Ita noctem turn cibi, turn 
qutetis immemores traduxenint. 

13. Ncc Samnites ipsi quid sibi faciendum in xc, tarn 
keti sciebant. Pontius accitum patrem Herennium rogavit, 
' quid fieri placeret.' Is, ubi audivit inter duos saltus clau- 
sum esse exercitum Romanura, dixit, * aut omnes esse occi- 
dendf^, ut vires fr^ingerentur, aut omnes dimittendos esse 
incolurnes, ut beneficio obligarentur.' Neutra sententia ac- 
cepta fuit : interea Rornani necessitate victi legatos mit- 
tunt, qni pacem petant. Pax concessa est ei lege, ut omnes 
sub jugura traducerentur. Itaque pal ud amenta consulibus 
detractri, ipsique prirni sub jugum rnissi, deinde singulas le- 
giones : circumstabant arm at i hostes exprobr antes illudentes- 
que. Romanis e saltu egressis lux ipsa morte tristior fiiit : 
pudor fugere colloquia et ccetus bominurn cogebat. Sero 
Ilomara ingressi sunt, ct se in suis quisque jBdibus abdide- 
runt. 

13, Deliberante sf;nalu de pace Caudinl, Postumius sen- 
tentiam dicere jussus : " Turpi sponsione," inquit, " qui 
me obstrinxi, non tenctur populus Ro/rianus, quaado ejus 
injussu facta est; nee quidqiiam ex ea prrKter corpus meum 
debetur Samnitibus. lis dedite me nudum vinctumque : in 
me unurn sajviant; exsolvam religione populum." Senatus, 
banc aninii magnitudinem admiratiis, Postiimium lauda- 
rit, ejusque sententiam secutus est. Trfwlitus est igitur 



^^'^ VIRI ROM^. 

Postumius fecialibus, qui eum ad Samnites ducerent. Ves- 
tis ei detracta, manus post tergum vinctfE sunt; quumque 
apparitor verecundia majestatis Posturaium laxe vinciret : 
"Q,uin tu," inquit ipse Postumius, " adducis lorum, ut 
justa fiat deditio?" Turn ubi in ccBtum Samnitium venit, 
facta deditione, Postumius fecialis femur genu, quanta potuit 
vi, percussit, et clara voce ait, ' se Samnitem civem esse, 
illurQ legatum : fecialem a se contra jus gentium violatum; 
eo justius bellum adversus Samnites fore.' Accepta non fuit 
a Samnitibus ista deditio, Postumiusque in castra Romana 
inviolatus rediit. 



PUBLIUS VALERIUS LvEVIiqUS. 

14. Tarentinis, quod Romanorum legatis in- 
A. C. 280. juriam fecisseut, bellum indictum est. Quibus 
auxilio venit Pyrrhus, rex Epirotarum, qui genus 
ab Achille ducebat. Contra Pyrrhnm missus est consul Lsevi- 
nus, qui, quum exploratores regis cepisset, jussit eos per cas- 
tra Romana circumduci, tumque incolumes dimitti, ut ea, 
quee vidissent, Pyrrho renuntiarent. Mox commissa pugna, 
quum jam hostes pedem referrent, rex elephantos in Roma- 
norum agmen agi jussit ; tuncque m.utata est proelii fortuna. 
Romanos vastorum corporum moles, terribilisque superastan- 
tiutn armatorum species turbavit. Equi etiam, ad conspec- 
tum et odorem belluarum exterriti, sessores aut excutiebant, 
ant secum in fugam abripiebant. Nox proslio finem fecit. 

15. Pyrrhus captivos Romanos summo honore habuit; 
occisos sepelivit, quos quum adverso vulnere et truci vultu 
etiam mortuos jacere cerneret, manus ad coelum tulisse di- 
citiir cum hac voce: "Ego talibus viris brevi orbem terra- 
rum subegissem." Deinde ad urbem Romam magnis itiner- 
ibus contendit : omnia igne et ferro vastavit; ad vicesimum 
ab urbe lapidem castra posuit. Pyrrho obviam venit Laevi- 
nus cum novo exercitu ; quo viso, rex ait, ' sibi eandem ad- 
versus Romanos esse fortunam, quam Hercu'i adversus 



BOOK III. as 

Hydram,' cui tot capita renascebaiitur, quot praecisa fuerant : 
deinde in Campaniam se recepit; missos a senata de redi- 
mendis captivis legates honorifice excepit ; captivos sine pre- 
tio reddidit, ut Rom an i, cognita jam ejus virtute, cognosce- 
rent etiam liberalitatem. 

16. Erat Pyrrho, utpote magno et forti viro, mitis ac pla- 
cabilis animus ; solet enim magjii animi comes esse demen- 
tia. Ejus humanitatem experti sunt Tarentini : ii scilicet, 
quum sero intellexissent se pro socio dorainum accepisse, 
sortem suam liberis vocibus querebantur, et de Pyrrho multa 
temere effutiebant, maxime ubi vino incaluerant. Itaque 
arcessiti ad regem sunt nonnulli, qui de eo in convivio pro- 
terve locuti fuerant ; sed periculum simplex confessio culpse 
discussit. Nam quum rex percontatus fuisset, an ea, quae 
ad aures suas pervenerant, dixissent : '* Et haec diximus," 
inquiunt, "rex; et nisi vinum defecisset, longe plura et gra- 
viora dicturi fuimus." Pyrrhus, qui malebat vini, quam 
hominum eam culpam videri, subridens eos dimisit. 

17. Pyrrhus igitur, quum putaret sibi gloriosum fore, 
paeem et foedus cum Romanis post victoriam facere, Romam 
misit legatum Cineam, qui pacem acquis conditionibus pro- 
poneret, Erat is regi familiaris, magnaque apud eum gra- 
tia valebat. Dicere solebat Pyrrhus se plures urbes Cineae 
eloquentia, quam armorum vi expugnasse. Cineas tamen 
regiam cupiditatem non adulabatur : nam quum in sermone 
Pyrrhus ei sua consilia aperiret, dixissetque * se velle Italiam 
ditioni suas subjicere,' respondit Cineas : " Super atis Roma- 
nis, quid agere destinas, O rex ? " " Italiae vicina est Sici- 
lia," inquit Pyrrhus, " nee difficile erit eam armis occu- 
pare." Tunc Cineas : " Occupata Sicilia, quid postea 
acturus es?" Rex, qui nondum Cineae mentem perspicie- 
bat : "In Africam," inquit, " trajicere mihi animus est." 
Pergit Cineas: "Quid deinde, O rex?" "Turn denique, 
mi Cinei," ait Pyrrhus, " nos quieti dabimus, dulcique 
otio fruemur." " Q,uin tu," respondit Cineas, " isto otio 
jam nunc frueris ? " 



34 VIRI ROM^. 

18. Romam itaque venit Cineas, et domos principum 
cum ingentibus donis circumibat. Nusquam vero receptus 
est. Non a viris solum, sed et a mulieribus, spreta ejus 
munera. Introductus deinde in curiam, quum re^^is virtu- 
tem, propensumque in Romanes animum verbis extolleret, 
et de conditionum asquitate dissereret, sententia senatus ad 
pacem et fcedus faciendum inclinabat; turn Appius Clau- 
dius senex et caecus in curiam lectica deferri se jussit, ibi- 
que gravissima oratione pacem dissuasit : itaque responsum 
Pyrrho a senatu est, ' eum, donee Itnlia excessisset, pacem 
cum Romanis habere non posse.' Senatus quoque vetuit 
captives omnes, quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, ad veterem statum 
redire priusquam bina hostium spolia retulissent. Quare 
legatus ad regem reversus est : a quo quum Pyrrhus quaere- 
ret, * qualem Romam comperisset,' respondit ; ' urbem sibi 
templum, senatum vero consessum regum esse visum.' 

CAIUS FABRICIUS LUSCIiNUS. 

19. Caius Fabricius unus fuit ex legatis, qui ad Pyrrhum 
de captivis redimendis venerant, Cujus postquam audivit 
Pyrrhus magnum esse apud Romanos nomen, ut viri boni et 
bello egregii, sed admodum pauperis, eum prae ceteris be- 
nigne habuit, eique munera atque aurum obtulit. Omnia 
Fabricius repudiavit. Postero die, quum ilium Pyrrhus vel- 
let exterrere conspectu subito elephantis, imperavit suis, ut 
bellua post aulaeum admoveretur Fabricio secum colloquentL 
Quod ubi factum est, signo dato, remotoque aulaeo, repente 
bellua stridorem horrendum emisit, et proboscidem super 
Fabricii caput suspendit. At ille placidus subrisit, Pyr- 
rhoque dixit : '' Non me hodie magis tua commovet bellua, 
quam heri tuum aurum pellexit." 

'20. Fabricii virtutem admiratus Pyrrhus, ilium secreto 
invitavit, ut patriam desereret, secumque vellet vivere, quarta 
etiam regni sui parte oblata; cui Fabricius respondit: "Si 
me virum bonum judicas, cur me vis corrumpere ? Sin vero 



BOOK III. 35 

malum, cur me arabis?" Anno interjecto, omni spe pacis 
, inter Pyrrhum et Romanes conciliandse ablata, Fabricius, 
consul factus, contra cum missus est. Quumque vicina 
castra ipse et rex haberent, medicus regis nocte ad Fabri- 
ciura venit, eique pollicitus est, si pramium sibi proposuis- 
set, se Pyrrhum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius vinc- 
tum reduci jussit ad dominum, et Pyrrho dici, quae contra 
caput ejus medicus spopondisset. Tunc rex admiratus eum 
dixisse fertur : ** Ille est Fabricius, qui difficilius ab hones- 
tate, quam sol a suo cursu, posset averti." 

21. Q,uum Fabricius apud Pyrrhum legatus es5iet, Cine- 
am audivit narrantem esse queudam Athenis, qui se sapien- 
tem profiteretur, eundemque dicere omnia, quae faceremus, 
ad voluptatem esse referenda. Tunc Fabricium exclamasse 
ferunt : " Utinam id hostibus nostris persuadeatur, quo fa- 
cilius vinci possint, quum se voluptatibus dederint ! " Nihil 
magis ab ejus vita alienum, quam voluptas et luxus. Tota 
ejus supellex argentea salino uno constabat, et patella ad 
usum sacrorum, quae tamen ipsa corneo pediculo sustineba- 
tur. Ccenabat ad focum radices et herbas, quas in agro re- 
purgando vulserat, quum legati a Samnitibus ad eum vene- 
runt, magnamque ei pecuniam obtulerunt; quibus respondit : 
"Quamdiu cupiditatibus imperare potero, nihil mihi ista pe- 
cunia opus erit : banc ad illos reportate, qui ea indigent." 

22. Caius Fabricius cum Rufino, viro nobili, simultatem 
gerebat ob morum dissimilitudinem, quum ille pecuniae con- 
temptor esset, hie vero avarus et furax existimaretur. Quia 
tamen Rufinus egregie fortis ac bonus imperator erat, mag- 
numque et grave bellum imminere videbatur, Fabricius auc- 
tor fuit, ut Rufinus consul crearetur : quumque is deinde 
Fabricio gratias ageret, quod se homo inimicus consuleni fe- 
cisset: "Nihil est," inquit Fabricius, "quod mihi gratias 
agas, si malui compilari, quam venire." Eundem postea 
Fabricius, censor factus, senatu movit, quod argenti facti 
decem pondo haberet. Fabricius omnem vitam in gloriosa 
paupertate exegit, adeoque inops decessit, ut, unde dcs filia- 



36 VIRI ROM^. 

rum expediretur, noii reliquerit. Senatus patris sibi partes 
desmnpsit, et, datis ex communi asrario dotibus, eas collo- 
cavit. 

MAMUS CURIUS DEXTATUS. 

23. Manius Curius, contra Sainnites profectus, eos in- 
gentibus proeliis vicit, Romam regressus in concione ait: 
*' Tantum agri cepi, ut solitudo futura fuerit, nisi tantura 
hominum cepissem : tantum porro hominum cepi, ut fame 
perituri fuerint, nisi tantum agri cepissem." Ex tam opu- 
lenta victoria adeo ditari noluit, ut, quum a maJevolis inter- 
versae pecuni^ argueretur, gutto ligneo, quo uti ad sacrifi- 
cia consueverat, in medium prolato, juraverit, se nihil am- 
plius de prseda hostili in domura suam intulisse. Legatis 
Samnitium aurum ofiferentibus, quum ipse rapas in foco tor- 
reret, " Malo," inquit, " haec in fictilibus meis esse, et au- 
rum habentibus imperare." Agri captivi septena jugera 
populo viritim divisit : quumque ei senatus jugera quinqua- 
ginta assignaret, plus accipere noluit, quam singulis fuerat 
datum, dixitque ' malum esse civem, cui non idem, quod 
aliis, satis esse posset.' 

24. Postea Curius, consul creatus, adversus Pyrrhum 
missus est : quumque ea de causa delectum haberst, et ju- 
niores taedio belli nomina non darent, conjectis in sortem 
omnibus tribubus, primum nomen urna extr actum citari 
jussit. Q,uum adolescens non responderet, bona ejus hastse 
subjecit. Tunc ille ad tribunes plebis cucurrit, de injuria 
sibi facta graviter querens, eorumque opem implorans. At 
Curius et bona ejus et ipsum quoque vendidit, dixitque ' non 
esse reipublicee opus eo cive, qui parere nesciret : ' neque 
tribuni plebis adolescenti auxilio fuerunt ; posteaque res in 
consuetudinem abiit, ut, delectu rite acto, qui militiam de- 
trectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri 
adacti nomina promptius dederunt. 

25. His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit, deque 
eo rege triumphavit. Insignem triumphum fecerunt quatuor 



BOOK 111. 37. 

elephanti cum turribus suis, turn primum Romse visi, Vic- 
tus rex in Epirum reversus est ; sed relicto in urbe Taren- 
tina praesidio, fidem sui reditus fecerat. Itaque quum hel- 
ium renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum consu- 
lem fieri placuit; sed inopinata mors regis Romanes metu 
liberavit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem jam 
ingressus, a juvene quodam Argivo lancea leviter vulnera- 
tus est : mater adolescentis, anus paupercula, cum aliis mu- 
lieribus e tecto domus prcelium spectabat; quae, quum vidis- 
set Pyrrhum_ in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri, 
periculo filii sui commota, protinus tegulam corripuit, et 
utraque manu libratam in caput regis dejecit. 
4 



BOOK IV, 



FIRST PUNIC WAR 



A. U. 488 
A. C. 264 



APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAUDEX. 

1. Appio Claudio consule, ccEptum est primum 
adversus Poenos bellum, Q,uum Messanam, Sici- 
lige urbem, Carthaginienses et Hiero, rex Syra- 
cusanus, obsiderent, Appius Claudius ad Messanam liberan- 
dam missus est. Consul primo ad explorandos hostes nave 
piscatoria trajecit fretum inter Itaiiam et Siciliam inter- 
jectum. Ad quem venerunt nuntii ab Hannone, Poenorum 
duce, hortantes ad pacem conservandam. Ctuum vero con- 
sul nullas conditiones admitteret, nisi Poeni ab oppugnatione 
desisterent, iratus Hanno exclamavit, ' se non esse passurum 
Romanos vel manus in mari Siculo abluere.' Non tamen 
potuit prohibere, quin Claudius in Siciliam legionem tradu- 
ceret, et Poenos Messana expelleret. Deinde Hiero apud 
Syracusas victus est. Q,ui, eo periculo territus, Romano- 
rum amicitiam petiit, et in eorum societate postea constanter 
permansit. 

CAIUS DUTLIUS. 



A. U. 492. 



2, Caius Duilius Poenos navali proelio primus 
devicit. Is, quum videret naves Romanas a Pu- 

A. C.260. . . , .' ^ 

nicis velocitate super an, manus lerreas, quas cor- 
ves vocavere, instituit. Ea machina Romanis magno usui 



BOOK IV. 39 

fuit : nam, injectis illis corvis, hostilem navem apprehende- 
bant, deinde superjecto ponte in earn insiliebant, et gladio, 
velut in pugna terrestri, dimicabant ; unde Romanis, qui ro 
bore proestabant, facilis victoria fuit. Inter pugnandum tri- 
ginta hostium naves capta) sunt, tredecim mersas. Duilius 
victor Romam reversus est, et primus navalem triumphum 
egit. Nulla-victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra, 
jam etiam mari plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum 
est, ut per omnem vitam prgelucente funali et praecinente 
tibicine a ccEna publice rediret. 

3. Hannibal dux classis Punicas e navi, quae jam capieba- 
tur, in scapham saltu se demisit, et Romanorum manus effu- 
git. Veritus autem ne in patria classis amissae poenas daret, 
civium ofFensam astutia avertit : nam ex ilia infelici pugna, 
priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret, quendam ex 
amicis Carthaginem misit ; qui curiam ingressus : " Vos," 
inquit, " consulit Hannibal, quum dux Romanorum, magnis 
copiis maritimis instructus, advenerit, an cum eo confligere 
debeat?" Acclamavit universus senatus : '' Non est dubi- 
um, quin confligendum sit." Tum ille, " Fecit," inquit, 
" et victus est." Ita non potuerunt factum damnare, quod 
ipsi fieri debuisse judicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis 
supplicium effugit : nam eo pcsnae genere dux, re male gesta, 
apud Poenos afficiebatur, 

AULUS ATILIUS CALATINUS 

4. Atllius Calatinus, consul, paucis navibus 

masfnam Poenorum classem superavit : sed postea, ^' ^' *^** 

A. C. 268. 

quum temere exercitum in vallem iniquam duxis- 
set, ab hostibus circumventus est. Romanos eximia virtus 
Calpurnii, tribuni militum, servavit. Is enim ad consulem 
accessit, eique : " Censeo," inquit, ''jubeas milites quadrin- 
gentos ire ad banc rupem, inter medios hostes editam atque 
asperam, eamque occupare. Futurum enim profecto est, ut 
hostes properent ad occursandum nostris militibus, atque ita 



40 VIRI ROALE. 

circa earn rupem atrox pugna fiat : at tu interea tempus 
habebis exercitus ex loco infesto educendi. Alia nisi hajc 
salutis via nulla est/' Respondit consul : " Fidum quidem 
et providum hoc consilium videtur ; sed quisnam erit, qui 
ducat quadringentos illos milites ad eum locum?" "Si 
alium," inquit Calpurniurf, '' neminem reperis, me ad hoc 
consilium perficiendum uti potes. Ego banc tibi et reipub- 
licae animam do." 

5. Consul tribuno gratias egit, et quadringentos milites 
dedit. Q,uos Calpurnius admonens quern in locum deduce- 
ret, et quo consilio : " Moriamur," inquit, " commilitones, 
et morte nostra eripiamus ex obsidione circumventas le- 
giones." Omnes nulla spe evadendi, sed amore laudis ac- 
censi, proficiscuntur. Mirati sunt primo hostes eam militum 
manum ad se venire. Deinde ubi cognitum est eos ad illam 
rupem obtinendam iter intendere, adversus illos arma verte- 
runt, Romani repugnant : fit prcelium diu anceps. Tan- 
dem superat multitudo : quadringenti omnes, perfossi gladiis 
aut missilibus operti, cadunt. Consul interim, dum ea pug- 
na fit, se in loca edita et tuta subducit. 

6. Virtuti par fuit Calpurnii fortuna : nam ita evenit ut, 
quum multis locis saucius factus esset, nullum tamen in ca- 
pite vulnus acciperet. Inter mortuos multis confossus vul- 
neribus, sed adhuc spirans inventus est : convaluit, saepeque 
postea operam reipublicae strenuam navavit. Ei merces 
egregii facinoris data est, corona graminea : qua nulla nobi- 
lior corona fuit in prsemium virtutis bellicae apud populum 
terrarum principem, et qua; ab universo exercitu servato de- 
cerni solebat. 

MARCUS ATILIUS REGULUS. 



7. Marcus Resulus Pcenos maorna clade afTecit. 



A. U. 502. 



Tunc ad eum Hanno Carthagmiensis venit quasi 

A. C. 250. , , ^ , 

de pace acturus, sed revera ut tempus traheret, 
donee novae copice ex Afirica advenirent. Is ubi ad consu- 



BOOK IV. 41 

lem accessit, exortus est clamor, auditaque vox : ' Idem huic 
faciendum esse, quod paucis ante annis Cornelio Romano a 
Poenis factum fuerat.' Cornelius porro per fraudem veluti 
in collpquium evocatus a Poenis comprehensus fuerat, et in 
vincula conjectus. Jam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed peric- 
ulum callido dicto avertit. " Hoc vos," inquit, *' si feceri- 
tis, nihilo eritis Afris meliores." Consul tacere jussit eos, 
qui par pari referri volebant, et conveniens gravitati Romanae 
responsum dedit : " Isto te metu, Hanno, fides Romana 
liberat." De pace non convenit, quia nee Poenus serio 
agebat, et consul victoriam quam pacem malebat. 

8. Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum du- 
cum trajecit. Clypeam urbem et trecenta castella expugna- 
vit : neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum monstris 
dimicavit. Nam quum apud flumen Bagradam castra habe- 
ret, anguis miras magnitudinis exercitum Romanum vexa- 
bat : multos milites ingenti ore corripuit ; plures caudae 
verbere elisit ; nonnullos ipso pestilentis halitus afflatu ex- 
animavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari poterat; quippe 
qui durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repelleret. 
Confugiendum fait ad machinas, et, advectis balistis, tan- 
quam arx quaedam munita, dejiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem 
saxorum pondere oppressus jacuit; sed cruore suo flumen 
et vicinam regiouem infecit, Romanosque castra movere 
coegit. Corium belluee centum et viginti pedes longum, 
Romam misit Regulus. 

9. Regulo, ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proxi- 
mum prorogatum est. Quod ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit 
senatui ' villicum suum in agello, quem septem jugerum ha- 
bebat, mortuum esse, et servum, occasionem nactum, aufu- 
gisse, ablato instrumento rustico, ideoque petere se, ut sibi 
successor in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset 
unde uxor et liberi alerentur.' Senatus acceptis litteris, res, 
quas Regulus amiserat, publica pecunia redimi jussit : agel- 
lum colendum locavit, et alimenta conjugi ac liberis prae- 
buit. Regulus deinde crebris proeliis Carthaginiensium opes 

4* 



42 VIRl ROMiE. 

contudit, eosque pacem petere coegit, quam quum Reg- 
ulus nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus dare, illi a Lace- 
dgemoniis auxilium petierunt. 

10. Lacedgemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, 
Carthaginiensibus miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima 
pernicie : duo tantum millia hominum ex omni Romano ex- 
ercitu remanserunt: Regulus ipse captus, et in carcerem 
conjectus est. Deinde Romam de permutandis captivis dato 
Jurejurando missus est, ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse 
Carthaginem : qui quum Romam venisset, inductus in sena- 
lum mandata exposuit, et primum, ne sententiam diceret, 
recusavit, causatus ' se, quoniam in hostium potestatem ve- 
nisset, jam non esse senatorem.' Jussus tamen sententiam 
aperire, negavit ' esse utile captivos Pcenos reddi, quia adoles- 
centes essent et boni duces, ipse vero jam confectus senec- 
tute : ' cujus quum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt. 

11. Regulus deinde quum retineretur a propinquis et 
amicis, tamen Carthaginem rediit : neque vero tunc ignora- 
bat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad exquisita supplicia 
proficisci, sed jusjurandum conservandum putavit. Rever- 
sum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt : palpebris 
enim resectis aliquandiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt ; de- 
inde, quum sol esset ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri 
coelum coegerunt; postremo in arcam ligneam incluserunt, 
in qua undique clavi praeacuti eminebant. Ita dum fessum 
corpus, quocunque inclinaret, stim.ulis ferreis confoditur, 
vigiliis et dolore continuo exstinctus est. Hie fuit Atilii 
Reguli exitus, ipsa quoque vita, licet per maximam gloriam 
diu acta, clarior et illustrior. 

APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER. 

12. Appius Claudius vir stultee temeritatis, 

an 

A. C. 249. 



• • • consul adversus Poenos profectus est. Priorum 



ducum consilia palam reprehendebat, ' seque, quo 
die hostem vidisset, bellum perfecturum esse' jactitabat. 



BOOK IV. 43 

Antequam navale proelium committeret, auspicia habuit : 
quumque pullarius ei nuntiasset ' pullos non exire e cavea 
neque vesci,' irridens jussit ' eos in aquam mergi, ut saltern 
biberent, quoniam esse nollent.' duo facto militum animos 
vana religio ineessit : commisso deinde prcelio magna clades 
a Romanis accepta est ; quorum octo millia CcEsa sunt, viginti 
millia capta. Cluare Claudius a populo condemn atus est : ea 
res calaraitati fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori ; nam quum 
ilia a ludis publicis rediens a turba premeretur, dixit : " Uti- 
nam frater mens viveret, classemque iterum duceret," signifi- 
cans optare se, ut nimis magna civium frequentia minueretur. 
Ob islam vocem impiam Claudia quoque dam.nata est. 

CAIUS LUTATIUS CATULUS. 
13. Caius Lutatius consul finem. prinio bello 

-. . . .„..„..,. J . . A. U.510. 

Punico imposuit. Ei m Siciliam advenienti nun- ^ q £42. 

tiatum est, maximam classem Posnorum ex Africa 

venire : erant autem quadringentce naves onustse commeatu, 

quem ad exercitum portabant, cui in Sicilia prreerat Hamilcar 

Carthaginiensis. Dux classis, Hanno, nobilis P.cBnus, cui 

animus erat naves onere levare, easque deinde acceptis ab 

Hamilcare delectis viris complere. At Lutatius optimum 

ratus praevertere Hannonis adventum., et cum classe gravi 

suisque oneribus impedita confligere, adversias eum ad 

Agates insulas cursum intendit; nee longa fuit victorias 

mora; nam omnes Carthaginiensium naves brevi aut captse 

aut depressae sunt. Ingens fuit praeda : Pceni victi pacem 

postularunt, quce eis hac conditione concessa est, ut omnibus 

insulis, quae sunt inter Italiam et Africam, decederent, et 

certum populo Romano vectigal per viginti annos penderent. 



44 



BOOK Y 



SECOND PUNIC WAR. 



QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS CUNCTATOR. 

1. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos 
A. C 218. natus a patre aris admotus, odium in Romanos 
perenne juravit. Quae res maxime videtur con- 
citasse secundum bellum Punicum. Nam Hamilcare mortuo, 
Hannibal causam belli qua3rens, Sagiintum, urbem Romanis 
foederatam, evertit. Q,uapropter P.oma missi sunt Carthagi- 
nem legati, qui populi Romani querimonias deferrent, et 
Hannibalem, mali auctorem, sibi dedi postularent, Tergiver- 
santibus Poenis, Q,uintus Fabius legationis princeps, sinu ex 
toga facto: '* Hie ego," inquit, " porto beliura pacemque; 
utrum placet, sumite." Poenis " belluin " succlamantibus, Fa- 
bius, excussa toga, ' bellum dare se ' dixit, Poeni ' accipere 
se' responderunt, ' et, quo acciperent animo, eodem se 
gesturos.' 

2. Hannibal, superatis Pyrenasi et Alpium jugis, in Ita- 
liam venit. Publium Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, 
Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud Trasimenum, 
profligavit. Adversus hostem toties victorem missus Quin- 
tus Fabius dictator, Hannibalis impetum mora fregit ; nam- 
que pristinis edoctus cladibus belli rationera mutavit. Per 
loca alta exercitum ducebat, neque ullo loco fortunae se com- 



BOOK V. 45 

mittebat ; castris, nisi quantLim necessitas cogeret, tenebatur 
miles. Dux ueque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, siqua 
ab hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Frumenta- 
tum exeunti Hannibali opportunus aderat, agmen carpens, 
palantes excipiens. Ita e levibus prceliis superior discessit, 
militemque coepit minus jam aut virtutis suse, aut fortunae 
poenitere. 

3. His artibus Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno inclu- 
serat; sed ille callidus sine ullo exercitus detrimento se ex- 
pedivit. Nempe arida sarmenta boum cornibus alligavit, 
eaque principio noctis incendit : metus flammae relucentis 
ex capite boves, velut stimulates furore, agcbat. Hi ergo 
accensis cornibus per montes, per silvas hue illuc discurre- 
bant. Romani, qui ad speculandum concurrerant, miraculo 
attoniti constiterimt : ipse Fabius insidias esse ratus, mili- 
tem extra vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angus- 
tiis evasit. Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos crearet in- 
vidiam, agrum ejus, omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit; 
at Fabius omnem a se suspicionem propulsavit : nam eun- 
dem agrum vendidit, ejusque pretio captivos Romanos re- 
demit. 

4. Hand grata tamen erat Romanis Fabii cunctatio; 
eumque pro cauto timidum, pro considerate segnem, voci- 
tabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister equitum, 
dictatorem criminando : ilium in ducendo bello tempus ter- 
ere, quo diutius in magistratu esset, solusque et Romae et 
in exercitu imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa 
plebs dictatori magistrum equitum imperio asquavit. duara 
injuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius, exercitumque suum cum 
Minucio divisit. Q,uum postea Minucius temere prcelium 
commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius, Cujus 
subito adventu compressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam 
confessus a se Minucium, a Fabio se victum esse. Eum 
quoque ex acie redeuntem dixisse ferunt : " Nubes ista, 
quae sedere in jugis montium solebat, tandem cum procella 



46 VIRI ROM^. 

imbrem dedit." Minucius periculo liberatus Fabium, cui 
salutem debebat, patrem appellavit, eique deinceps parere 
non abnuit. 

5. Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. 
In earn rem tredecim fere juvenes nobiles Tarentini conspi- 
raverant. Hi nocte, per speciem venandi, urbe egressi, ad 
Hannibalem, qui baud procul castra babebat, venerunt Eos 
laudavit Hannibal, monuitque, ut redeuntes pascentia Car- 
thaginiensium pecora ad urbem agerent, et pra3dam, veluti 
ex hoste factam, prssfecto et custodibus portarum donarent. 
Id iterum saspiusque ab iis factum, eoque consuetudinis ad- 
ducta res est, ut, quocunque noctis tempore- dedissent sig- 
num, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc Hannibal eos nocte me- 
dia cum decem miliibus hominum delectis secutus est. Ubi 
portse appropinquarant, nota juvenum vox vigilem excitavit. 
Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil incautus, 
dum belluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est. In- 
gressi Pceni ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Han- 
nibal cum suo agmine ingreditur. Romani passim trucidan- 
tur. Livius Salinator Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui 
csedi superfuerant, in arcem confugit. 

6. Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum, 
urbem obsidione cinxit. Romanos plurimijm adjuvit res 
levis momenti. Praefectus prgesidii Tarentini deperibat 
amore mulierculae, cujus frater in exercitu Fabii erat. 
Miles, jubente Fabio, pro perfuga Tarentum transiit, ac per 
sororem praefecto conciliatus, eum ad tradendam urbem 
perpulit. Fabius vigilia prima accessit ad eam partem muri, 
quam praefectus custodiebat. Eo adjuvante, Romani muros 
inscenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum ex- 
ercitu intravit. Hannibal, audita Tarenti oppugnatione, ad 
opem ferendam festinavit : quumque ei esset nuntiatum ur- 
bem captam esse: " Et Romani," inquit, "suum Hannibalem 
habent : eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus." 
Cluum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod 



BOOK V 47 

arcem Tarentiiiam retiiiuisset, diceretque * eum sua opera 
Tarentum recepisse;' " Certe," respondit Fabius, " Taren- 
tum nunquam recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses." 

7. Quintus Fabius jam senex filio suo consuli legatus 
fuit; quumque in ejus castra veniret, filius obviam patri 
progressus est; duodecim lictores pro more anteibant. 
Equo vehebatur senex, nee appropinquante consule descen- 
dit. Jam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae majes- 
tatis taciti pra^terierant. duod quum consul animadvertis- 
set, proximum lictorem jussit inclamare Fabio patri, ut ex 
equo descender et. Pater tum desiliens : " Non ego, fili," 
inquit, " tuum imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui, an 
scires consulem agere." Ad summam senectutem vixit Fa- 
bius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam 
promptior habitus est, sed insita ejus ingenio prudentia bello, 
quod tum gerebatur, aptissima erat. Nemini dubium est, 
quin rem Romanam cunctando restituerit. 

L. ^MILIUS PAULUS AIMD C. TERENTIUS VARRO. 

8. Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus 

eum Roma profecti sunt duo consules, JEmilius ^* (-." 2iq 
Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo solers Fabii 
cunctatio magis placebat. Varro autem ferox et temerarius 
acriora sequebatur consilia. Ambo apud vicum, qui Cannm 
appellabatur, castra posuerunt. Ibi insitam Varroni temer- 
itatem fortuna aliquo levium proeliorum successu aluerat : 
itaque invito collega aciem instruxit, et signum pugnee dedit. 
Victus csesusque est Romanus exercitus. Nusquam gravi- 
ori vulnere afflicta est respublica. vEmilius Paulus telis 
obrutus cecidit : quem quum media in pugna oppletum cru- 
ore conspexisset quidam tribunus militum : "Cape," inquit, 
"hunc equura, et fuge, iEmili." " Q,uin tu potius," re- 
spondit Paulus, " abi, nuntia patribus, ut urbem muniant, ac, 
priusquam hostis victor adveniat, praesidiis firment : tu me 



48 VIRI ROMJi. 

patere in hac milituni meorum strage exspirare." Alter con- 
sul cum paucis equitibus fugit. 

9. Hannibali victori quum ceteri gratularentur, suade- 
rentque, ut quietem ipse sumeret, et fessis militibus daret, 
unus ex ejus prasfectis Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, 
Hannibalem hortabatur, ut statim Romam pergeret, die quinto 
victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Quumque Hannibali illud 
consilium non probaretur, Maharbal adjecit : " Vincere scis, 
Hannibal, sed victoria uti nescis." Mora hujus diei satis 
creditur saluti faisse urbi et imperio. Postero die, ubi pri- 
mum illuxit, ad spolia legenda Pceni insistunt. Jacebant 
tot Romanoram millia, ut missi fuerint Carthaginem tres 
modii annulorum, qui ex digitis equitum et senatorum de- 
tracti fuerant. Dein Hannibal in Campaniam divertit, cujus 
deliciis et ipse et exercitus ardor elanguit. 

10. Nunquam t:mtum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi 
acceptse cladis nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis 
mentio facta est; imo Varroni, calamitatis auctori, obviam 
itum est, et gratiae ab omnibus ordiiiibus actae, quod de 
republica non desperasset : qui si Carthaginiensium dux fuis- 
set, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Dum Hanni- 
bal Capucs segniter et otiose ageret, Romani interim respi- 
rare coeperunt. Arma non erant : detracta sunt templis et 
porticibus vetera hostium spolia. Egebat serarium : opes 
suas senatus libens in medium protulit, patrum.que exem- 
plum imitati sunt equites. Deerant milites : nomina dede- 
runt quidam adhuc preetextati, id est, juniores annis septem- 
decim, qui satis virium ad ferenda arma habere videbantur : 
empti sunt publice, et armati servi. Id magis placuit, quam 
captivos, licet minore pretio, redimere. 

11. duum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Ro- 
manis fecisset, decem ex ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt ; 
nee pignus aliud fidei ab iis postulavit Hannibal, quam ut ju- 
rarent, ' se, si non impetrassent, in castra redituros.' Eos se- 
natus non censuit redimendos, quum id parva pecunia fieri 



BOOK V. 49 

potuisset, ut militibus Romanis insitum esset aut vincere 
aut mori. Unus ex iis legatis e castris egressus, velut ali- 
quid oblitus paulo post reversus fuerat in castra, deinde 
comites ante noctem assecutus fuerat. Is ergo re non im- 
petrata domum abiit. Reditu enim in castra se liberatura 
esse jurejurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, jussit 
senatus ilium comprehendi, et vinctum duci ad Hannibal em. 
Ea res Hannibalis audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus 
populusque Romanus, rebus afflictis, tam excelso esset animo. 

MARCUS CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. 

12. Claudius Marcellus praetor Hannibalem 

A. U. 536. 
vinci posse primus docuit. Ctuum enim ad ^' q ^le! 

Nolam Hannibal accessisset, non sine spe urbis 
per proditionem recipiendse, Marcellus, instructa ante urbis 
portam acie, cum eo conflixit, et Pcenos fudit. Pulsus Han- 
nibal exercitum ad Casilinum, parvam Campaniae urbem, 
duxit. Parvum erat in ea praesidium, et tamen penuria fru- 
menti efficiebat, ut nimium hominum esse videretur. Han- 
nibal primo cives verbis benignis ad portas aperiendas coepit 
allicere : deinde quum in fide Romana perstarent, moliri 
portas et claustra refringere parat. Turn ex urbe, ingenti 
cum tumultu, erumpunt cohortes duae intus instructae, stra- 
gemque Poenorum faciunt. Pudor Hannibalem ab incepto 
avertit. Itaque relicto circa Casilinum praesidio, ne omissa 
res videretur, ipse in hiberna Capuam concessit, partemque 
majorem hiemis exercitum in tectis habuit. 

13. Mitescente jam hieme, Hannibal Casilinum rediit, 
ubi obsidio continuata oppidanos ad ultimum inopiae addux- 
erat. Marcellum, cupientem obsessis ferre auxilium, Vul- 
turnus amnis inflatus aquis tenebat : at Gracchus, qui cum 
equitatu Romano Casilino assidebat, farre ex agris undique 
convecto complura dolia implevit, deinde nuntium ad ma- 
gistratum Casilinum misit, ut exciperet dolia, quae amnis 
deferret. Insequenti nocte dolia medio missa amne deflux- 

5 



so VIRl ROMiE. 

eruiit. ^iiiqualiter inter omnes frumentum divisum : id pos^ 
tero quoque die ac tertio factum est. Re detecta, Hannibal, 
catena per medium fluraen injecta, intercepit dolia. Turn 
nuces a Romanis sparsa&, quas aqua defluente Casilinum de- 
ferebantur, et cratibus excipiebantur. Eo commeatu socio^ 
rum necessitas aliquandiu sublevata est. 

14. Postrenio ad id ventum est inopise, ut Casilinates 
lora manderent detractasque scutis pelles, quas fervida mol- 
liebant aqua, nee muribus aliove animali abstinuerunt. Qui- 
dam ex his avarus murem captum maluit ducentis denariis 
vendere, quam eo ipse vesci, leniendse famis gratia. Utrique 
venditori nempe et emptori, sors merita obtigit : nam avaro 
fame consumpto non licuit sua pecunia frui ; emptor vero, 
cibo comparato vixit. Tandem omne herbarum radicum- 
que genus inftmis aggeribus muri eruerunt ; et, quum hostes 
locum exarassent, Casilinates raporum semen injecerunt. 
Miratus Hannibal exclamavit : " Eone usque dum ea nas- 
cantur, ad Casilinum sessurus sum?" Et qui nullam antea 
pactionem auribus admiserat, tum demum eequas deditionig 
conditiones non repudiavit. 

15. Postea quum Sicilia a Romanis ad PcEnos defecis- 
set, Marcellus consul creatus Syracusas, urbem Siciliae no- 
bilissimam, oppugnavit. Diuturna fuit obsidio; nee earn 
nisi post tres annos cepit Marcellus. Rem confecisset cele- 
rius, nisi unus homo ea tempestate- Syracusis fuisset. Is 
erat Archimedes, mirabilis inventor machinarum, quibus om- 
nia Romanorum opera brevi disturbabat. Captis Syracusis, 
Marcellus eximia hominis prudentia delectatus, ut capiti 
illius parceretur, edixit. Archimedes, dum in pulvere quas- 
dam form as describeret attentius, patriam suam captam esse 
non senserat. Miles, prsedandi causa, in domum ejus irru- 
pit, et minantis voce, quisnam esset, eum interrogavit. Ar- 
chimedes, propter cupiditatem illud investigandi, quod re- 
quirebat, non respondit. duapropter a milite obtruncatus 
est. Ejus mortem segre tulit Marcellus, sepulturaeque cu- 
ram habuit. 



BOOK V. 51 

16. Marcellus, recepta Sicilia., quum ad urbem venisset, 
postulavit, ut sibi triumphanti Romara inire liceret. Id non 
impetravit; sed tantum ut ovans ingrederetur, Pridie in- 
jussu senatus in monte Albano triumphavit ; inde ovans 
multam prae se prasdam in urbem intulit. Cum simulacro 
captarum Syracusarum perlata sunt multa urbis ornamenta, 
nobiliaque signa, quibus abundabant Syracusae ; quae omnia 
ad aedem Honoris atque Virtutis contulit ; nihil in suis aedi- 
bus, nihil in hortis posuit. Insequenti anno iterum adver- 
sus Hannibalem missus est. Tumulus erat inter Punica et 
Romana castra, quem occupare Marcellus cupiebat; at priiis 
locum ipse explorare voluit. E6 cum paucis equitibus pro- 
ficiscitur; sed in insidias delapsus est, et lancea transfixus 
occubuit. Hannibal inventum Marcelli corpus magnifice se- 
peliri jussit. 

CAIUS CLAUDIUS NERO AND MARCUS LIVIUS SALINATOR. 

17. Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis, ex Hispania 

A. U. &i5. 

profectus cum ingentibus copiis in Italiam trajicere ^' ^j' gQ^* 
parabat. Actum erat de imperio Romano, si jun- 
gere se Hannibali potuisset. Itaque Roma profecti sunt duo 
consules, Claudius Nero et Livius Salinator; hie in Galliara 
Cisalpinam, ut Hasdrubali ab Alpibus descendenti occurreret; 
ille vero in Apuliam, ut Hannibali se opponeret. Fuerant 
Livio cum Nerone veteres inimicitiae ; tamen ubi ei collega 
datus est, injuriae, quam gravissimam acceperat, oblitus est, 
et amicitiam cum eo junxit, ne propter privatam discordiam 
respublica male administraretur. Ea gratiae reconciliatione 
iaetus senatus digredientes in provincias consules prosecutus 
est. li porro id in mente habebant, ut uterque in sua pro- 
vincia hostem contineret, neque conjungi aut conferre in 
unum vires pateretur, 

18. Inter haec Hasdrubal Italiam ingressus, quatuor equi- 
tes cum litteris ad Hannibalem misit : qui capti ad Neronera 
sunt perducti. Consul, cognito Hasdrubalis consilio, auden- 



52 VIRI ROM^. 

dum aliquid improvisum ratus, cum delectis copiis profectus 
est nocte, et, inscio Hannibale, pene totam Italiam emensus 
sex dierum spatio ad castra Livii pervenit; amboque colla- 
tis signis Hasdrubalem apud Senam vicerunt. Ceesa sunt 
eo proslio quinquaginta sex hostium millia. Ipse Hasdrubal, 
ne tantse cladi superesset, concitato equo se in cohortem 
Romanam immisit, ibique pugnans cecidit. Nero ea nocte, 
quae pugnam secuta est, pari celeritate, qua venerat, in cas- 
tra sua rediit, antequam Hannibal eum discessisse sentiret. 
Caput Hasdrubalis, quod servatum cum cura attulerat, projici 
ante hostium stationes jussit. Hannibal, viso fratris occisi 
capite, dixisse fertur : " Agnosco fortunam Carthaginis." 

FUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICAN US. 

19. Publius Cornelius Scipio, nondum annos 
■ ' ■ pueritiae egressus, patrem singulari virtute serva- 
vit : nam quum is, in pugna apud Ticinum contra 
Hannibalem coramissa, graviter vulneratus esset, et in hos- 
tium manus jamjam venturus esset, filius, interjecto corpore, 
Poenis irruentibus se opposuit, et patrem periculo liberavit. 
duae pietas Scipioni postea, aedilitatem petenti, favorem 
populi conciliavit ; quum obsisterent tribuni plebis negantes 
rationem ejus esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum 
legitima aetas esset : " Si me," inquit Scipio, " omnes Quirites 
aedilem facere volunt, satis annorum habeo." Tanto inde 
favore ad sufFragia itum est, ut tribuni incepto destiterint. 

20. Post cladem Cannensem, Romani exercitus reli- 
quias Canusium perfugerant: quumque ibi tribuni militum 
quatuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad Publium Scipi- 
onem, admodum adolescentem, summa imperii delata est. 
Tunc Scipioni nuntiatum est nobiles quosdam juvenes de 
Italia deserenda conspirare. Statim in hospitium Metelli, 
qui conspirationis erat princeps, se contulit Scipio ; quum- 
que concilium ibi juvenum, de quibus allatum erat, invenis- 
set, stricto super capita consultantium gladio : " Jurate," in- 



BOOK V. 53 

quit, " vos neque rempublicam populi Romani deserturos, 
neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros; qui non 
juraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." Haud 
secus pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, jurant 
omnes, custodiendosque semetipsos Scipioni tradunt. 

21. duum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent, 
diioque ibi summi imperatores cecidissent, placuit exercitum^ 
augeri, eoque proconsulem mitti ; nee tamen quem mitte- 
rent satis constabat. Ea de re indicta sunt coraitia. Primo 
populus exspectabat, ut, qui se tanto dignos imperio crede- 
rent, nomina profiterentur ; sed nemo audebat illud impe- 
rium suscipere. McEsta itaque civitas erat, et prope consilii 
inops. Subito Cornelius Scipio quatuor et viginti ferme 
annos natus, professus est se petere, et in superiore, unde 
conspici posset, loco constitit : in quem omnium ore con- 
versa sunt. Deinde ad unum omnes Scipionem in His- 
pania proconsulem esse jusserunt At postquam animorum 
impetus resedit, populum Romanum ccepit facti poenitere. 
^tati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit 
Scipio, advocata concione, ita magno elatoque animo dis- 
seruit de bello quod gerendum erat, ut homines cura libera- 
verit, speque certa impleverit. 

22. Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem 
Novam, qua die venit, expugnavit. Ed congestse erant om- 
nes pene AfricaB et Hispaniae opes, quibus potitus est. Inter 
captivos ad eum adducta est eximiaB formae adulta virgo. 
Postquam comperit eam illustri loco inter Celtiberos natam, 
principique ejus gentis adolescent! desponsam fuisse, arces- 
sitis parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, 
qui ad eam redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attule- 
rant, Scipionem orabant, ut id a se donum reciperet. 
Scipio aurum poni ante pedes jussit, vocatoque ad se virgi- 
nis sponso : " Super dotem," inquit, '• quam accepturus a 
socero es, haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent;" aurum- 
que toilers ac sibi habere jussit. Ille domum reversus, ad 

5* 



54 VIRI ROMiE. 

referendam Scipioni gratiam, Celtiberos Romanis concili- 
avit. 

23. Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania ex- 
pulit. Castris hostium potitus, omnem praedam militibus 
concessit: captives Hispanos sine pretio domum dimisit; 
Afros vero vendi jussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus, regii 
generis, forma insigni, qaem percunctatus est Scipio, ' quis et 
cujas esset, et cur id setatis in castris fuisset?' Respondit 
puer: '' Numida sum; Massivara populares vocant : orbus 
a patre relictus apud avum maternum, Numidiee regem, edu- 
catus sum : cum avunculo Masinissa, qui nuper subsidio 
Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam trajeci ; prohibitus 
propter setatem a Masinissa, nunquam ante proelium inii. 
Eo die quo pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, 
clam armis equoque sumpto in aciem exii : ibi prolapso 
equo, captus sum a Romanis," Scipio eum interrogavit, 
* velletne ad avunculum reverti?' 'Id vero cupere se' dixit 
puer, effusis gaudio lacrymis. Tum Scipio eum annulo 
aureo et equo ornato donavit, datisque, qui tuto deducerent, 
equitibus dimisit. 

24. Quum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos 
clementer gessisset, circumfusa multitude eum regem ingenti 
consensu appellavit; at Scipio, silentio per praeconem facto, 
dixit : " Nomen imperatoris, quo me mei milites appellarunt, 
mihi maximum est : regium nomen alibi magnum, Romse 
intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum judicatis, quod regale 
est, vobis licet existimare regalem in me esse animum ; sed 
oro vos, ut a regis appellatione abstineatis." Sensere etiam 
barbari magnitudinem animi, qua Scipio id aspernabatur, 
quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt. 

25. Scipio, recepta Hispania, quum jam bellum in ipsam 
Africam transferre meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et 
gentium animos existimavit, Syphacem, Maurorum regem, 
primum tentare statuit. Eum, regem totius Africae opu- 
lentissimum, magno usui sibi fore sperabat. Itaque legatum 



BOOK V. 55 

cum donis ad eum misit. Syphax amicitiam llomanorum 
se accipere annuit, sed fidem iiec dare nee accipere, nisi 
cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in Af- 
ricam trajecit. Forte incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal 
ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter 
petitiirus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Coena- 
tum simul apud regem est, et eodem lecto Scipio atque Has- 
drubal accubuerunt. Tanta autem inerat comitas Scipioni, 
ut non Syphacem modo sed etiam hostem infensissimum, 
Hasdrubalem, sibi conciliaverit. Scipio, federe icto cum 
Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit. 

26. Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione jungere 
jamdudum cupiebat. Q.uare ad eum tres Numidarum prin- 
cipes misit, ad tempus locumque colloquio statuendum. 
Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione voluit, remisso tertio, 
qui Masinissam in locum constitutum adduceret. Scipio 
et Masinissa cum paucis in colloquium venerunt. Ceperat 
jam ante Masinissam ex fama rerum gestarum admiratio 
viri, sed major praesentis veneratio cepit : erat enim in vultu 
multa majestas; accedebat promissa cjEsaries habitusque 
corporis non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac militaris, et 
florens juventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida 
gratias de filio fratris remisso agit : affirmat * se ex eo tem- 
pore eam quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non 
omiserit; cupere se illi et populo Romano operam navare.' 
Laetus eum Scipio audivit, atque in societatem recepit. 

27. Scipio deinde Romam rediit, et ante annos consul 
facfus est. Ei Sicilia provincia decreta est, permissumque 
est, ut in Africam inde trajiceret. Qui, qimm vellet ex for- 
tissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum 
complere, nee posset illos statim armis et equis instruere, id 
prudenti consilio perfecit. Trecentos juvenes ex omni Si- 
cilia nobilissimos et ditissimos legit, velut eos ad oppugnan- 
dam Carthaginem secum ducturus, eosque jussit qujim celer- 
rime arma et equos expedire. Edicto imperatoris paruerunt 
juvenes, sed longinquum et grave bellum reformidabant. 



56 VIRI ROM^. 

Tunc Scipio remisit illis istam expeditionem, si arma et 
equos militibus Romanis vellent tradere. Laeti conditionem 
acceperimt juvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa 
sues instruxit ornavitque equites. 

28. Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo 
profectus est. Tantus erat militum ardor, ut non ad bellum 
duci viderentur, sed ad certa victorias preemia. Celeriter 
naves e conspectu Sicilias ablatse sunt, conspectaque brevi 
AfricsB litora. Expositis copiis, Scipio in proximis tumulis 
castra metatus est. Ibi speculatores hostium, in castris dep- 
reheijsos et ad se perductos, nee supplicio afFecit, nee de 
consiliis ac viribus PcEnorum percontatus est ; sed circa om- 
nes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos : dein 
interrogavit, an ea satis considerassent, quae jussi erant 
speculari; turn, prandio dato, eos incolumes dimisit. Q,ua 
sui fiducia prius animos hostium, quam arma contudit. 

29. Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se con- 
junxit cum parva equitum turma. Syphax vero a Romanis 
ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Pcenorum dux, Syphaxque 
se Scipioni opposuerunt : at Scipio utriusque castra una 
nocte perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus est, et vivus 
ad Scipionem pertractus. Quern quum in castra Romana 
adduci nuntiatum esset, omnis, velut ad spectaculum trium- 
phi, multitudo effusa est: praecedebat is vinctus; sequeba- 
tur nobilium Numidarum turba. Movebat omnes fortuna 
viri, cujus amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque 
captives Romam misit Scipio: Masinissam, qui egregie rem 
Romanam adjuverat, aurea corona donavit. 

30. Hacc clades Carthaginiensibus tantum terroris intu- 
lit, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam revocave- 
rint : qui, frendens gemensque, ac vix lacrymis temperans, 
mandatis paruit. Respexit saepe Italiae litora, semet accu- 
sans quod non exercitum victorem statim a pugna Cannensi 
Romam duxisset. Jam Zamam venerat Hannibal (quae urbs 
quinque dierum iter a Carthagine abest), inde nuntlum ad 
Scipionem misit, ut colloquendi secum potestatem faceret. 



BOOK V. 5f 

Colloquium haud abnuit Scipio. Dies locusque constituitur. 
Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae setatis duces. Ste- 
terunt aliquandiu mutua admiratione defixi. Q,uum vero 
de conditioiiibus pacis inter illos non convenisset, ad sues 
se receperunt, renuntiantes armis rem esse dirimendam 
Prcslium commisSum est, victusque Hannibal cum quatuor 
tantiim equitibus fugit. 

31. Carthaginienses, metu perculsi, ad petendam pacem 
oratores mittunt triginta seniorum principes : qui, ubi in cas- 
tra Romana venerunt, more adulantium procubuere. Con- 
veniens oratio tarn humili adulationi fuit, Veniam civitati 
petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannib- 
alem transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, 
quum nullas conditiones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, 
ut, quae a Scipione pacta essent, ea patrum ac populi auctori- 
tate confirmarentur. Tta pace terra marique parta, Scipio, 
exercitu in naves imposito, Romam reversus est. Ad quem 
advenientem concursus ingens factus est. Effusa non ex ur- 
bibus modo, sed etiam ex agris, turba vias obsidebat. Scipio 
inter gratulantium plausus, triumpho omnium clarissimo, 
urbem est invectus, primusque nomine victae a se gentis est 
nobilitatus, Africanusque appellatus. 

32. Hannibal a Scipione victus, suisque invisus, ad An- 
tiochum, Syriae regem, confugit, eumque hostem Romanis 
fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad Antiochum, in quibus 
erat Scipio Africanus, qui, cum Hannibale collocutus, ab eo 
quaesivit, ' quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet 1 ' 
Respondit Hannibal, ' Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, 
maximum sibi videri, quod parva manu innumerabiles exer- 
citus fudisset.' Interroganti deinde, ' quem secundum pone- 
ret,' 'Pyrrhum,' inquit, 'quod primus castra metari docuit, 
nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit, et praesidia disposuit.' 
Sciscitanti demum, ' quem tertium duceret,' ' semetipsum ' 
dixit. Turn ridens Scipio : " Cluidnam," inquit, " igitur tu 
diceres, si me vicisses?" " Me vero," respondit Hannibal, 
" et ante Alexandruni et ante Pyrrhum et ante alios omnes 



58 VIRl KOMM. 

posuissem." Ita improviso assentationis genere, Scipionem 
e grege imperatorum, velut insestimabilem, secernebat. 

33. Decreto adversus Antiochum bello, quum Syria pro- 
vincia obvenisset Lucio Scipioni, quia parum in eo putaba- 
tur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus belli hujus gerendi 
curam mandari volebat collegsB ejus Caio Laelio. Surrexit 
tunc Scipio Africanus, frater major Lucii Scipionis, et illam 
familise ignominiam deprecatus est : dixit in fratre suo sum- 
mam esse virtutem, summum consilium, seque ei legatum 
fore promisit; quod quum ab eo esset dictum, nihil est de 
Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum : itaqiie frater natu 
major, minori legatus, in Asiam profectus est, et tamdiu eum 
consilio operaque adjuvit, donee ei triumphum et cognomen 
Asiatici peperisset. 

34. Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus fuit, et 
ad Antiochum deductus. Benigne et comiter adolescentem 
rex habuit, quamvis ab ejus patre tunc finibus imperii pelle- 
retur. Quum deinde pacem Antiochus a Romanis peteret, 
legatus ejus Publium Scipionem adiit ; ' eique filium sine 
pretio redditurum regem ' dixit, * si per eum pacem impetras- 
set.' Cui Scipio respondit : " Abi, nuntia regi me pro tanto 
munere gratias agere ; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum 
referre, quam ut ei suadeam bello absistere, nullamque pacis 
conditionem recusare." Pax non convenit; Antiochus ta- 
men Scipioni filium rem i sit, tantique viri majestatem vene- 
rari, quam dolorem ulcisci maluit. 

35. Victo Antiocho, quum praedas Asiaticae ratio a duo- 
bus Scipionibus reposceretur, Africanus prolatum a fratre 
discerpsit librum, quo acceptae et expensai summae contine- 
bantur, indignatus scilicet ea de re dubitari, quae sub ipso 
legato administrata fuisset, et ad eum modum verba fecit: 
"Non est quod quaeratis, Patres conscripti, an parvam pe- 
cuniam in aerarium retulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro 
repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. 
Cluum Africam totam potestati vestrae subjecerim, nihil ex 
ea praBter cognomen retuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non 



BOOK V. 59 

fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum reddiderunt ; sed 
uterque nostFum magis invidia quam peeunia est onustus." 
Tarn constantem defensionem Scipionis uni versus senatus 
comprobavit. 

36. Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem 
dixerunt, quasi praeda ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudas- 
set : ubi causae dicendae dies venit, Scipio magna hominum 
frequentia in forum est deductus. Jussus causam dicere^ 
sine ulla criminis mentione, magnificanr oration em de rebus 
a se gestis habuit. " Hac die," inquit, " Carthaginem vici : 
eamus in Capitolium, et diis supplicemus." E foro statim 
in Capitolium ascendit. Simul se universa concio ab accu- 
satoribus avertit, et secuta Scipionem est, nee quisquam 
praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis mansit. 
CelebratioT is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo trium- 
phans de Syphace rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est in- 
gressus. Inde, ne amplius tribunitiis injuriis vexaretur, in 
Literninam villam concessit, ubi reliquam egit astatem sine 
urbis desiderio. 

37. Quum Scipio Africanus Literni degeret, complu- 
res prasdonum duces ad eum videndum forte confluxerunt. 
Scipio, eos ad vim faciendam venire ratus, praesidium servo- 
rum in tecto collocavit, aliaque parabat, quae ad eos repellen- 
dos opus erant. Q,uod ubi praedones animadverterunt, abjectis 
armis, januae appropinquant, nuntiantque ' se non vitae ejus 
hostes sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum tanti 
viri expetentes ; proinde ne gravaretur se spectandum prae- 
bere.' Id postquam audivit Scipio, fores reserari eosque in- 
troduci jussit. Illi postes januae tanquam religiosissimam 
aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dexteram apprehenderunt, 
ac diu deosculati sunt : deinde positis ante vestibulum donis, 
laeti quod Scipionem videre contigisset, domum reverterunt. 
Paulo post mortuus est Scipio, moriensque ab uxore petiit 
ne corpus suum Romam referretur. 



60 



BOOK VI. 



CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA 



A. U. 562 
A. C. 190 



LUCIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASIATICUS. 

1. Lucius Scipio, frater Africani, infirmo erat 
corpore; tamen consul, legato fratre, contra An- 
tiochum missus est. Q,uum in Asiam advenisset, 
ad duo ferme milJia ab hoste castra posuit. Antiochus coepit 
aciem instruere, nee Scipio detrectavit certamen. Q,uum 
autem duge acies in conspectu essent, coorta nebula caliginem 
dedit, quae nihil admodum Romanis, eadem plurimum regiis 
nocuit ; nam humor gladios aut pila Romanorum non hebe- 
tabat ; arcus vero, quibus Antiochi milites utebantur, fundas- 
que et jaculorum amenta emollierat. Itaque fusus est regis 
exercitus fugatusque. Ipse Antiochus, cum paucis fugiens, 
in Lydiam concessit. Tum Asise urbes victori se dedide- 
runt, Lucius Scipio, Roraam reversus, ingenti gloria tri- 
umphavit, et Asiatici cognomen accepit. 

2. Postea Lucius Scipio simul cum fratre accusatus est 
acceptae ab Antiocho pecuniae, et quamvis contenderet om- 
nem praedam in aerarium fuisse illatam, damnatus tamen est, 
et in carcerem duci coeptus. Tunc Tiberius Gracchus, li- 
cet Scipionis inimicus, dixit sibi quidem esse cum Scipione 
simultatem, nee se quidquam gratiae quaerendse causa facere; 
sed non passurum Lucium Scipionem in carcere atque in 
vinculis esse, jussitque eum dimitti. Gratiae ingentes a se- 



BOOK VI. 6i 

natu actse sunt Tiber io Graccho, quod rempublicam privatis 
simultatibus potiorem habuisset. Missi deinde quaestores in 
domum Scipionis nullum pecunisB regicE vestigium repere- 
runt. Lucio Scipioni collata est ab amicis propinquisque ea 
pecunia, qua multatus fuerat; earn vero Scipio noluit ac- 
cipere. 

PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SClPlO JMASICA. 

3. Publius Scipio Nasica, patrui Scipionis Africani filius, 
quum adolescens aedilitatem peteret, manumque cujusdam 
civis Romani rustico opere duratam, more candidatorum 
apprehendisset, jocans interrogavit eum ; ' num manibus 
solitus esset ambulare?' quod dictum a circumstantibus ex- 
ceptum ad populum manavit, causamque repulsse Scipioni 
attulit. Namque omnes rusticae tribus, paupertatem sibi ab 
60 exprobratam judicantes, iram suam ad versus contumelio- 
sum ejus dicterium exercuerunt. duae repulsa nobilis ado- 
lescentis ingenium ab insolentia revocavit, eumque magnum 
et utilem civem fecit. 

4. Q,uum Hannibal Italiam devastaret, responsum oraculo 
editum esse ferunt : ' hostem Italia pelli vincique posse, si 
mater Idaea a Pessinunte Romam advecta foret, et hospitio 
apud civem optimum reciperetur.' Legati ea de re ad Atta- 
lum, Pergami regem, missi sunt. Is legatos comiter accep- 
tos Pessinuntem deduxit. Quserendus deinde fuit vir, qui 
eam rite hospitio exciperet. Publium Scipionem Nasicam 
senatus judicavit virum esse in tota civitate optimum. Idem 
consul imperatoris nomen a militibus, et triumphum a se- 
natu oblatum recusavit, dixitque * satis glorise sibi in omnem 
vitam eo die quaesitum esse, quo vir optimus a senatu judi- 
catus fuerat : hoc titulo, etsi nee consulatus nee triumphus 
addatur, satis honoratam Publii Scipionis Nasicae imaginem 
fore.' 

5. Scipio Nasica, censor factus, gravem se ac severum 
praebuit. duum equitum censum ageret, equitem quendam 
vidit obeso et pingui corpore, equum vero ejus strigosura et 

6 



62 VIRl ROM^. 

macilentum ; "Q,uidnam causae est," inquit censor, '^ cur 
sis tu, quam equus, pinguior'?" " Quoniam," respondit 
eques, " ego me ipse euro, equum vero servus." Minijs ve- 
recundum visum est responsura ; itaque graviter objurgatus 
eques, et multa damnatus. Idem Scipio Nasica cum Ennio 
poeta vivebat conjuuctissime, Quum ad eum venisset, 
eique ab ostio quserenti ancilla dixisset, ' Ennium domi non 
esse,' Nasica sensit illam domini jussa dixisse, et ilium in- 
tus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset 
Ennius, et eum a janua queereret, exclamavit ipse Nasi- 
ca, * se domi non esse.' Tum Ennius ; " duid ! ego non 
cognosco," inquit, " vocem tuam?" Hic Nasica: "Homo 
es impudens : ego, quum te quaererem, ancillae tuse credidi 
te domi non esse ; tu non mihi credis ipsi." 

MARCUS PORCIUS CATO. 

6. Marcus Porcius Cato, ortus municipio Tusculo, ado- 
lescentulus priusquam honoribus operam daret, rure in prse- 
diis paternis versatus est, deinde Romam demigravit, et in 
foro esse coepit. Primum stipendium m.eruit annorum de- 
cern septemque, Q,uinto Fabio consule, cui postea semper 
adhaesit. Inde castra secutus est Claudii Neronis, ejusque 
opera magni aestimata est in proelio apud Senam, quo cecidit 
Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. Ab adolescentia frugalitatem 
temperantiamque coluit. Pellibus haedinis pro stragula veste 
utebatur; eodem cibo, quo milites, vescebatur; aquam in 
bellicis expeditionibus potabat; si nimio aestu torqueretur, 
acetum ; si vires deficerent, paululum vilis vini. 

7. Q,uaBstor Scipioni Africano obtigit, et cum eo parum 
amice vixit : nam parsimoniae amans baud probabat sump- 
tus, quos Scipio faciebat. Quare, eo relicto, Romam rediit, 
ibique Scipionis vitam palam et aperte reprehendit, quasi mili- 
tarem disciplinam corrumperet. Dictitabat * ilium cum pal- 
lio et crepidis solitum ambulare in gymnasio, palaBstrse ope- 
ram dare, militum licentiae indulgere.' Q,uod crimen non 



BOOK VI. 63 

verbo, sed facto, diluit Scipio. Nam quum ea de re legati 
Roma Syracusas missi essent, Scipio exercitum omnem eo 
convenire et classem expedire jussit, tanquam dimicandum 
eo die terra marique cum Carthaginiensibus esset ; postridie, 
legatis inspectantibus, pugnae simulacrum exhibuit. Turn 
eis armamentaria, horrea, omneraque belli apparatum osten- 
dit. Reversi Romam legati omnia apud exercitum Scipio- 
nis praeclare se habere renuntiarunt. 

8. Eadem asperitate Cato matronarum luxum insectatus 
est. Scilicet in medio ardore belli Punici, Oppius, tribunus 
plebis, legem tulerat, qua vetabantur mulieres Romanae plus 
semuncia auri habere, vestimento varii coloris uti, et juncto 
vehiculo in urbe vehi. Confecto autem bello, et florente re- 
publica, matronae pristina ornamenta sibi reddi postulabant ; 
omnes vias urbis obsidebant, virosque ad forum descenden- 
tes orabant, ut legem Oppiam abrogarent. Quibus acerrime 
restitit Cato, sed frustra ; nam lex fuit abrogata. 

9. Cato creatus consul in Hispaniam adversus Celtibe- 
ros profectus est. duos acri proelio vicit, et ad deditionem 
compulit : eo in bello Cato cum ultimis militum parsimonia, 
vigiliis, et labore certavit, nee in quenquam gravius severius- 
que imperium exercuit, quam in semetipsum. duum His- 
panos ad defectionem pronos videret, cavendum judicavit, 
ne deinceps rebellare possent. Id autem effecturus sibi vi- 
debatur, si eorum muros dirueret. Sed veritus ne, si id 
universis civitatibus imperaret communi edicto, non obtem- 
perarent, scripsit ad singulas separatim ut muros diruerent, 
epistolasque omnibus simul eodemque die reddendas cura- 
vit. Quum unaquceque sibi soli imperari putaret, universae 
paruerunt. Cato, Romam reversus, de Hispania triumphavit. 

10. Postea Cato censor factus severe ei prsefuit potestati. 
Nam, et in complures nobiles animadvertit, et imprimis Lu- 
cium Flamininum virura consularem senatu movit. Cui inter 
alia facinora illud objecit. Quum esset in Gallia Flamininus, 
mulierem, cujus amore deperibat, ad coenam vocavit, eique 
forte inter ccenandum dixit ' multos capitis damnatos in vin- 



B4 VIRI ROMiE. 

culis esse, quos securi per&ussurus esset.' Turn ilia negavit 
* se unquam vidisse quenquam securi ferientem, et pervelle id 
videre.' Statim Flaraininus unum ex his, qui in carcere de? 
tinebantur, adduci jussit, et ipse securi percussit. Tarn per- 
ditam libidinem eo magis notandam putavit Cato, quod cum 
probro private conjungeret imperii dedecus. Q,uid enim 
crudelius quam inter pocula et dapes ad spectaculum 
mulieris humanam victimam mactare, et mensam cruore 
respergere ? 

11. Q,uum in senatu de tertio Punico bello ageretur, 
Cato jam senex ' delendam Carthaginem ' censuit, negavitque, 
' ea stante, salvam esse posse rempublicam.' duum autem 
id, contradicente Scipione Nasica, non facile patribus per- 
suaderet, deinceps quoties de re aliqua sententiam dixit in 
senatu, addidit semper : " Hoc censeo, et Carthaginem esse 
delendam." Tandem in curiam intulit ficum praecocem et 
excussa toga effudit : cujus quum pulchritudinem patres ad- 
mirarentur, interrogavit eos Cato quando ex arbore lectam 
putarent ? Illis ficum recentem videri affirmantibus : " At- 
qui," inquit, "tertio abhinc die scitote decerptam esse Car- 
thagine ; tarn prope ab hoste absumus." Movit ea res pa- 
trum animos, et bellum Carthaginiensibus indictum est. 

12. Fuit Cato ut senator egregius, ita bonus pater : quum 
ei natus esset filius, nullis negotiis nisi publicis impedieba- 
tur, quominus adesset matri infantem abluenti et fasciis in- 
volventi. Ilia enim proprio lacte filium alebat. Ubi aliquid 
intelligere potuit puer, eum pater ipse in litteris instituit, li- 
cet idoneum et eruditum domi servum haberet. Nolebat 
enim servum filio maledicere, vel aurem vellicare, si tardior 
in discendo esset; neque etiam filium tanti beneficii, hoc 
est doctrinse, debitorem esse servo. Ipse itaque ejus ludi- 
njagister, ipse legum doctor, ipse lanista fuit. Conscripsit 
nianu sua grandibus litteris historias, ut etiam in paterna 
,domo ante oculos proposita haberet veterum instituta et ex- 
empla. 

13. Quum postea Catonis filius in exercitu Pompilii tiro 



BOOK VI. 65 

militaret, et Pompilio visum esset unam dimittere legionem, 
Catonis quoque filium dimisit, sed quum is amore pugnandi 
in exercitu remansisset, Cato pater ad Pompilium scripsit, 
lit, si filium pateretur in exercitu remanere, secundo eum 
obligaret militias sacramento, quia, priore amisso, cum hos- 
tibus jure pugnare non poterat. Exstat quoque Catonis pa- 
tris ad filium epistola, in qua scribit ' se audivisse eum mis- 
sum factum esse a Pompilio imperatore,' monetque eum, ut 
caveat, ne proelium ineat, Negat enim * jus esse, qui miles 
non sit, eum pugnare cum hoste.' 

14. Agricultura plurimum delectabatur Cato, malebat- 
que agrorum et pecorum fructu, quam fenore ditescere. 
Q,uum ab eo quaereretur, ' quid maxime in re familiari expe- 
diret?' Respondit, 'bene pascere.' ' Q,uid secundum?' 
* Satis bene pascere.' * duid tertium ? ' * Male pascere.' 
*Cluid quartum?' * Arare.' Et quum ille, qui qusesierat, 
dixisset, 'quid fenerari?' Turn Cato, "Q,uid," inquit, 
"hominem occidere?" Scripsit ipse, 'villas suas ne tec- 
torio quidem fuisse perlitas,' atque postea addidit : *' Neque 
mihi sedificatio, neque vas, neque vestimentum ullum est 
pretiosum; si quid est, quo uti possim, utor; si non est, 
facile careo. Suo quemque uti et frui per me licet : mihi 
vitio quidam vertunt, quod multis egeo; at ego illis vitio 
tribuo, quod nequeunt egere." 

15. Injuriarum patientissimus fbit Cato. Quum ei cau- 
sam agenti, protervus quidam, pingui saliva quantum poterat 
attracta, in frontem mediam inspuisset, tulit hoc leniter, " Et 
ego," inquit, " O homo ! affirmabo falli eos, qui te negant os 
habere." Ab alio homine improbo contumeliis proscissus : 
*' Iniqua," inquit, " tecum mihi est pugna : tu enim probra fa- 
cile audis, et dicis libenter ; mihi vero et dicere ingratum, 
et audire insolitum." Dicere solebat * acerbos inimicos me- 
lius de quibusdam mereri, quam eos araicos, qui dulces vide- 
antur ; illos enim saepe verum dicere, hos nunquam.' 

16. Cato ab adolescentia usque ad extremara aetatem ini- 
micitias, reipublicas causa, suscipere non destitit: ipse a 

6* 



66 VIRI ROM^. 

i^auitis acjcusatus, non modo nullum existimationis detrimen- 
tum fecit, sed, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. Quartum 
et octogesimum annum agens, ab inimicis capitali crimine 
accusatus, suam ipse causam peroravit, nee quisquam, aut 
memoriam ejus tardiorem, aut lateris firmitatem imminu- 
tam, aut os haesitatione impeditum, animadvertit. Non il- 
ium enervavit, nee afflixit senectus ; ea estate aderat amicis ; 
veniebat in senatum frequens. Graecas etiam litteras senex 
didicit. Quando obreperet senectus, vix intellexit. Sen- 
sim sine sensu aetas ingravescebat ; nee subito fracta est, 
sed diuturnitate quasi exstincta. Annos quinque et octoginta 
natus excessit e vita. 



TITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMmmUS. 

_^ 17. Titus Quinctius Flaraininus, consul missus 

A. C. 198. ^^^ adversus Philippum Macedonum regem, qui 
Hannibalem pecunia et copiis juverat, Athenien- 
sesque, populi Romani socios, armis lacessiverat. Contrax- 
erant autem bellum cum Philippo Athenienses haudquaquam 
digna causa. Duo juvenes Acarnanes, non initiati, templum 
Cereris cum cetera turba ingressi sunt. Facile eos sermo 
prodidit. Perducti ad antistites templi, etsi manifestum erat 
eos per errorem ingressos, tanquam ob infandum scelus inter- 
fecti sunt : Acarnanes, suorum nece commoti, ad vindicandos 
illos auxilium a Philippo petierunt, qui terram Atticam igne 
ferroque vastavit, urbes complures cepit, Athenas ipsas op- 
pugn avit. 

18. Quinctius, exercitu conscripto, maturius quam soliti 
«rant priores consules profectus, in Graeciam magnis itineri- 
bus contendit. Tunc caduceator a rege venit, locum ac 
tempus coUoquendi postulans. Flamininus, victorias quam 
pacis avidior, tamen ad constitutum tempus yenit in collo- 
quium, postulavitque ut Philippus omni Grescia decederet. 
Accensus indignatione rex exclamavit : "Quid victo impe- 
'lares gravius, Tite duincti? " Et quum qi^idam ex circum- 



BOOK VI. 67 

stantibus oculis aeger adjecisset, aut bello vincendum, aut 
melioribus parendum esse, " Apparet id quidem," inquit Phi- 
lippus, " etiam caeco," jocans in ejus valetudinem oculorum. 
Erat quippe Philippus dicacior natura, quam regem decet, 
et ne inter seria quidem satis risu temperans. Dein, re in- 
fecta, se ex colloquio proripuit. Eum Fiamininus bis prcelio 
fudit, castrisque exuit. 

19. Quinctius Fiamininus Graiciae veterem statum reddi- 
dit, ut legibus suis viveret, et antiqua libertate frueretur. 
Aderat ludorum Isthmiorum tempus, ad quod spectaculum 
Graecia universa convenerat. Turn prseco in mediam arenam 
processit, tubaque silentio facto, haec verba pronuntiavit : 
" Senatus, populusque Romanus et Titus Q,uinctius Fiamini- 
nus imperator, Philippo rege et Macedonibus devictis, omnes 
Graeciae civitates liberas esse jubet." Audita voce praeconis, 
majus gaudium fuit, quam quantum homines possent capere : 
vix satis credebat se quisque audivisse : alii alios intuebantur 
mirabundi : revocatus praeco, quum unusquisque non audire 
tantum, sed videre etiam libertatis suae nuntium averet, 
iterum pronuntiavit eadem. Turn tantus clamor ortus est, 
'ut certo constet aves, quae supervolabant, attonitas paventes- 
<jue decidisse. 

20. duinctio Flaminino triumphus a senatu decretus est. 
Postea quum Prusias, Bithyniae rex, legates Romam misisset, 
casu accidit, ut legati apud Flamininum ccenarent, atque ibi 
de Hannibale mentione facta, ex his unus diceret eum in 
Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die Fiamininus senatui detu- 
lit. Patres, qui, vivo Hannibale, nunquam metu vacui erant, 
legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in his Flamininum, qui Han- 
nibalera sibi dedi poscerent. A primo colloquio Flaminini, 
ad domum Hannibalis custodiendam, milites a rege missi sunt. 
Hannibal septem exitus e domo fecerat, ut semper aliquod 
iter fugae praeparatum haberet. Postquam nuntiatum est ei' 
milites regios in vestibulo esse, conatus est postico occulto 
fugere : ubi vero id quoque obseptum sensit, et omnia clausa 
esse, hausto, quod sub annuli gemma habebat, veneno, ab- 
sumptus est. 



68 VIRI ROMiE. 

LUCIUS j]:milius paulus macedonicus. 

. ,, ,„, 21. ^milius Paulus ejus, qui ad Cannas ceci- 

A. U. 684. . . . 

A. C. 168. ^^^} filius erat. Consul sortitus est Macedoniam 

provinciam, in qua Perseus, Philippi filius, pa- 

terni in Romanes odii heres bellam renovaverat. Quum 

adversijs Perscum profecturus esset, et doraum suam ad 

vesperum rediret, filiolam suam Tertiam, quae tunc erat 

admodum parva, osculans, animadvertit tristiculam; "Quid 

est," inquit, " mea Tertia, quid tristis es?" "Mi pater," 

inquit ilia, " Persa periit : " (erat autem mortuus catellus eo 

nomine.) Tum ille arctiijs puellam complexus; " Accipio 

omen," inquit, " mea filia." Ita ex fortuito dicto quasi spem 

cert am clarissimi triumphi animo praesumpsit. Ingressus de- 

inde Macedoniam, recta, ad hostem perrexit. 

22. Quum duse acies in conspectu essent, Sulpicius Gallus, 
tribunus militum, Romanum exercitum magno metu libera- 
vit. Is enim, quum lun.-e defectionem nocte sequenti fiituram 
praesciret, ad concionem vocatis militibus, dixit : *' Nocte 
proxima, ne quis id pro portento accipiat, ab hora secund^ 
usque ad quartam luna defectura est. Id, quia naturali 
ordine et statis fit temporibus, et sciri ante et prgedici potest. 
Itaque, quemadmodum nemo miratur lunam nunc pleno orbe, 
nunc senescentem exiguo cornu fiilgere, sic mirum non est 
enm obscurari, quando umbra terrae conditur." Quapropter 
Romanos non movit ilia defectio ; Macedones vero eadem, 
ut triste prodigium, terruit. 

2'3. .Emilias Paulus cum Perseo acerrime dimicavit tertio 
Nonas Septembris ; Macedonum exercitus ctesus fiigatusque 
est : rex ipse cum paucis fiigit. Fugientes persecutus est 
^Emilius usque ad initium noctis. Tum se in castra victor 
recepit. Reversum gravis cura angebat, quod filium in cas- 
tris non invenisset. Is erat Publius Scipio, postea Afi-ica- 
nus deleta Carthagine appellatus, qui decimum septimum 
tunc annum agens, dum acriiis sequitur hostes, in partem 



IBQOl^ VI. GQ 

aliam turba abreptus fuerat. Media tandem nocte in castr^ 
rediit. Tunc, recepto sospite filio, pater tantae viotoritB 
gaudium sensit. Victus Perseus in templum confugerat, 
ibique in angulo obscuro delitescebat : deprehensus et cum 
filio natu maximo ad consulem perductus est. 

24. Perseus pulla veste amictus castra ingressus est. 
Non alias ad ullum spectaculum tanta multitudo occurrit. 
Rex captivus progredi prae turba non poterat, donee consul 
lictores misit, qui, submovendo circumfusos, iter ad praeto- 
rium facerent. JEmilius Paulus, ubi audivit Perseum adesse, 
consurrexit, progressusque paulum introeunti regi manum 
porrexit : ad genua procumbentem erexit ; introductum in 
tabernaculum suo lateri assidere jussit. Deinde eum inter- 
rogavit, ' qua inductus injuria bellum contra popuJum Roma- 
num tarn infesto animo suscepisset ? ' Rex, nullo dato 
response, terram intuens, diu flevit. Tum consul : " Bo- 
num," inquit, " animum babe; populi Romani dementia 
non modo spem tibi, sed prope certam fiduciam salutis 
praebet." 

25. Postquam Perseum consolatus est ^milius Paulus, 
sermonem ad circumstantes Romanos convertit : '* Videtis," 
inquit, " exemplum insigne mutationis rerum humanarum : 
vobis hsec pra3cipue dico, juvenes ; ideo neminem decet in 
quenquam superbe agere, nee presenti credere fortunag." 
Ho die Perseus a consule ad coenam invitatus est, et alius 
ojnnis ei honor habitus est, qui haberi in tali fortuna pote- 
rat. Deinde quum ad consulem multarum gentium legati 
gratulandi causa venissent, iEmilius Paulus ludos magno ap- 
paratu fecit, lautumque convivium paravit : qua in re cur am 
et diligentiam adhibebat, dicere solitus et convivium in- 
struere et ludos parare viri ejusdem esse, qui sciret bello 
yincere. 

>?$. Confecto bello, yEroJlius Paulus regia nave ad urbem 
est subvectus. Completoe erant omnes Tiberis ripae, obvi- 
am effusa multitudine. Fi^it ejus triumphus omnium longe 
fl5ii^,nifi.aefltissimus. PopuluSj e^structis per forum tabulatis 



70 VIRI ROMM. 

in modum theatrorum, spectavit in candidis togis. Aperta 
templa omnia et sertis coronata thure furaabant. In tres 
dies distributa est pompa spectaculi. Primus dies vix suf- 
fecit transvehendis signis tabulisque ; sequenti die translata 
sunt arma, galeae, scuta, loricss, pharetrae, argentum, aurum- 
que. Tertio die, primo statim mane ducere agmen ccepere 
tibicines non festos solemnium pomparum modos, sed belli- 
cum sonantes, quasi in aciem procedendum foret. Deinde 
agebantur pingues cornibus auratis et vittis redimiti boves 
centum et viginti. 

27. Sequebantur Persei liberi, comitante educatorura et 
magistrorum turba, qui manus ad spectatores cum lacrymis 
miserabiliter tendebant, et pueros docebant implorandam 
suppliciter victoris populi misericordiam. Pone filios ince- 
debat cum uxore Perseus stupenti et attonito similis. Inde 
quadringentae coronas aureae portabantur, ab omnibus fere 
Graeciae civitatibus dono missae. Postremo ipse in curru 
Paulus auro purpuraque fulgens eminebat, qui magnam quum 
dignitate alia corporis, tum senecta ipsa, majestatem prae se 
ferebat. Post currum inter alios illustres viros filii duo 
JEmilii ; deinde equites turmatim, et cohortes peditum suis 
quaeque ordinibus, Paulo a senatu et a plebe concessum est, 
ut in ludis Circensibus veste triumphali uteretur, eique cog- 
nomen Macedonici inditum. 

28. Tantae buic lastitiae gravis dolor admixtus est. Nam 
iEmilius Paulus, duobus filiis in adoptionem datis, duos tan- 
tum nominis heredes domi retinuerat. Ex his minor, ferme 
duodecim annos natus, quinque diebus ante triumphum pa- 
tris, major autem triduo post triumphum decessit. Erat 
porro iEmilius liberorum amantissimus ; eos erudiendos 
curaverat non solum Romana veteri disciplina, sed etiam 
Graecis litteris. Optimos adhibuerat magistros, eorumque 
exercitiis omnibus ipse interfuerat, quum eum respublica 
alio non vocaret. Eum tamen casum fortiter tulit, et in 
oratione, quam de rebus a se gestis apud populum habuit : 
** Optavi," inquit, '* ut siquid adversi immineret ad expiandam 



BOOK VI, 71 

nimiam felicitatem, id in domum meam potius quam in rem- 
publicam recideret. Nemo jam ex tot liberis superest, qui 
^milii Pauli nomen ferat; sed hanc privatam calamitatem 
vestra felicitas et secunda fortuna publica consolatur." 

29. ^milius Paulus omni Macedonum gaza, quae fuit 
maxima, potitus erat : tantam in aerarium populi Romani pe- 
cuniam invexerat, ut unius imperatoris praeda finem attule- 
rit tributorum; at hie non modo nihil ex thesauris regiis 
concupivit, sed ne ipse quidem spectare eos dignatus est. 
Per alios homines cuncta administravit, nee quidquam in 
domum suam intulit, prseter raemoriam nominis sempiter- 
nam : mortuus est adeo pauper, ut dos ejus uxori, nisi ven- 
dito, quern unum reliquerat, fundo, non potuerit exsolvi. 
Exsequiae ejus non tam auro et ebore, quam omnium benevo- 
lentia et studio fuerunt insignes. Macedoniae principes, qui 
tunc Romae erant legationis nomine, humeros suos funebri 
lecto sponte subjecerunt. Quem enim in bello ob virtutem 
timuerant, eundem in pace ob justitiam diligebant. 

CAIUS POPILIUS L^ENAS. 

30. JEmilio Paulo consule, Romam venerunt 

T^ 1 7^ ■ • . r A. U. 580. 

legati a Ptolemaeo rege Ahgypti, qui, pulso tratre ^ ^ j^2 

majore, Alexandriam tenebat. Nam Antiochus, 

rex Syriae, per speciem reducendi in regnum majoris Ptol- 

emaei, ^gyptum invadere conabatur. Jam navali prcelio 

vicerat minorem Ptolemaeum et Alexandriam obsidebat : nee 

procul abesse videbatur, quin regno opulentissirao potiretur. 

Legati sordidati, barba et capillo promisso, cum ramis oleae 

ingressi curiam procubuerunt. Oratio fuit etiam miserabilior 

quam habitus. Orabant senatum, ut opem regno ^Egypti 

ferret. Moti Patres legatorum precibus, extemplo lega- 

tionem miserunt, cujus princeps Caius Popilius Laenas, ad 

helium inter fratres componendum. Jussus est Popilius 

adire prius Antiochum, deinde Ptolemaeum, eisque denun- 



72 VIRI ROMiE. 

tiare ut bello absisterent : qui secus fecisset, eum pro hoste a 
senatu habitum iri. 

31. Prope Alexandriam Antiocho occurreruiit legati, 
quos advenientes Antiochus amice salutavit, et Popilio 
dexfcram porrexit; at Popilius suam regi noluit porrigere, 
sed tabellas, in quibus erat senatusconsultum, ei tradidit, 
atque statim legere jussit. Cluibus perleetis, Antiochus 
dixit ' se, adhibitis amicis, consideraturum, quid faciendum 
sibi esset.' Indignatus Popilius, quod rex aliquam moram 
interponeret, virga quam manu gerebat, regem circumscrip- 
sit; ac, " Prius," ait, " quam hoc circulo excedas, da respon- 
sum, quod senatui referam." Obstupefactus Antiochus, quum 
parumper haesitasset, " Faciam," inquit, " quod censet sena- 
tus." Turn demum Popilius dextram regi, tanquam socio 
et amico, porrexit. Eadem die, quum Antiochus excessisset 
^gypto, legati concordiam inter fratres auctoritate sua fir- 
maverunt. Clara ea legatio fuit, quod ^Egyptus Antiocho 
adempta, redditumque regnum patrium stirpi Ptolemsei fuerat. 

PUBLIUS SCIPIO ^MILIANUS ArRICAJ>fUS. 

32. Publius Scipio ^Emilianus, Pauli Macedotiici filius, 
adoptione Scipionis Africani nepos, a tenera aetate GraBcis 
litteris a Polybio, praestantis ingenii viro, eruditus est. Ex 
ejus doctrina tantos fructus tulit, ut non modo sequales suos, 
sed etiam majores natu, omni virtutum genere superaret. 
Temperantise et continentiae laudem ante omnia comparafe 
studuit, quod quidem tunc difficile erat. Mirum enim est, 
quo impetu ad libidines et epulas juvenes Romani eo tempore 
ferrentur. At Scipio, contrarium vitae institutum secutus, 
publicam modestiae et continentiae famam est adeptus. Po- 
lybium semper domi militiaeque secum habuit : semper inter 
arma ac studia versatus; aut corpus periculis aut animum 
disciplinis exercuit. 

33. Scipio ^milianus primiam in Hispania, Lucullo duce. 



BOOK VI. 73 

militavit; eoque in bello egregia fuit ejus opera. Nam rex: 
quidam barbarus, mirae proceritatis, splendidis armis ornatus, 
ssepe Romanos provocabat, siquis singular! certamine secum 
vellet congredi. duumque nemo contra eum exire auderet, 
suam Romanis ignaviam cum irrisu et ludibrio exprobrabat. 
Non tulit indignitatem rei Scipio, progressusque ad hostem, 
conserta pugna eum prostravit, pari Romanorum laetitia et 
hostium terrore, quod ingentis corporis virum ipse exiguae 
staturae dejecisset. Scipio multo majus etiam adiit pericu- 
lum in expugnatione urbis, quam tunc obsidebant Romani : 
nam ipse primus murum conscendit, viamque aliis militibus 
aperuit. Ob haec preeclare gesta, Lucullus dux juvenem,. 
pro concione laudatum, murali corona donavit. 
7 



74 



BOOK VII 



THIRD PUNIC WAR 



PUBLrUS SCIPIO tEMILIAKUS africanus. 

1. Tertio bello Punico, quum clarum esset 

A. U. 620. ^ . . . ■ ■ ^\ r 

A. C. 132 fecipionis nomen, juvenis adhuc lactus est consul, 

eique Africa provincia extra sortem data est, ut 

quam urbem avus ejus concusserat, earn nepos everteret. 

Tunc enim Romani, suadente Catone, deliberatum habebant 

Carthaginem diruere. Carthaginiensibus igitur imperatum 

est, ut, si salvi esse vellent, ex urbe migrarent, sedemque alio 

in loco a mari remote constituerent. Q,uod ubi Carthagine 

auditum est, ortus statim est ululatus ingens, clamorque 

' bellum esse gerendum, satiusque esse extrema omnia pati, 

quam patriam relinquere.' Quum vero neque naves neque 

arma haberent, in usum novge classis tecta dornosque rescide- 

runt ; aurum et argentum pro sere ferroque confiatum est , 

viri, foeminae, pueri, senes simul operi instabant : non die, 

non noctu, labor intermissus. Ancillas primo totonderunt, 

ut ex earum crinibus funes facerent; mox etiam rnatronje 

ipsae capillos suos ad eundem usum contulerunt. 

2. Scipio exercitum ad Carthaginem admovit, eamqiie 

oppugnare coepit : quce urbs, quanquam summa vi defende- 

retur, tandem expugnata est. Rebus desperatis, quadraginta 

millia hominum se victori tradiderunt. Dux ipse Hasdrubal, 

inscia uxore, ad genua Scipionis cum ramis oless supplex 



BOOK VII. 75 

procubuit. Cluum vero ejus uxor se a viro relictam vidisset, 
diris omnibus eum devovit ; turn duobus liberis dextra laeva* 
que comprehensis, a culmine domus se in medium flagrantis 
urbis incendium inimisit. Deleta Carthagine, Scipio victor 
Romam reversus est. Splendidum egit triumphum, Afri- 
canusque est appellatus. Ita cognomen Africani Carthago 
capta Scipioni majori, eadem eversa Scipioni minori peperit. 

3. Postea Scipio iterum consul creatus, contra Numan- 
tinos in Hispaniam profectus est. Ibi multiplex clades, pri- 
orum ducum inscitia, a Romanis accepta fuerat. Scipio, 
ubi primum advenit, corruptum licentia exercitum ad pris- 
tinam disciplinam revocavit. Omnia deliciarum instrumenta 
e castris ejecit. Q,ui miles extra ordinem fuisset depre- 
hensus, eum virgis casdebat : jumenta omnia vendi jussit, ne 
oneribus portandis usui essent : militem quemque triginta 
dierum frumentum ac septenos vallos ferre coegit. Cuidam 
propter onus segre incedenti dixit : '' Q,uum te gladio vallare 
scieris, tunc vallum ferre desinito." Ita redacto in discipli- 
nam exercitu, urbem Numantiam obsedit. Numantini, fame 
adacti, se ipsi trucidaverunt. Captam urbem Scipio delevit, 
et de ea triumphavit, 

4. Scipio censor fuit cum Mummio viro nobili, sed seg- 
iiiore. Tribu movit quendam, qui ordines ducens proelio 
non interfuerat. Cluumque ille quaereret cur notaretur, qui 
custodiae causa in castris remansisset, Scipio respondit : 
*' Non amo nimium diligentes." Equum ademit adolescen- 
ti, qui in obsidione Carthaginis, vocatis ad coenam amicis, 
diripiendam sub fiorura urbis Carthaginis placentam in men- 
sa posuerat; quserentique causam : "Quia," inquit Scipio, 
" me prior Carthaginem diripuisti." Contra Mummius, Scip*- 
ionis .collega, neque ipse notabat quenquam, et notatos a 
collega, quos poterat, ignominice eximebat. Unde Scipio, 
quum ei cupienti censuram ex majestate reipublicae gerere 
impedimento esset Mummii segnities, in senatu ait: " Uti- 
nam mihi collegam dedissetis, aut non dedissetis ! " 

5. In Scipione ^Emiliano etiam multa privatae vitae dicta 



76 VIRI ROMiE. 

factaque celebrantur. Caio Lselio familiariter usus est. 
Ferunt cum eo Scipionem saepe rusticatum fuisse, eosque in- 
credibiliter repuerascere solitos esse, quum rus ex urbe, tan- 
quam e vinculis, evolavissent. Vix audeo dicere de tantis 
viris; sed ita narratur conchas eos ad litus maris legere 
consuevisse, et ad omnem animi remissionem ludumque 
descendere. Mortuo ^miiio Paulo, Scipio, cum fratre 
heres relictus, animum vere fraternum in eum ostendit; nam 
universam ei hereditatem tradidit, quod ilium videret re 
familiari minus quam se instructum. Pariter, defuncta 
matre, omnia bona materna sororibus concessit, quanquam 
nulla pars hereditatis ad eas lege pertineret. 

6. Quum in concione interrogaretur, quid sentiret de 
morte Tiberii Gracchi, qui populi favorem pravis largitioni- 
bus captaverat, palam respondit, ' eum jure caesum videri.' 
Quo response exacerbata concio acclamavit ; tum Scipio 
clamorem ortum a vili plebecula animadvertens : " Tace- 
ant," inquit, " quibus Italia noverca est, non mater." Quum 
magis etiam obstreperet populus, ille vultu constanti : " Hos- 
tium," inquit, " armatorum toties clamore non territus, qui 
possum vestro moveri ? " Tum constantia et auctoritate 
viri perculsa plebs conticuit. Deinde, quasi vim sibi mox 
inferendam animo prassagiret, ^ malam sibi rependi gratiam 
laborum pro republica susceptorum ab ingratis civibus ' ques- 
tus est. Maxima patrum frequentia domum deductus est. 

7. Postridie quam doraum se validus receperat, Scipio 
repente in lectulo exanimis est inventus. De tanti viri 
morte nulla habita est quaestio, ejusque corpus velato capite 
est elatum, ne livor in ore appareret. Metellus, licet Scipi- 
onis inimicus, banc necem adeo graviter tulit, ut, ea audita, 
in forum advolaverit, ibique mossto vultu clamaverit : " Con- 
currite, cives; mosnia urbis nostras eversa sunt; Scipioni 
intra suos Penates quiescenti nefaria vis illata est." Idem 
Metellus filios suos jussit funebri ejus lecto humeros subji- 
cere, eisque dixit: '' Nunquam a vobis id officium majori 
viro praestari poterit." Scipionis patrimonium tam exiguum 



BOOK Vll. 77 

fuit, ut triginta duas libras argenti, duas et selibras auri tan- 
tum reliquerit. 

8. diium duo consules, quorum alter inops erat, alter 
autem avarus, in senatu contenderent, uter in Hispaniam ad 
bellum gerendum mitteretur, ac magna inter patres asset 
dissensio, rogatus sententiam Scipio TEmilianus : '* Neu- 
trum," inquit, " mihi mitti placet; quia alter nihil habet, 
alteri nihil est satis." Scilicet ad rem bene gerendam ju- 
dicabat pariter abesse debere inopiam et avaritiam. Alio- 
quin maxime verendum est ne publicum munus qusestui 
habeatur, et praeda communis iij privatum imperatoris lu- 
crum convertatur. Longe ab hac culpa alienus fuit Scipio ; 
nam post duos consul atus et totidem triumphos officio lega- 
tionis fungens, septem tantum servos secum duxit. E 
Carthaginis et Numantige spoliis comparare plures certe 
potuerat; sed nihilo locupletior, Carthagine eversa, fuit, 
quam ante. Itaque quum per populi Romani socios et ex- 
teras nationes iter faceret, non mancipia ejus, sed victoriae 
numerabantur, nee quantum auri et argenti, sed quantum 
dignitatis atque glorire secum ferret, gestimabatur. 

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS A2s'D CAIUS GRACCHUS. 

9. Tiberius Gracchus et Caius Gracchus Scipionis Afri- 
cani ex filia nepotes erant. Horum adolescentia bonis arti- 
bus et magna omnium spe floruit. Ad egregiam quippe 
indolem accedebat optima educatio. Exstant CornelicB ma- 
tris epistolfe, quibus apparet eos non solijm in gremio matris 
educatos fuisse, sed etiam ab ea sermonis elegantiam hausisse. 
Maximum matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos 
merito putabat sapientissima ilia mulier ; quum Campana 
matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta sua, quae erant ilia 
SBtate pretiosissima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia traxit 
eam sermone, quousque a schola redirent liberi ; quos re- 
Versos hospitcE exhibens : *' En haec," inquit, *' mea orna- 
menta." Nihil quidem istis adolescentibus neque a natura 

7* 



78 VIRI ROM^. 

neque a doctrina defuit ; sed ambo rempublicam, quam tu- 
€ri potuissent, impie perturbare maluemnt. 

10. Tiberius Gracchus, quum esset tribunus plebis, a 
senatu descivit : populi favorem profusis largitionibus sibi 
conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat; dabat civitatem omnibus 
Italicis ; provincias novis coloniis replebat : quibus rebus 
viam sibi ad regnum par are videbatur. Quare convocati 
patres deliberabant quidnam faciendum esset. Tiberius in 
Capitolium venit, manum ad caput refereiis ; quo signo sa- 
lutem suam populo commendabat : hoc nobilitas ita accepit, 
quasi diadema posceret. Tum Scipio Nasica, quum esset 
consobrinus Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praetulit, 
sublataque dextera proclamavit : " dui rempublicam salvam 
esse vohmt, me sequantur;" dein Gracchum fugientem per- 
secutus in eum irruit, suaque manu eum interfecit. Mortui 
Tiberii corpus in flumen projectum est, 

11. Caium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem Tiberium, 
invasit : sen vindicandae fraternae necis, sen comparandas 
regisB potentiae causa, vix tribunatum adeptus est, quum 
pessima coepit inire consilia : maximas largitiones fecit : 
serarium effudit : legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit. 
Perniciosis Gracchi consiliis, quanta poterant contentione, 
obsistebant oranes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir con- 
sul aris. Is, quum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, 
lege tamen lata, ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum 
venit: Gracchus animadvertit in concione Pisonem stantem; 
eum sic compellavit, audiente populo Romano. " Qui tibi 
constas, Piso, quum ea lege frumentum petas, quam dissua- 
sisti ? " Cui Piso : " Nolim quidem, Gracche," inquit, " mea 
bona tibi viritim dividere liceat : sed si facies, partem petam." 
duo responso aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, 
quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimonium publicum dissipari. 

12. Decretum a senatu latum est, ut videret consul Opim- 
ius, ne quid detriment! respublica caperet ; quod decretum, 
nisi in maximo discrimine, ferri non solebat. Caius Grac- 
chus, armata familia, Aventinum occupaverat. duamobrem 



BOOK VII. 79 

consul, vocato ad arma populo, Caium aggressus est, qui 
pulsus, dum a templo Dianse desiliit, talum intorsit, et, quum 
jam a satellitibas Opimii comprehenderetur, jugiilum servo 
praBbuit, qui dominum et mox semetipsum super domini cor- 
pus interemit. Consul promiserat se pro capite Gracchi au- 
rum repensurum esse; quare Septimuleius quidam lancea, 
prasfixum Caii caput attulit, eique sequale auri pondus per- 
solutum est. Aiunt etiam ilium prius cervice perforata, 
cerebroque exempto, plumbum infudisse, quo gravius ef- 
ficeretur. 

13. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, quum senatus consulibus 
mandasset, ut in eos, qui cum Tiberio consenserant, ani- 
madverteretur, Blosius quidam,* Tiberii amicus, pro se depre- 
catum venit ; hancque, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam afferebat, 
* quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi 
faciendum putaret.' Tum cousul : "Quid?" ait, " si te in 
Capitolium faces ferre vellet, obsecuturusne voluntati illius 
fuisses propter istam, quam jactas, familiaritatem ? " " Nun- 
quam," inquit Blosius, "id quidem voluisset; sed, si voluis- 
set, paruissem." Nefaria est ista vox; nulla enim est ex- 
cusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris. 

LUCIUS MUMMTUS ACHAICUS. 

14. Q,uum Corinthii adversus Romanos rebellassent, eo- 
rumque legatis injuriam fecissent, Lucius Mummius consul, 
conscripto exercitu, Corinthum profectus est. Corinthii, 
veluti nihil negotii hello Romano suscepissent, omnia neglex- 
crant. Praedam, non prcelium cogitantes, vehicula duxerant 
ad spolia Romanorum reportanda. Conjuges liberosque ad 
spectaculum certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Quam ve- 
cordiam celerrima pcena consecuta est; nam prcelio ante 
oculos suorum commisso, ca3si lugubre his spectaculum et 
gravem luctus memoriam reliquerunt. Conjuges et liberi 
eorum, de spectatoribus captivi facti, praeda victorum fuere. 
Urbs ipsa Corinthus direpta primum, deinde tuba praecinente 



80 VIRI ROM^. 

diruta est : populus omnis sub corona venditus ; dux eorum 
victus domum refugit eamque incendit; conjugem interfecit, 
et in ignem prgecipitavit ; ipse veneno interiit. 

15. Erat Corinthi magna vis signorum tabularumque 
pretiosarum, quibus Mummius urbem et totam replevit 
Italian), nihil vero in domum suam intulit : sed harum 
rerum adeo rudis et ignarus erat Mummius, ut, quurn eaj 
tabulas Romam portandas locaret, edixerit conducentibus, 
' si eas perdidissent, novas esse reddituros." Una eximii 
pictoris tabella ludentibus alea militibus alvei vicem praestitit. 
Quae tabella deinde, quum prseda venderetur, ab Attalo rege 
sex millibus nummorum empta est. Mummius pretium ad- 
miratus, ex alieno judicio pulchritudinem tabellae suspicatus 
est, atque venditionem rescidit, et tabellam jussit Romam 
deferri. 

QUINTUS CtECILIUS METELLUS MACEDOJ^ICUS. 

16. Quintus Metellus, a domita Macedonia dictus Mace- 
donicus, missus est adversus Pseudophilippum, hominem 
humili loco natum, qui se Persei regis filium mentiebatur, 
eaque fraude Macedoniam occupaverat. Fabulam autem 
hujusmodi finxerat : pra?dicabat ' se ex Perseo rege ortum, et 
ab eo fidei cujusdam viri Cretensis commissum, ut in belli 
casus, quod tunc ille cum Romanis gerebat, aliquod veluti 
semen stirpis regifB reservaretur ; datum ei insuper libellum 
signo Persei impressum, quem puero traderet, quum ad pu- 
berem setatem venisset. Mortno Perseo, se Adrumeti edu- 
catum usque ad duodecimum setatis annum, ignarum fuisse 
generis sui, eumque existimavisse patrem, a quo educaretur. 
Ab eo tandem morti proximo detectam fuisse originem suam, 
sibique libellum traditum.' Erat pra^terea juveni forma, quae 
Persei filium non dedeceret. Hunc Metellus bis proelio fu- 
dit, et die triumphi ante currum egit. 

17. Postea Q,uintus Metellus bell urn in Hispania contra 
Celtiberos gessit ; et quum urbem, quae erat caput gentis, 



BOOK VII. 81 

obsidetet, jamque admota machina, partem muri, qua3 sola 
convelli poterat, brevi disjectarus videretar, humanitatem 
certoB victoriaB praetulit. Vir quidam in obses a civitate nob- 
ilis, nomine Rethogenes ad Metellum transierat, relictis in 
oppido filiis. Irati cives Rethogenis filios machines ictibus 
objecerunt. Nihil motus periculo filiorum pater hortabatur 
Meiellum, ut ne oppugnatione desisteret; at Metellus obsid- 
ionem maluit solvere, quani pueros in conspectu patris cru- 
deli nece interfici : atque hujus mansuetudinis fructum tulit ; 
namque multcB alice urbes admiratione hujus facti se sponte 
ei dediderunt. 

IS. Metellus, quum urbem Contrebiara viribus expug- 
nare non posset, ad fallendum hostem convertit animum, et 
viam reperit, qua propositum ad exitum perduceret. Itinera 
magno impetu ingrediebatur, deinde alias atque alias re- 
giones petebat ; modo hos occupabat montes, modo ad illos 
transgrediebatur. Quum interim et suis et hostibus ignota 
esset causa, cur sic sua mutaret consilia, a quod am amico 
interrogatus, ' quid ita incertum belli genus sequeretur ? ' 
" Absiste," inquit Metellus, " ista quserere; namque tuni- 
cam meam exurerem, si earn consilium meum scire existi- 
marem." Postquam vero et exercitum suum ignorantia et 
hostes errore implicavit, quum alio cursum direxisset, subito 
ad Contrebiam reflexit, eamque inopinantem et attonitam 
oppressit. 

19, Raram Metelli Macedonici felicitatem multi scrip- 
tores concelebrant : ea quidem ipsi omnia contigerunt, quae 
beatam vitam videntur efhcere. Fortuna eum nasci voluit 
in urbe terrarum principe : parentes nobilissimos dedit ; ad- 
jecit animi eximias dotes et corporis vires, quBS tolerandis 
laboribus sufficere possent ; multa decora in ejus domum 
congessit : nam quum ipse consul, censor etiam, augurque 
fuisset, et triumphasset, tres filios consules vidit, e quibus 
unum etiam et censorem et triumphantem, quartum autem 
praetorem; tres quoque filias bene nuptas. Hunc autem 
vitae cursum consentaneus finis excepit; nam Metellum ulti- 



82 VIRI ROMiE. 

mae senectutis spatio defunctum, et leni mortis genere inter 
oscula complexusque natorum exstinctum, filii et generi hu- 
meris suis per iirbem sustulerunt, et rogo imposuerunt. 

QUINTUS C^CILIUS METELLUS raTMIDICUS. 

20. duintus Metellus consul cum Jugurtha, Numidarum 
rege, bellum gessit : is, a Micipsa adoptatus, duos ejus filios 
fratres suos interfecerat, ut solus Numidiae imperio potiretur. 
Micipsa in amicitia et societate populi Romani semper per- 
manserat. Postquam igitur Romse cognitum est nefarium 
Jugurthae scelus, placuit illud ulcisci. Metellus cum ex- 
ercitu in Africam navigavit, et cum hoste manus conseruit. 
Q,ua in parte Jugurtha affuit, ibi aliquandiu certatum est, 
neque hie ullum boni ducis aut militis officium prgetermisit. 
Ceteri vero ejus milites primo congressu pulsi fugatique sunt ; 
Jugurtha in oppidum munitum perfugit. Paucis post diebus 
Metellus eum insecutus, iterum proelio fudit : Numidiam 
vastavit, urbes amplas et munitissimas cepit; quae victoria ei 
nomen Numidici fecit. 

21. Postea Quintus Metellus censor factus est, ejusque 
egregia fait censura, et omnis vita plena gravitatis. Quum 
ab inimicis accusatus, causam de pecuniis repetundis dice- 
ret, et ipsius tabulae circumferrentur judicibus inspiciendae, 
nemo ex illis fuit, qui non removeret oculos, et se totum 
averteret, ne quisquam dubitare videretur, verumne an fal- 
sum esset, quod ille retulerat in tabulas. duum Saturninus, 
tribunus plebis, legem senatus majestati adversam et reipub- 
licae perniciosam tulisset, Metellus in eam legem jurare nol- 
uit, eaque de causa in exsilium actus est. Honestum Rhodi 
secessum invenit, ibique litteris operam dedit. Ita vir for- 
tissimus de civitate maluit decedere, quam de sententia, 
eique salus patriae dulcior, quam conspectus fuit. 

22. Metelli filius precibus et lacrymis a populo impetravit 
ut pater ab exsilio revocaretur. Is forte ludos spectabat, 
quum ei redditae sunt litterae, quibus scriptum erat, maximo 



BOOK VIL 83 

senatus et populi consensu, reditum illi in patriam datum 
esse. Nihil eo nuntio moveri visus est : non prius e thea- 
tre abiit, quam spectaculum ederetur ; non Isetitiam suam 
proxime sedentibus ulla ex parte ostendit, sed summum gau- 
dium intra se continuit, parique vultu in exsilium abiit, et 
fuit restitutus ; adeo moderatum inter secundas et adversas 
res gessit animum ! Tantus vero ad eum advenientem con- 
cursus est factus, ut dies totus consumptus sit in gratula- 
tionibus ilium ad portam urbis excipientium ; inde in Capi- 
tolium ascendentem, et lares repetentem universa propemodum 
civitas deduxit. 



MARCUS ^MILIUS SCAURUS. 

23. Marcus JEmilius Scaurus nobili familia ortus est, 
sed paupere. Nam pater ejus, quamvis patricius, ob rei 
familiaris inopiam carbonarium negotium exercuisse dici- 
tur. Filius ipse dubitavit primo utrum honores peteret, an 
argentariam faceret; sed quum eloquentia valeret, ex ea 
gloriam et opes peperit. Consul factus, severum se pro 
tuenda militari disciplina prsebuit : cujus disciplinas exem- 
plum admiratione dignum referebat ipse in iis libris, quos de 
vita sua scripserat; quum in eo loco, ubi posuerat castra, 
arbor esset maturis fructibus onusta, postridie abeunte exer- 
citu, arbor intactis fructibus relicta est. Idem Publio Decio 
praetori, quod se transeunte sederet, et assurgere jussus non 
paruisset, vestem scidit, sellam fregit, et, nequis ad eum in 
jus iret, edixit. 

24. Marcus Scaurus, ut in tuenda militari disciplina, sic 
in punienda filii sui ignavia, fuit severus. Q,uum enim in 
quodam proelio Romani equites pulsi, deserto imperatore, 
Romam pavidi repeterent, in quibus erat ipse Scauri filius, 
misit pater, qui ei dicerent * se libentiiis occursurum esse filii 
in acie interfecti ossibus, quam visurum reducem reum tam 
turpis fugae ; adeoque conspectum irati patris degeneri filio 
esse vitandum, si quid verecundias in animo superesset.' 



84 VIRl ROM^. 

Non tulit juvenis ignominiee dolorem, et rcoerore ccnfectus 
interiit. 

25. Marcus Scaurus, quum esset summa senectute et 
adversa valetudine, pristinum animi vigorem retinuit. Va- 
rius quidam, patria Hispanus, vetus Scauri inimicus, senem 
opprimere conatus est. Accusabat eum acceptae ab hostibus 
pecuniae ad prodendam rempublicam. Scaurus, nobilissimis 
juvenibus innixus, descendit in forum, dataque respondendi 
facultate, paucis verbis ita causam egit : " Varius Hispanus 
ait, Marcum Scaurum, senatus principem, ab hoste corruptum 
esse, et populi Romani imperium prodidisse; Marcus vero 
Scaurus, princeps senatus, negat se esse huic culpae affinem ; 
testis nemo est; utri vos potius credendum putatis? " dua 
dicti gravitate periculum intentatum propulsavit : nam statim 
populus accusatorem ab ilia actione depulit. 

PUBLIUS RUTILIUS RUFUS. 

26. Publius Rutilius Rufus vitas innocentia enituit : quum 
nemo esset in civitate illo integrior, omni honore dignus est 
habitus et consul factus. Quum eum amicus quidam rem 
injustam aliquando rogaret, et Rutilius constanter negaret, 
indignatus amicus dixit: " duid igitur mihi opus est tua 
amicitia, si quod rogo non facis?" '' Imo," respondit Ru- 
tilius, " quid mihi tua, si propter te aliquid inhoneste facere 
meoporteat?" Sciebat quippe vir sanctus tam contra offi- 
cium esse amico tribuere quod sequum non sit, quam non 
tribuere id, quod recte possimus; atque si forte amici a nobis 
postulent, quae honesta non sunt, religionem et fidem esse 
amicitiae anteponendam. 

27. Rutilius tamen in invidiam equitum Romanorum 
venit, quod ab eorum injuriis Asiam, cui tunc prseerat, de- 
fendisset : quare ab iis repetundarum accusatus est. Rutil- 
ius, innocentia fretus, senatoris insignia non deposuit ; judi- 
cibus non supplicavit ; ne ornatius quidem causam suam 
dici voluit, quam simplex veritatis ratio ferebat; itaque 



BOOK VII. 85. 

damnatus est, et Mitylenas exsulatum abiit. Illi Asiam pe— 
tenti omnes hujus provincicB civitates legates miserunt. 
Hospitio eum, opibus, omni auxilio juverunt. Q,uum Ru- 
tilium quidam consolaretur, et diceret instare arma civilia, 
brevique futarum, ut omnes exsules reverterentur : "Cluid 
tibi," inquit Rutilius, " mali feci, ut mihi pejorem reditum 
optares, quam exitum ? Malo patria meo exsilio erubescat,, 
quam reditu moereat." 

MARCUS LIVIUS DRUSUS. 

28. Marcus Livius Drusus, patre consul ari genitus, re-- 
lictum sibi patrimonium profusis largitionibus dissipavit, 
adeo ut ipse profiteretur, nemini se ad largiendum quidquam 
reliquisse praeter coelum et coenum. Unde, quum pecunia 
egeret, multa contra dignitatem fecit. Tribunus plebis 
primo senatus causam suscepit; sed audax et vehemens, ut 
propositum assequeretur, leges perniciosas tulit : quibus quum 
Philippus consul obsisteret, ei Drusus in comitio ita collum 
obtorsit, ut plurimus sanguis efflueret e naribus; additaque 
contumelia, * non cruorem, sed muriam de turdis esse ' dixit. 
Philippus enim deliciarum amans, turdorumque imprimis 
edax habebatur. Alium etiam virum consularem, iisdem 
legibus pariter adversantem, ait Drusus se de saxo Tarpeio 
praecipitaturum. 

29. Nee observantior erga senatum fuit Drusus : nam 
quum senatus ad eum misisset, ut in curiam veniret : 
*'Q,uare," inquit Drusus, ''non ipse senatus ad me venit in 
Hostiliam propinquam rostris?" Paruitque tribuno sena- 
tus: quibus rebus factum est, ut Drusus nee senatui, nee 
plebi placeret. Unde quum e foro magna hominum fre- 
quentia stipatus rediret, in atrio domus suae cultello percus- 
sus est ; cultellus, lateri ejus affixus, relictus est, auctor vero 
necis in turba latuit : Drusus intra paucas boras decessit. 
<^uem ne morti quidem proximum ea deseruit superbia, quae 
eum in exitium impulerat; quum enim extremum jam red- 

8 



86 VIRI ROM^. 

deret spiritum, ciicumstantium multitudinem intuens • *' Ec- 
quando," inquit, " amici, similem mei civem habebit res- 
publica?" 

30. Hunc vitae finem habuit juvenis clarissimus quidem, 
sed quern sua semper inquietum ac turbulentum fecerat am- 
bitio : ipse queri solitus est ' sibi uni, ne puero quidem, ferias 
unquam contigisse ; ' nam, adhuc prsetextatus, per ambitionem 
ccepit reos judicibus commendare. Laudantur tamen Drusi 
quoedam facta dictaque ; quum Philippo consuli insidiae par- 
arentur, ejusque vita in raaximo esset periculo, Drusus, re 
cognita, Philippum, licet inimicum, monuit ut sibi caveret. 
Exstat etiam Drusi vox egregia : quum enim domum sidifica- 
ret, promitteretque architectus, * si quinque talenta sibi da- 
rentur, ita se earn Eedificaturum, ut nemo in earn despicere 
posset : ' " Imo," inquit Drusus, " decern dabo, si earn ita 
componas, ut quidquid agam non a vicinis tantura, sed ab 
omnibus etiam civibus possit perspici." 

CAIUS MARIUS. ~ 

31. Caius Marius, humili loco natus, militiee tirocinium in 
Hispania, duce Scipione, posuit : erat imprimis Scipioni carus 
ob singularem virtutem, et impigram ad pericula et labores 
alacritatem. Scipio, quum inspicere voluisset quemadmodum 
ab unoquoque equi curarentur, Marii equum validum et bene 
curatum invenit ; quam diligentiam imperator plurimum lau- 
davit. duadam die quum forte post ccenam Scipio cum 
amicis colloqueretur, dixissetque aliquis, ' siquid Scipioni 
accidisset, ecquem alium similem imperatorem habitura esset 
respublica?' Scipio, percusso leniter Marii humero, " For- 
tassis istum," inquit. Q-uo dicto excitatus Marius dignos 
rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit. 

32. Marius legatus Metello in Numidia, criminando eum, 
adeptus est consulatum, et in ejus locum suffectus. Bellum 
Jugurthinum a Metello prospere cceptum confecit. Jugurtha 
ad Gsetulos profugerat, eorumque regem Bocchum adversus 



BOOK VII. 87 

Romanes concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum ag- 
gressus fudit. Castellum in excelsa rupe positum, ubi regii 
thesauri erant, non sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, 
hello defessus, legates ad Mariura misit, pacem orantes. Sulla 
quaestor a Mario ad regem remissus, qui Boccho persuasit, ut 
Jugurtham Romanis traderet. Jugurtha igitur vinctus ad 
Marium deductus est, quern Marius triumphans ante currum 
egit, et in carcerem ccenosum inclusit, quo quum Jugurtha, 
veste detracta, ingrederetur, os diduxit ridentis in modum, 
et stupens similisque desipienti exclamavit : " Proh ! quam 
frigidum est vestrum balneum." 

33. Marius, post expeditionem Numidicam, iterum consul 
creatus est, eique bellura contra Cimbros et Teutones de- 
cretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germanias finibus 
profugi, novas sedes quaerebant. Gallia exclusi, in Italiam 
transgressi sunt ; nee primum impetum barbarorum tres duces 
Romani sustinuerant ; sed Marius primo Teutones sub ipsis 
Alpium radieibus assecutus prcelio oppressit : vallem fluvi- 
umque medium hostes tenebant, unde militibus Romanis 
nulla aquae copia : aucta necessitate virtus causa victorine 
fuit ; namque Marius sitim metuentibus ait digitum proten- 
dens : " Viri estis : en illic aquam habebitis." Itaque tam 
acriter pugnatum est, tantaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Ro- 
mani victores de cruento flumine non plus aquas biberent, 
quam sanguinis barbarorum. 

34. Deletis Teutonibus, Caius Marius in Cimbros con- 
vertitur : hi ex alia parte Italiam ingressi, Athesim flumen 
non ponte nee navibus, sed ingesta obrutum silva transilu- 
erant; quibus oecurrit Marius. Turn Cimbri legates ad 
consulem miserunt, agros sibi suisque fratribus postul antes. 
Tgnorabant scilicet Teutonum cladem. Q,uum Marius ab 
iis quaesivisset ' quos illi fratres dicerent,' Teutones nom- 
inaverunt. Ridens Marius: '* Omittite," inquit, "fratres; 
tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram, aiternumque tenebunt." 
Legati sen sere se ludibrio haberi, ultionemque Mario minati 
sunt statim atque Teutones advenissent. " Atqui adsunt," 



8y VIRI ROM^. 

inquit Marius, " decetque vos hinc non discedere, nisi saluta- 
tis vestris fratribus." Turn vinctos adduci jussit Teutonum 
duces, qui in prcfilio capti fuerant. 

35. His rebus auditis, Cimbri castris egressi ad pugnam 
prodierunt. Marius aciem ita instituit, ut pulvis in oculos 
et ora hostium ferretur. Incredibili strage prostrata est ilia 
Cimbrorum multitudo. Csesa traduntur centum octoginta 
horninum millia. Nee minor cum uxoribus pugna, quam 
cum viris fuit : illse enim objectis undique plaustris altae de- 
super, quasi e turribus, pugnabant lanceis contisque. Victae 
tamen legationem ad Marium miserunt libertatem orantes, 
quam quum non impetrassent, suffocatis elisisque infantibus, 
aut mutuis concidere vulneribus, aut vinculo e crinibus suis 
facto, ab arboribus jugisque plaustrorum subrectis pepende- 
runt. Ferunt unam conspectam fuisse, quse pedibus suis 
duos filios, seipsam vero ex arbore, suspenderat. 



BOOK VIII. 



FIRST CIVIL WAR. 



CAIUS MARIUS. 

1. Tunc Romae primum civile bellum ortum 

est. duum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem ^ q gg* 
regem Ponti missus fuisset, ei Marius illud impe- 
rium eripuit, fecitque ut loco Sullae imperator crearetur ; qua 
re commotus Sulla cum exercitu Romam venit, earn armis 
occupavit, Mariumque expulit. Marius in palude aliquandiu 
delituit; sed ibi paulo post deprehensus; et, ut erat, nudo 
corpore coenoque oblitus, injecto in collum loro, raptus est, 
et in custodiam conjectus. Missus etiam est ad eum occi- 
dendum servus publicus, natione Cimber, quern Marius vultus 
majestate deterruit. duum enim hominem ad se gladio stric- 
to venientem vidisset : " Tune," inquit, " Marium audebis 
occidere?" Ille attonitus ac tremens, abjecto ferro, fugit. 
Marius postea, ab iis etiam, qui prius eum occidere voluerant, 
e carcere missus est. 

2. Marius, accepta navicula, in Africam trajecit, et in 
agrum Carthaginiensem pervenit. Ibi quum in locis soli- 
tar iis sederet, venit ad eum lictor Sextilii prastoris, qui banc 
provinciam administrabat. Marius ab eo, quem nunquam 
Iseserat, aliquod humanitatis officium exspectabat ; at lictor 
' decedere eum provincia ' jussit, * nisi vellet in se animad- 

8* 



90 VIRI ROM^. 

verti.' Torvis oculis eum intuens Marius nullum dabat 
responsum. Interrogavit igitur eum lictor, ' ecquid prsetori 
vellet renuntiari ? ' Cui Marius: " Abi," inquit, " nuntia te 
vidisse Caium Marium in Carthaginis magnse ruinis seden- 
tem." Duplici exemplo insigni eum admonebat de incon- 
stantia rerum humanarum, quum et urbis maximse excidium 
.€t viri clarissimi casum ob oculos poneret. 

3. Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, in 
» r^' nr- Italiam rediit Marius efferatus magis calamitate 

A. C. 86. NT- /-, • in • 

quam domitus. Cum exercitu JKomam mgressus, 
earn csedibus et rapinis vastavit: omnes adversse factionis 
nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus afFecit : quinque dies, 
totidemque noctes ista scelerum omnium duravit licentia. 
Hoc tempore admiranda sane fuit populi Romani abstinen- 
tia : quum enim Marius objecisset domus occisorum diripi- 
endas, nemo fuit qui ullam ex his rem attingeret; quae 
populi misericordia erat tacita queedam Marii crudelitatis 
vituperatio. Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, 
in morbum incidit, et ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. 
Cujus viri si expendantur cum virtutibus vitia, baud facile 
dictu erit, utrum in bello hostibus, an in otio civibus fuerit 
infestior : quam enim rempublicam contra hostes virtute 
servaverat, eam togatus ambitione evertit. 

4. Erat Mario ingenuarum artium et liberalium studiorum 
contemptor animus. Quum aedem Honoris de manubiis hos- 
tium vovisset, spreta peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate, ar- 
tificumque Graecorum peritia, eam vulgar i lapide per artificem 
Romanum curavit aedificandam. Graecas etiam litteras as- 
pernabatur, ' quod,' inquiebat, ' suis doctoribus parum ad 
virtutem prodessent ; ' at idem fortis, validus, et adversus 
dolorem confirmatus. Quum ei varices in crure secarentur, 
vetuit se alligari. Acrem tamen fuisse doloris morsum ipse 
ostendit ; nam medico alterum crus postulanti noluit praebere, 
quod majorem esse remedii, quam morbi, dolorem judicaret. 



BOOK VIII. 



LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA. 



5. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, patricio genere natus, bello 
Jugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Vitam antea ludo, vino, 
libidineque inquinatam duxerat ; quapropter Marius moleste 
tulit, quod sibi, gravissimum bellum gerenti, tarn delicatus 
quaestor sorte obtigisset, Ejusdem tamen, postquam in 
Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello Cimbrico legatus con- 
sulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde factus, 
pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus 
est; ac primijm illius regis prsefectos duobos prceliis profliga- 
vit: dein transgressus in Asiam, Mithridatem ipsum fudit, et 
oppressisset, nisi adversus Marium festinans, qualemcunque 
pacem maluisset componere. Mithridatem tamen pecunia 
multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, dece- 
dere coegit, eumque paternis finibus contentum esse jussit. 

6. Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu 
Romam properavit. Eos, qui Mario favebant, omnes su- 
peravit : nihil ilia victoria fuit crudelius. Sulla, dictator 
creatus, novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis 
proposuit, qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, con- 
tinebantur : quumque omnium esset orta indignatio, postridie 
plura etiam adjecit nomina. Ingens cassorum fuit multitudo. 
Saevitiae causam avaritia etiam praebuit, multoque plures 
propter divitias, quam propter odium victoris, necati sunt. 
Civis quidam innoxius, cui fundus in agro Albano erat, legens 
proscriptorum nomina, se quoque ascriptum vidit : " Vae," 
inquit, '' misero mihi ; me fundus Albanus persequitur." 
Neque longe progressus, a quodam agnitus et percussus est. 

7. Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus, Sulla Feli- 
cem se edicto appellavit : quumque ejus uxor geminos eodem 
partu tunc edidisset, puerum Faustum puellamque Faustam 
nominari voluit. Turn repente, contra omnium exspecta- 
tionem, dictaturam deposuit, dimissisque lictoribus, diu in 
foro deambulavit. Stupebat populus, eum privatum videns, 



92 VIRI noMM. 

cujus modo tarn formidolosa fuerat potestas : quodque non 
minus mirandum fuit, sua ei private non solum salus sed 
etiam dignitas constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. 
Unus tuntum fuit adolescens, qui auderet queri, et receden- 
tem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere Cujus in- 
jurias Sulla patienti animo tulit : sed, domum ingrediens, 
dixit : " Hie adolescens efficiet, nequis posthac tale imperium 
deponat." 

8. Sulla deinde, in villam profectus, rusticari et venando 
vitam ducere ccepit. Ibi, morbo pediculari correptus, inter- 
iit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriee cu- 
pidior; litteris Grascis atque Latinis eruditus, et virorum 
litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali cujusdam 
poetfie aliquo praemio dignam duxerit : nam quum ille epi- 
gramma ipsi obtulisset, jussit Sulla ' prsemium ei statim dari, 
ea tamen lege, nequid postea scriberet.' Ante victoriam 
laudandus, in iis vero, quse secuta sunt, nunquam satis vitu- 
perandus : urbem enim et Italiam civium sanguine inundavit. 
Non soliam in vivos sseviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit; 
nam Caii Marii, cujus, etsi postea inimicus, aliquando tamen 
quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen projecit. Qua cru- 
delitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit. 

LUCIUS LlCmiUS LUCULLUS. 

9. Lucius Lucullus ingenio, doctrina, et virtute claruit. 
In Asiam qusestor profectus, huic provincise per multos an- 
nos cum laude praefuit. Postea consul factus ad Mithridat- 
icum bellum a senatu missus, opinionem omnium, quae de 
virtute ejus erat, vicit : nam ab eo laus imperatoria non ad- 
modum exspectabatur, qui adolescentiam in pacis artibus 

'consumpserat ; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii magnitude 
non desideravit tardam et indocilem usus disciplinam. To- 
tum iter consumpsit partim in percontando a peritis, partim 
in rebus gestis legendis. Habebat porro admirabilem quan- 
dam rerum memoriam ; unde factum est ut in Asiam doc- 



BOOK v:ii. 9? 

tus imperator venerit, quum essct R.om"i profect.is rei mili- 
taris rudis. 

10. Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit : 
Mithridatem saepe multis locis fudit : Tigranem regem max- 
imum in Armenia vicit, ultimamque bello manum magis 
noluit imponere, quam non potiiit; sed alioqui per omnia 
laudabilis, et bello pene invictus pecunice ciipidini nimium 
deditus fuit, quam tamen ideo expctebat, ut deinde per luxu- 
riam eifunderet : itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphas- 
set, abjecta omnium rerum cura, ccepit delicate ac molliter 
vivere, otioque et luxu difHaere; magnifice et immenso 
sumptu villas sedificavit, atque ad earum usum mare ipsum 
vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari injecit, in 
aliis vero, suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit; unde 
eum baud infacete Pompeius vocabat Xerxem togatum. 
Xerxes enim Persarum rex, quum pontem in Hellesponto 
fecisset, et ille tempestate ac fluctibus esset disjectus, jussit 
mari trecentos flagellorum ictus infligi, et compedes dari. 

11. Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione 
pulcherrimam, quo quum venisset Pompeius, id unum repre- 
hendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem sestate peramcena, sed 
hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus: " Putasne," 
inquit, "me minus sapere quam hirundines, quse, adveni- 
ente hieme, sedem commutant?" Villarum magnificentiae 
respondebat epularum sumptus : quum aliquando modica ei, 
utpote soli, coena esset posita, coquum graviter objurgavit, 
eique excusanti acdicenti'se non debuisse lautum parare 
convivium, quod nemo esset ad coenam invitatus : ' " Q-uid 
ais," inquit iratus Lucullus, " an nesciebas Lucullum hodie 
coenaturum esse apud Lucullum?" 

QUINTUS SEUTORIUS. 

12. Quintus Sertorius, ignobili loco natus, prima stipen- 
dia bello Cimbrico fecit, in quo honos ei virtutis causa hab- 
itus est. In prima adversus Cimbros pugna licet vulnera- 



94 VIRl ROMM. 

tus, et equo amisso, Rhodanum flumen rapidissimum nando 
trajecit, lorica et scuto retentis. Egregia etiam fuit ejus 
opera bello social! : dum enim nullum periculum refugit, 
alter ei oculus effossus est; idque ille non dehonestamentum 
ori, sed ornamentum merito arbitrabatur : dicebat enim ' cet- 
era bellicge fortitudinis insignia, ut armillas, coronasve, nee 
semper nee ubique gestari ; se vero, quotiescunque in pub- 
licum prodiret, suae virtutis pignus, vulnus scilicet ob rem- 
publicam acceptum, in ipsa fronte ostentare, nee quenquam 
sibi occurrere, qui non esset laudum suarum admirator.' 

13. Postquam Sulla, e bello Mithridatico in Italiam re- 
versus, coepit dominari, Sertorius, qui partium Marianarum 
fuerat, in Hispaniam se contulit. Ibi virtutis admiratione 
et imperandi moderatione Hispanorum simul ac Romanorum, 
qui in iis locis consederant, animos sibi conciliavit, magno- 
que exercitu collecto, quos adversus eum Sulla miserat, 
daces profligavit. Missus deinde a Sulla Metellus a Ser- 
torio fusus quoque ac fugatus est. Pompeium etiam, qui in 
Hispaniam venerat, ut Metello opem ferret, levibus prceliis 
lacessivit Sertorius. Is enim, non minijs cautus quam acer 
imperator, universse dimicationis discrimen vitabat, quod im- 
parem se universo Romanorum exercitui sentiret ; interim 
vero hostem crebris damnis fatigabat. 

14. duum aliquando Sertorii milites pugnam inconsulte 
flagitarent, nee jam eorum impetus posset cohiberi, Serto- 
rius duos in eorum conspectu equos constituit, prsevalidum 
alterum, alterum vero admodum exilem et imbecillum; de- 
inde equi infirmi caudam a robusto juvene totam simul 
abrumpi jussit; validi autem equi singulos piles ab im- 
becillo sene paulatim velli. Irritus adolescentis labor risum 
omnibus movit; senex autem, quamvis tremula manu, id per- 
fecit, quod imperatum sibi fuerat. Cluumque milites non 
satis intelligerent, quorsum ea res spectaret, Sertorius ad eos 
conversus : " Equi caudae," inquit, " similis est hostium ex- 
ercitus : qui partes aggreditur, facile potest opprimere ; con- 
trsi nihil proficiet, qui universum conabitur prosternere." 



BOOK VIII. 95 

15. Erat Sertorio cerva Candida eximiae pulchritudinis, 
quae ipsi magno usui fuit, ut obsequentiores haberet milites. 
Hanc Sertorius assuefecerat se vocantem audire et euntein 
sequi. Dianse donum esse omnibus persuasit, seque ab ea 
moneri, quge agenda aut vitanda essent Si quid durius vellet 
imperare, se a cerva monitum praedicabat, statimque libentes 
parebant. Cerva in quadam hostium incursione amissa est, 
ac periisse credita; quod aegerrime tulit Sertorius. Multis 
post diebus a quod am homine inventa est. Sertorius eum, 
qui id sibi nuntiabat, tacere jussit, cervamque repente in 
locum, ubi jus reddere solebat, immitti. Ipse, vultu hilari in 
publicum progressus, dixit sibi in quiete visam esse cervam, 
quae perierat, ad se reverti. Tunc emissa ex composito 
cerva, ubi Sertorium conspexit, laeto saltu ad tribunal fertur, 
ac dexter am sedentis ore 1 ambit ; unde clamor factus, orta- 
que omnium admiratio est. 

16. Victus postea a Pompeio Sertorius pristinos mores 
mutavit, et ad iracundiam deflexit. Multos ob suspicionem 
proditionis crude! iter interfecit; unde odio esse coepit exer- 
citui. Romani moleste ferebant, quod Hispanis magis quam 
sibi confideret, hosque haberet corporis custodes. In hac 
aiiimorum aegritudine non deserebant Sertorium, quem ne- 
cessarium sibi ducem judicabant, sed eum amare desierant. 
Deinde in Hispanos quoque saeviit Sertorius, quod ii tributa 
non tolerarent; ipse etiam Sertorius, curis jam et laboribus 
fessus, ad obeunda ducis munia segnior, ad luxum et libidi- 
nes declinavit. Quare, alienatis omnium animis, jussa im- 
peratoris contemnebantur ; tandem facta adversus eum con- 
juratione, Sertorius in convivio a suis est interfectus. 

CNiEUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 

17. Cnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in 
hello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. Pompeii pater 
sue exercitui ob avaritiam erat invisus ; itaque facta est in 



96 VIRI ROMiE. 

eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Cnsei Pompeii contu- 
bernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum 
patris incenderent. Q,U8b res juveni Pompeio ccenanti nun- 
tiata est. Ipse, nihil periculo motus, solito hilarius bibit, et 
cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde 
cubiculum ingressus, clam subduxit se tentorio, et firmam 
patri circumposuit custodiam. Terentius turn, districto ense, 
ad lectum Pompeii accessit, multisque ictibus stragula per- 
cussit. Orta mox seditione, Pompeius se in media conjecit 
agmina, militesque tumultu antes precibus et lacrymis placa- 
vit, ac suo duci reconciliavit. 

18. Pompeius, eodem bello civili partes Sullse secutus, 
ita egit, ut ab eo maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti 
natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias 
collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud 
militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit ; nullus ei 
labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestise erat. Cibi vinique 
temperans, somni parens, inter milites corpus exercebat. 
Cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis lucta 
certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, non per loca devia, 
sed palam incedens, tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut 
sibi adjunxit. duem ibi Sulla ad se accedere audivit, egre- 
giamque sub signis juventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, 
Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem : deinceps ei venienti 
solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire ; quern honorem 
nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. 

19. Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut earn a 
Carbone, Sullse inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo com- 
prehensus, et ad Pompeium ductus est. duem Pompeius, 
postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci 
jussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Stheniura, 
Siculae cujusdam civitatis principem. Q,uum enim in earn 
civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae sibi adversata fue- 
rat, exclamavit Sthenius, ' eum inique facturum, si ob culpam 
unius omnes plecteret.' Interroganti Pompeio ' quisnam ille 



BOOK VIII. . 97 

unusesset?' "Ego," inquif Sthenius, "qui meos cives ad 
id induxi." Tam libera voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus 
et Sthenio ipsi pepercit. 

20. Transgressus inde in Africam Pompeius, larbam, 
Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus favebat, bello persecu- 
tus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Afri- 
cam subegit, adolescens quatuor et viginti annorum. Tum 
ei litterae a Sulla redditse sunt, quibus jubebatur exercitum 
dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspec- 
tare. Id aegre tulit Pompeius : paruit tamen, et Romam 
reversus est. Revertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. 
Sulla quoque eum laetus excepit, et Magni cognomine ap- 
pellavit: nihilominus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit; 
neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius ; aususque 
est dicere 'plures solem orientem adorare, quam occidentem : * 
quo dicto innuebat Sullse potentiam minui, suam vero cres- 
cere. Ea voce audita, Sulla, juvenis constantiam admiratus, 
exclamavit : " Triumphet, triumphet." 

21. Metello, jam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius ge- 
renti, collega datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium 
vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit 
periculum : quum enim in eum vir, vasta corporis magnitu- 
dine, impetum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, 
sed, multis in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, 
et, a suis fugientibus desertus, in hostium potestate erat. At 
praeter spem evasit : illi scilicet equum Pompeii auro phale- 
risque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum vero prajdam 
inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus 
effugit. Altero proelio, quum Metellus Pompeio laboranti 
auxilio venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, is dixisse 
fertur : " Nisi ista anus supervenisset, ego hunc puerum 
verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum 
appellabat, quia is, jam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam 
vitam deflexerat. Tandem, Sertorio interfecto, Pompeius 
Hispaniam recepit. 

22. Cluum piratse maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam 

9 



98 VIM ROMM. 

etiam Italise urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum 
imperio extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimise viri 
potentise obsistebaiit quid am ex optimatibus, et imprimis 
Quintus Catulus; qui quum in concione dixisset, 'esse qui- 
dem prsBclarum virum Cnceum Pompeium, sed non esse uni 
omnia tribuenda,' adjecissetque : " Siquid ei acciderit, ec- 
quem in ejus locum substituetis ? " Acclamavit universa 
concio : " Te ipsum, Q,uinte Catule." Tam honorifico 
civium testimonio \ ictus Catulus e concione discessit. 
Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium 
prsesidio, brevi terrarum orbem ilia paste liberavit; prae- 
dones multis locis victos fudit; eosdem, in deditionem ac- 
ceptos, in urbibus et agris procul a mari collocavit. Nihil 
hac victoria celerius ; nam intra quadragesimum diem piratas 
toto mari expulit. 

23. Confecto bello piratico, Cnaeus Pompeius contra 
Mithridatem profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate 
contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat, neque 
opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates in- 
terdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero baud tutum erat 
congredi cum hoste in locis ignotis. duadam tamen nocte 
Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit 
Romanis adjumento : nam quum eam Romani a tergo habe- 
rent, umbrae corporum longiiis projectse ad primes usque 
hostium ordines pertinebant ; unde decepti regii milites, in 
umbras, tanquam in propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. 
Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Adversus eum 
filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia, occisis a patre fratribus, 
vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates, a filio obsessus, vene- 
rium sumpsit, quod quum tardius subiret, quia adversus 
venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a 
milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 

24. Pompeius deinde Tigranem, Armeniae regem, qui 
Mithridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit ;' 
quern tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis 
recreavit, et in regnum restituit ; seque pulchrum esse judi- 



BOOK Vlll. 99 

cans et vincere reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae com- 
positis in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit, non, ut plerique 
timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, et tertium triurn- 
phum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque 
ornamentis hie triumphus ; sed nihil illustrius visum, quam 
quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam prae- 
buerunt: Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, 
primo ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumpha- 
vit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, quem gloriae, eundem 
vitae finem habuisset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus 
jam senex. 



100 



BOOK IX 



SECOND CIVIL WAR 



CWiEUS POMPEIUS. 

1. PosTEA orta est inter Pompeium at Caesarem 
A. C. 49. gravis dissensio, quod hic superiorem, ille vero 
parem, ferre non posset : et inde bellum civile 
exarsit. Csesar cum infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pom- 
peius, relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petiit, et 
cum eo consules senatusque omnis : quem insecutus Caesar 
apud Pharsaliam acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemae- 
um, Alexandriae regem, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, pro- 
fugit ; sed ille Pompeium interfici jussit. Latus Pompeii sub 
oculis uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput ab- 
scissum, truncus in Nilum conjectus. Dein caput, velamine 
involutum, ad Csesarem delatum est, qui, eo viso, lacrymas 
fudit, et illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus cremandum 
curavit. 

2. Is fuit viri praestantissimi post tres consulatus et toti- 
dem triumphos vitas exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae ac 
magnae virtutes, ac praecipue admiranda frugalitas. Q,uum 
ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus, ut turdum ederet, nega- 
rent autem servi earn avem usquam aestivo tempore posse 
reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, 
vetuit Pompeius, turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit : " Ergo 



BOOK IX. 101 

nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis esset, non viveret Pompeius ! " 
Aliam avem, qure parabilis esset, sibi jussit apponi. 

3. Viris doctis magnum honorera habebat Pompeius. E 
Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, quum Rhodum 
venisset, nobilissimum philosophum Posidonium cupiit au- 
dire : sed quum is diceretur tunc graviter aegrotare, quod 
maximis podagrae doloribus cruciabatur, voluit saltern Pom- 
peius eum visere. Mos erat, ut, consule aedes aliquas in- 
gressuro, lictor fores virga percuteret, admonens consulem 
adesse : at Pompeius vetuit fores Posidonii percuti, honoris 
causa, duem ut vidit et salutavit, ' moleste se ferre' dixit, 
' quod eum non posset audire.' At ille : '' Tu vero," inquit, 
" potes, nee committam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra 
tantus vir ad me venerit." Itaque cubans graviter et copiose 
disseruit de hoc ipso : ' nihil esse bonum, nisi quod honestum 
esset, et nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset.' 
duum vero dolor interdum acriter eum pungeret, saepe 
dixit : " Nihil agis, dolor ; quamvis sis molestus, nunquam 
te esse malum confitebor." 

CAIUS JULIUS CJESAR. 

4. Caius Julius Caesar, nobilissima genitus familia, an- 
num agens sextum et decimum, patrem amisit; paulo post 
Corneliam duxit uxorem, cujus quum pater esset Sullae ini- 
micus, voluit Sulla Caesarem compellere, ut eam dimitteret; 
neque id potuit efficere. Ob eam causam Caesar bonis spo- 
liatus, quum etiam ad mortem quaereretur, mutata veste, 
noctu elapsus est ex urbe, et quanquam tunc quartanae mor- 
bo laboraret, prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare 
cogebatur ; sic quoque comprehensus a Sullae liberto, vix, 
data pecunia, evasit. Postremo per proximos suos veniam 
impetravit, diu repugnante Sulla, qui quum deprecantibus 
ornatissimis viris denegasset, atque illi pertinaciter con- 
tenderent, expugnatus tandem dixit, ' eum, quem salvum 
tantopere cuperent, aliquando optimatum partibus, quas 

9* 



i()2 VIRI ROMM. 

simul defendissent, exitio futurum, multosque in eo puero 
inesse Marios.' 

5. Caesar, mortuo Sulia et composita seditione civili, 
Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium Apollonio, tunc 
clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret ; sed in itinere a 
piratis captus est, mansitque apud eos quadraginta dies. Ita 
porro per illud omne spatium se gessit, ut piratis terrori pari- 
ter ac venerationi esset ; atque ne iis suspicionem ullam daret, 
qui oculis tantummodo eum custodiebant, nunquam aut nocte 
aut die excalceatus est. Interim comites servosque dimiserat 
ad expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur. Viginti talenta 
piratae postulaverant ; ille vero quinquaginta daturum se spo- 
pondit. duibus numeratis, expositus est in litore. Caesar 
liberatus confestim Miletum, quae urbs proxime aberat, 
properavit; ibique contracta classe, stantes adhuc in eodem 
loco praedones noctu adortus, aliquot naves, mersis aliis, cepit, 
piratasque ad deditionem redactos eo affecit supplicio, quod 
illis saepe per jocum minatus fuerat, dum ab iis detineretur; 
crucibus illos suffigi jussit. 

6. Julius Caesar, quaestor factus, in Hispaniam profectus 
est; quumque Alpes transiret, et ad conspectum pauperis 
cujusdam vici comites ejus per jocum inter se disputarent, 
an illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar, ' malle 
se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum.' Ita animus, 
dominationis avidus, a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat, 
semperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetae, ver- 
sus : Nam si violandum est jus, regnandi gratia violandum 
est: aliis rehus pietatem colas. Q,uum vero Gades, quod 
est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, visa Alexandri Magni 
imagine, ingemuit, et lacrymas fudit : causam quaerentibus 
amicis : '' Nonne," inquit, " idonea dolendi causa est, quod 
nihil dum memorabile gesserim, earn setatem adeptus, qua 
Alexander jam terrarum orbera subegerat?" 

7. Julius Caesar in captanda plebis gratia, et ambiendis 
honoribus, patrimonium efFudit : aere alieno oppressus, ipse 
dicebat sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil 



BOOK IX. 103 

His artibus consulatum adeptus est : collegaque ei datus 
Marcus Bibulus, cui Caesaris consilia baud placebant. Inito 
magistratu, Ceesar legem Agrariam tulit, hoc est de dividendo 
egenis civibus agro publico : cui legi quum senatus repug- 
naret, Caesar rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus collega in 
forum venit, ut legi ferendye obsisteret, sed tanta commota 
est seditio, ut in caput consulis cophinus stercore plenus 
effunderetur, fascesque frangerentur. Tandem Bibulus, a 
satellitibus Caesaris foro expulsus, domi se coutinere per 
reliquum anni tempus coactus est, curiaque abstinere. In- 
terea unus Caesar omnia ad arbitrium in republica adminis- 
travit; unde quidam homines faceti, quae eo anno gesta 
sunt, non ut mos erat, consulibus Caesare et Bibulo acta 
esse dicebant, sed Julio et Caesare, unum consulem nomine 
et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. 

8. Julius Caesar, functus consulatu, Galliam provinciam 
sorte obtinuit. Gessit autem novem annis, quibus in imperio 
fuit, haec fere. Galliam in provincice Romanae formam rede- 
git : Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romano- 
rum ponte fabricato aggressus, maximis affecit cladibus. 
Britannos antea ignotos vicit, iisque pecunias et obsides im- 
peravit; quo in bello multa Caesaris facta egregia narrantur. 
Inclinante in fugam exercitu, rapuit e manu militis fugientis 
scutum, et, in primam aciem volitans, pugnara restituit. In 
alio proelio aquiliferum, terga vertentem, faucibus compre- 
hendit, in contrariam partem retrp.xit, dexteraraque ad hostem 
protendens : " duorsura tu," inquit, ''abis? IIlic sunt cum 
quibus dimicamus." Quo facto militibus animos addidit. 

9. Caesar, quum adhuc in Gallia detineretur, ne imper- 
fecto bello discederet, postulavit ut sibi liceret, quamvis 
absenti, secundum consulatum petere ; quod ei a senatu 
est negatum. Ea re commotus in Italiam rediit, armis in- 
juriam acceptam vindicaturus, plurimisque urbibus occupatis, 
Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confuge- 
rant. Tunc summae audaciae facinus Caesar edidit : a Brun- 
disio Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissiraa hieme 



104 VIRI ROMM. 

transmisit, cessantibusque copiis, quas subsequi jusserat, 
quuni ad eas arcessendas fruslra misisset, morae impatiens, 
castris noctu egreditur, clam solus naviculam conscendit 
obvoluto capite, iie agnosceretur. Mare, adverse vento 
vehementer flante, intumescebat ; in altum tamen protinus 
dirigi navigium jubet; quumque gubernator pene obrutus 
flactibus adversaB terapestati cederet; "Q,uid times?" ait: 
" Caesarem vehis." 

10. Deinde Caesar Thessaliam petiit, ubi Pompeium 
Pharsalico proelio fudit, fugientem persecutus est, eumque 
in itinere cognovit occisum fuisse. Turn bellum Ptolemaeo, 
Pompeii interfectori, intulit, a quo sibi quoque insidias parari 
videbat; quo victo, Caesar in Pontum transiit, Pharnacem- 
que, Mithridatis filium, rebellantem aggressus, intra quintum 
ab adventu diem, quatuor vero quibus in conspectum venerat 
horis, uno prcelio profligavit. Q,uam victoriae celeritatem 
inter triumphandum notavit, inscripto inter pompae ornamenta 
trium verborum titulo, Venl, vidi, vici. Sua deinceps Caesa- 
rem ubique comitata est fortuna. Scipionem et Jubam, 
Numidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa 
refoventes, devicit, Pompeii jiberos in Hispania superavit. 
Clementer usus est victoria, et omnibus, qui contra se arma 
tulerant, pepercit. Regressus in urbem, quinquies trium- 
phavit. 

11. Bellis civilibus confectis, Caesar, dictator in perpet- 
uum creatus, agere insolentius coepit : senatum ad se veni- 
entem sedens excepit, et quendam, ut assurgeret, monentem, 
irato vultu respexit : quum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus 
expeditionibus comes, et tunc in consulatu collega ei in 
sella aurea sedenti pro rostris diadema, insigne regium, im- 
poneret, non visus est eo facto offensus. duare conjuratum 
est in eum a sexaginta et amplius viris, Cassio et Bruto du- 
cibus conspirationis. Clunra igitur Caesar Idibus Martiis in 
senatum venisset, assidentem specie officii circumsteterunt, 
illicoque unus e conjuratis, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius 
accessit, renuentique togam ab utroque humero apprehendit 



BOOK IX. 105 

Deinde clamantem : " Ista quidem vis est," Cassius vulne- 
rat paulo infra jugulum. Caesar Cassii brachium arreptum 
graphic trajecit, conatusque prosilire aliud vulnus accepit. 
Q,uum Marcum Brutum, qaem loco filii habebat, in se irru- 
entem vidisset, dixit : " Tu quoque, fili mi ! " Dein ubi 
animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput 
obvolvit, atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. 

12. Erat Caesar excelsa statura, nigris vegetisque oculis, 
capite calvo : quam calvitii deformitatem segre ferebat, quod 
sa3pe obtrectantium jocis esset obnoxia. Itaque ex omnibus 
honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non aliud recepit 
aut usurpavit libentiias, quam jus laureae perpetuo gestandae. 
Eum vini parcissimum fuisse ne inimici quidem negarunt : 
unde Cato dicere solebat unum ex omnibus Cassarem ad 
evertendam rempublicam sobrium accessisse. Armorum et 
equitandi peritissimus erat ; laboris ultra fidem patiens : in 
agmine nonnunquam equo, ssepius pedibus anteibat, capite 
detecto, sive sol, sive imber esset. Longissimas vias incre- 
dibili celeritate confecit, ita ut persaepe nuntios de se prae- 
veniret, neque eum morabantur flumina, quae vel nando vel 
innixus inflatis utribus trajiciebat. 

MARCUS CATO UTICENSIS. 

13. Marcus Cato, adhuc puer, invictum animi robur os- 
tendit. Quum in domo Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, 
Latini de civitate impetranda Romam venerunt. Popedius, 
Latinorum princeps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catonem puerum 
rogavit, ut Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu 
constanti negavit id se facturiim. Iterum deinde ac saepius 
interpellatus in proposito perstitit. Tunc Popedius puerum, 
in excelsam aedium partem levatum, tenuit et abjecturum 
inde se minatus est, nisi precibus obtemperaret ; neque hoc 
metu a sententia eum potuit dimovere. Tunc Popedius ex- 
clamasse fertur : " Gratulemur nobis, Latini, hunc esse tarn 



106 VIRI ROM^. 

parvum ; si enim senator esset, ne sperare quidem jus civi- 
tatis nobis liceret," 

14. Cato, quum salutandi gratia ad Sullam a psedagogo 
duceretur, et in atrio cruenta proscriptorum capita vidisset, 
Sullae crudelitatem exsecratus est; seque eodem esse animo 
significavit, quo puer alius nomine Cassius, qui tunc publi- 
cam scholam cum Fausto, Sullge filio, frequentabat, Q,uum 
enim Faustus proscriptionem paternam in schola laudaret, 
diceretque 'se, quum per setatem posset, eandem rem esse 
facturum,' ei sodalis gravem colaphum impegit. 

15. Insignis fuit et ad imitandum prseponenda Catonis er- 
ga fratrem benevolentia. Quum enim interrogaretur, ' quem 
omnium maxime diligeret/ respondit, ' fratrem.' Iterum in- 
terrogatus, ' quem secundum maxime diligeret,' iterum, ' fra- 
trem,' respondit. Cluserenti tertio idem responsum dedit, 
donee ille a percunctando desisteret. Crevit cum aetate ille 
Catonis in fratrem amor : ab ejus latere non discedebat ; ei 
in omnibus rebus morem gerebat. Annos natus viginti nun- 
quam sine fratre ccenaverat, nunquam in forum prodierat, 
nunquam iter susceperat. Diversum tamen erat utriusque 
ingenium : in utroque probi mores erant, sed Catonis in- 
doles severior. 

16. Cato, quum frater, qui erat tribunus militum, ad 
bellum profectus esset, ne eum desereret, voluntaria stipendia 
fecit. Accidit postea, ut Catonis frater in Asiam proficisci 
cogeretur, et iter faciens in morbum incideret : quod ubi au- 
divit Cato, licet tunc gravis tempestas saeviret, neque parata 
esset magna navis, solvit e portu Thessalonicse exigua na- 
vicula cum duobus tantum amicis tribusque servis, et pens 
haustus fluctibus tandem praster spem incolumis evasit. At 
fratrem, modo defunctum vita, reperit. Tunc questibus et 
lacrymis totum se tradidit: mortui corpus quam magnificen- 
tissimo potuit funere extulit, et marmoreum tumulum exstrui 
curavit suis impensis. Vela deinde facturus, quum suade- 
rent amici, ut fratris reliquias in alio navigio poneret, animam 
se prius quam illas relicturum respondit, atque ita solvit. 



BOOK IX. 107 

17. Cato quaestor in insulam Cyprum missus est ad colli- 
gendam Ptolemaei regis pecuniam, a quo populus Romanus 
heres institutus fuerat. Integerrima fide earn rem adminis- 
travit. Summa longe major, quam quisquam sperare pot- 
uisset, redacta est. Fere septem millia talentorum navibus 
imposuit Cato : atque ut naufi-agii pericula vitaret, singulis 
vasis, quibus inclusa erat pecunia, corticem suberis longo 
funiculo alligavit, ut, si forte mersum navigium esset, locum 
amissae pecuniae cortex supernatans indicaret. Catoni adve- 
nienti senatus et tota ferme civitas obviam effusa est, nee 
erat res triumpho absimilis. Actae sunt Catoni a senatu 
gratiae, praeturaque illi et jus spectandi ludos prsetextato 
extra ordinem data. Q,uem honorem Cato noluit accipere, 
iniquum esse affirmans, ' sibi decerni quod nulli alii tribue- 
retur.' 

18. Q,uum Caesar consul legem reipublicae perniciosara 
tulisset, Cato solus, ceteris exterritis, huic legi obstitit. 
Iratus Caesar Catonem extrahi curia, et in vincula rapi, jus- 
sit : at ille nihil de libertate linguae remisit, sed in ipsa ad 
carcerem via de lege disputabat, civesque commonebat, ut 
talia molientibus adversarentur. Catonem sequebantur 
moesti patres, quorum unus objurgatus a Caesare, quod non- 
dum misso senatu discederet; " Malo," inquit, "esse cum 
Catone in carcere, quam tecum in curia." Exspectabat 
Caesar, dum ad humiles preces Cato sese demitteret : quod 
ubi frustra a se sperari intellexit, pudore victus unum e tri- 
bunis misit, qui Catonem dimitteret. 

19. Cato Pompeii partes bello civili secutus est, eoque 
victo, exercitus reliquias in Africam cum ingenti itinerum 
difficultate perduxit. Quum vero ei summum a militibus 
deferretur imperium, Scipioni, quod vir esset consularis, pa- 
rere maluit. Scipione etiam devicto, Uticam, Africae urbem, 
petivit, ubi filium hortatus est, ut clementiam Caesaris expe- 
riretur ; ipse vero ccenatus deambulavit, et cubitum iturus 
arctius diutiusque in complexu filii haesit, deinde ingressus 
cubiculum ferro sibi ipse mortem conscivit. Caesar, audita 



108 VIRI ROM^. 

Catonis morte, dixit ilium glorise suae invidisse, qucd sibi 
laudem servati Catonis eripuisset. Catonis liberos, eisque 
patrimonium incolume, servavit. 

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. 

20. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod 
est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex ejus avis unus ver- 
rucam in extremo naso sitam habuit ciceris grano similem, 
inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. Quum id Marco 
Tullio a nonnullis probro verteretur ; " Dabo operam," in- 
quit, " ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splen- 
dorem vincat." duum eas artes disceret, quibus aetas pue- 
rilis ad humanitatem solet informari, ingenium ejus ita eluxit, 
ut eum sequales e schola redeuntes medium, tanquam regem, 
circumstantes deducerent domum : imo eorum parentes pu- 
eri fama commoti, in ludum litterarium ventitabant, ut eum 
viserent. Ea res tamen quibusdam rustici et inculti ingenii 
stomachum movebat, qui ceteros pueros graviter objurga- 
bant, quod talem condiscipulo suo honorem tribuerent. 

21. Tullius Cicero adolescens eloquentiam et libertatem 
suam adversus Sullanos osteiidit. Chrysogonum quendam, 
Sullse libertum, acriter insectatus est, quod, dictatoris po- 
tentia fretus, in bona civium invadebat. Ex quo veritus 
invidiam Cicero Athenas petivit, ubi Antiochum philoso- 
phum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentiae gratia Rhodum se 
contulit, ubi Molone, rhetore tum disertissimo, magistro 
usus est. Qui, quum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, fle- 
visse dicitur, quod praevideret per hunc Graecos a Romanis 
ingenii et eloquentiae laude superatum iri, Romam rever- 
sus, quaestor in Sicilia fuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut gra- 
tior, aut clarior fuit : quum in magna annonse difficultate 
ingentem frumenti vim inde Romam mitteret, Siculos initio 
offendit; postea vero ii; i diligentiam, justitiam et comitatem 
ejus experti fuerunt, majores quaestori suo honores, quam 
ulli unquam praetori, detulerunt. 



BOOK IX. 1C9 

22. Cicero, consul factus, Sergii Catiliiice conjurationem 
singular! virtute, constantia, curaque compressit. Is nempe 
indignatus quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus es- 
set, et furore amens, cum pluribus viris nobilibus Ciceronem 
interficere, senatum trucidare, urbem incendere, serarium 
diripere constituerat. Quae tarn atrox conjuratio a Cicerone 
detecta est. Catilina metu consulis Roma ad exercitum, 
quem paraverat, profugit ; socii ejus comprehensi in carcere 
necati sunt. Senator quidam filium supplicio mortis ipse 
affecit, Juvenis scilicet ingenio, litteris et forma inter 
aequales conspicuus, pravo consilio amicitiam Catilinse se- 
cutus fuerat, et in castra ejus properabat : quem pater ex 
medio itinere retractum occidit, his eum verbis increpans : 
" Non ego te Catilinse adversus patriam, sed patriae adver- 
sus Catilinam, genui." 

23. Non ideo Catilina ab incepto destitit, sed infestis 
signis Romam petens, cum exercitu csesus est. Adeo acri- 
ter dimicatum est, ut nemo hostium prcelio superfuerit : 
quem quisque in pugnando ceperat, eum, amissa anima, te- 
gebat locum. Ipse Catilina longe a suis inter eorum, quos 
occiderat, cadavera cecidit, morte pulcherrima, si pro patria 
sua sic occubuisset. Senatus populusque Romanus Cicero- 
nem patriae patrem appellavit : ea res tamen Ciceroni postea 
invidiam creavit, adeo ut abeuntem magistratu verba facere 
ad populum vetuerit quidam tribunus plebis, quod cives, 
indicta causa, damnavisset, sed solitum duntaxat juramen- 
tum prsestare ei permiserit. Tum Cicero magna voce : 
" Juro," inquit, " rempublicara atque urbem Romam mea 
unius opera salvam esse :" qua voce delectatus populus Ro- 
manus, et ipse juravit verum esse Ciceronis juramentum. 

24. Paucis post annis Cicero reus factus est a Clodio, 
tribuno plebis, eadem de causa, quod nempe cives Romanos 
necavisset. Tunc moestus senatus, tanquam in publico lue- 
tu, vestem mutavit. Cicero, quum posset armis salutem 
suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere, quam sua causa csedem 
fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti/ sunt. 

10 



110 VTRl ROMiE. 

Dein Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio igni et 
aqua interdiceretur : illius domum et villas incendit ; sed 
vis ilia diuturna non fuit : mox enim maximo omnium ordi- 
num studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Obviam ei 
redeunti ab universis itum est. Domus ejus publica pecu- 
nia restituta est. Postea Cicero, Pompeii partes secutus, a 
Caesare victore veniam accepit. Cluo interfecto, Octavium 
heredem Csesaris fovit atque ornavit, ut eum Antonio rem- 
publicam vexanti opponeret ; sed ab illo deinde desertus est 
et proditus. 

25. Antonius, inita cum Octavio societate, Ciceronem 
jamdiu sibi inimicum, proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero 
transversis itineribus fugit in viilam, quae a mari proxirae 
aberat, indeque navem conscendit, in Macedoniam transitu- 
rus. Quum vero jam aliquoties in altum provectum venti 
adversi retulissent, et ipse jactationem navis pati non posset, 
regressus ad viilam : " Moriar," inquit, '' in patria ssepe ser- 
vata." Mox adventantibus percussoribus, quum servi parati 
essent ad dimicandum fortiter, ipse lecticam, qua vehebatur, 
deponi jussit, eosque quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret. 
Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem preebenti caput 
prsecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae : caput relatum est 
ad Antonium, ejusque jussu inter duas manus in rostris posi- 
tum. Fulvia, Antonii uxor, quae se a Cicerone laesam arbi- 
trabatur, caput manibus sumpsit, in genua imposuit, extrac- 
tamque linguam acu confixit. 

26. Cicero dicax erat, et facetiarum amans, adeo ut ab 
inimicis solitus sit appellari Scurra consularis. Q,uum Len- 
tulum, generum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, vidisset 
longo gladio accinctum : " duis," inquit, " generum meum 
ad gladium alligavit ? " Matrona quaedam juniorem se, quam 
erat, simulans, dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere. 
Cui Cicero : " Verum est," inquit, '' nam hoc viginti annos 
audio." Caesar, altero console mortuo die Decembris ulti- 
ma, Caninium consulem hora septima in reliquam diei par- 
tem renuntiaverat : quem q^uum plerique irent salutatum de 



BOOK IX. Ill 

more : " Festinemus," inquit Cicero, " priusquam abeat ma- 
gistratu." De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero : " Fuit mi- 
rifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu soranum 
non viderit." 

MARCUS JU:N1US BRUTUS. 

27. Marcus Brutus ex ilia gente, quee Roma Tarquinios 
ejecerat oriundus, Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam, 
didicit. Sua eum virtus valde commendavit : ejus pater, 
qui Sulla3 partibus adversabatur, jussu Pompeii interfectus 
fuerat ; unde Brutus cum eo graves gesserat simultates : 
bello tamen civili Pompeii causam, quod justior videretur, 
secutus est, et dolorera suum reipublicce utilitati posthabuit. 
Victo Pompeio, Brutus a Caesare servatus est, et praetor 
etiam factus. Postea quum Caesar, superbia elatus, senatum 
contemnere, et regnum afFectare ccepisset, populus jam prae- 
senti statu baud laetus vindicem libertatis requirebat. Sub- 
scripsere quidam primi Bruti statuae : Utinam viveres ! 
Item ipsius Caesaris statuae : " Brutus, quia reges ejecit, 
primus consul factus est ; hie, quia consules ejecit, postre- 
mo rex factus est." Inscriptum quoque est Marci Bruti 
praetoris tribunali : Dormis, Brute ! 

28. Marcus Brutus, cognita populi Romani voluntate, 
adversus Caesarem conspiravit. Pridie quam Caesar est oc- 
cisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, consilii conscia, cultellum tonso- 
rium, quasi unguium resecandorum causa, poposcit, eoque 
velut forte e manibus elapso se ipsa vulneravit. Clamore 
ancillarum vocatus in cubiculum uxoris, Brutus objurgare 
eam coepit, quod tonsoris oiEcium praeripere voluisset ; at 
Porcia ei secreto dixit : " Non casu, sed de industria, mi 
Brute, hoc mihi vulnus feci : experiri enim volui, an satis 
mihi animi esset ad mortem oppetendam, si tibi propositum 
ex sententia parum cessisset." duibus verbis auditis, Bru- 
tus ad coelum manus et oculos sustulisse dicitur, et exclaraa- 
visse : " Utinam di^nus tali conjuge maritus videri possim ! " 



132 VIRI ROMiE, 

29. Interfecto Caesare, Antonius vestem ejus sanguino- 
lentam ostentans, populum veluti furore quodam adversus 
conjuratos inflammavit. Brutus itaque in Macedoniam con- 
cessit, ibique apud urbem Philippos adversiis Antonium et 
Octavium dimicavit. Victus acie, quum in tumulum se 
nocte recepisset, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni comitum 
latus transfodiendum prsebuit. Antonius, viso Bruti cadav- 
ere, ei suum injecit purpureum paludamentum, ut in eo 
sepeliretur. Q,uod quum postea surreptum audivisset, re- 
quiri furem et ad supplicium duci jussit. Cremati corporis 
reliquias ad Serviliam, Bruti matrem, deportandas curavit. 
Non eadem fuit Octavii erga Brutum moderatio : is enim 
avulsum Bruti caput Romam ferri jussit, ut Caii Caesaris 
statuae subjiceretur. 

OCTAVIUS C^SAR AUGUSTUS. 

30. Octavius Julise, Caii Caesaris sororis, nepos patrem 
quadrimus amisit. A majore avunculo adoptatus, eum in 
Hispaniam profectum secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam 
missus est, ut liberalibus studiis vacaret. Audita avunculi 
morte, Romam rediit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit, collectoque 
veteranorum exercitu, opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab An- 
tonio Mutinae obsidebatur. Quum autem urbis aditu pro- 
hiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus certiorem faceret, 
primo litteras laminis plumbeis inscriptas misit, quae per 
urinatorem sub aqua fluminis deferebantur ; ad id postea 
columbis usus est : iis nempe diu inclusis et fame affectis 
litteras ad collum alligabat, easque a proximo moenibus loco 
emittebat. Columb^ lucis cibique avidae, summa asdificia 
petentes, a Bruto excipiebantur, maxime quum ille, deposito 
quibusdam in locis cibo, columbas illuc devolare instituisset. 

31. Octavius bellum Mutinense duobus prosliis confecit, 
in quorum altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus 
est munere : nam aquilifero graviter vulnerato, aquilam 
humeris subiit, et in castra reportavit. Postea reconciliata 



BOOK IX. 113 

cum Antonio gratia, junctisque cum ipso copiis, ut Caii 
Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter accessit, 
inde quadringentos milites ad senatum misit, qui sibi con- 
sul atum nomine exercitus deposcerent. Cunctante senatu, 
centurio legationis princeps, rejecto sagulo, ostendens gladii 
capulum, non dubitavit in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos 
non feceritis." Cui respondisse Ciceronem ferunt : "Si 
hoc modo petieritis Caesari consulatum, auferetis." Quod 
dictum ei deinde exitio fuit : invisus enim esse ccEpit Caesari, 
quod libertatis esset amantior. 

32. Octavius Caesar, nondum viginti annos natus, consu- 
latum invasit, novamque proscriptionis tabulam proposuit : 
quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit : ne tenerae 
quidem aetati pepercit. Puerum quendam, nomine Atilium, 
Octavius coegit togam virilem sumere, ut tanquam vir pro- 
scriberetur. Atilius, protinus ut e Capitolio descendit, dedu- 
centibus ex more amicis, in tabulam relatus est. Desertum 
deinde a comitibus ne mater quidem prae metu recepit. 
Puer itaque fugit, et in silvis aliquandiu delituit. Q,uum 
vero inopiam ferre i)on posset, e latebris exivit, seque prae- 
tereuntibus indicavit, a quibus interfectus est. Alius puer 
etiam impubes, dum in ludum litterarium iret, cum pseda- 
gogo, qui pro eo corpus objecerat, necatus est. 

33. Octavius, inita cum Antonio societate, Marcum Bru- 
tum Caesaris interfectorem, bello persecutus est. Quod 
bellum, quanquam aeger atque invalidus, duplici proelio 
transegit, quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit ; al- 
tero victor se gessit acerbius. In nobilissimum quemque 
captivum saeviit, adjecta etiara supplicio verborum contume- 
lia. Uni suppliciter precanti sepulturam respondit, 'jam 
ill am in volucrum atque ferarum potestate futuram.' Ambo 
erant captivi pater et filius ; quum autem Octavius nollet, 
nisi uni, vitam concedere, eos sortiri jussit, utri parceretur. 
Pater, qui se pro filio ad mortem subeundam obtulerat, 
occisus est ; nee servatus filius, qui prae dolore voluntaria 

10* 



114 VlRl ROM^. 

occubuit nece : neque ab hoc tristi spectaculo oculos avertit 
Octavius, sed utrumque spectavit morieutem. 

34. Octavius ab Antonio iterum abalienatus est, quod 
is, repudiata Octavia sorore, Cleopatram ^gypti reginam 
duxisset uxorem : qus mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis 
certabat. Gloriata est aliquando se centies sestertium una 
coena absumpturam. Antonio id fieri posse neganti magnif- 
icam apposuit coenam, sed non tanti sumptus, quanti pro- 
miserat. Irrisa igitur ab Antonio jussit sibi afFerri vas aceto 
plenum : exspectabat Antonius quidnam esset actura. Ilia 
gemmas pretiosissimas auribus appensas habebat; protinus 
unam detraxit, et aceto dilutam absorbuit. Alteram quoque 
.simili modo parabat absumere, nisi prohibita fuisset. 



BATTLE OF ACTIUM 



A. U. 721. 



35. Octavius cum Antonio apud Actium, qui 
A. C. 31. locus m Lpiro est, navali proelio dimicavit; vic- 
tum et fugientem Antonium persecutus, ^Egyp- 
tum petiit, obsessaque Alexandria, quo Antonius cum Cle- 
opatra confugerat, brevi potitus est. Antonius, desperatis 
rebus, quum in solio regali sedisset regio diademate cinctus, 
necem sibi conscivit. Cleopatra vero, quam Octavius mag- 
nopere cupiebat vivam comprehend! triumphoque servari, 
aspidem sibi in cophino inter ficus afferendam curavit, eam- 
que ipsa brachio applicuit : quod ubi cognovit Octavius, 
medicos vulneri remedia adhibere jussit. Admovit etiam 
Psyllos, qui venenum exsugerent, sed firustra. Cleopatrae 
mortuag communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 

36. Tandem Octavius, hostibus victis, solusque imperio 
potitus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo 



BOOK "IS. 115 

plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis. Multis ignovit, a qui- 
bus saepe graviter laesus fuerat, quo in numero fait Metellus, 
unus ex Antonii prsefectis. duum is inter captivos senex 
squalidus sordidatusque processisset, agnovit eum filius ejus, 
qui Octavii partes secutus fuerat, statimque exsiliens, patrem 
complexus, sic Octavium allocutus est : ^' Pater meus hostis 
tibi fujt; ego miles: non magis ille pcenam, quam ego prae- 
mium meriti sumus. Aut igitur me propter ilium occidi 
jube, aut ilium propter me vivere. Delibera, qu^so, utrum 
sit moribus tuis convenientius." Octavius postquam paulum 
addubitavisset, misericordia motus, honiinem sibi infensissi- 
mara propter filii merita servavit. 

37. Octavius in Italiam rediit, Romamque triumphans 
ingressus est. Turn bellis toto orbe compositis, Jani gemini 
portas sua manu clausit, quee tantummodo bis antea clausae 
fuerant, primo sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Puni- 
cum bellum. Tunc omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio 
cepit, populusque Rom anus prsesentis otii loetitia perfruitus 
est. Octavio maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse 
Augustus cognominatus est, et in ejus honoreiii mensis Sex- 
tilis eodem nomine est appellatus, quod illo mense bellis 
civilibus finis esset impositus. Equites Romani natalem 
ejus biduo semper celebrarunt : senatus populusque Romanus 
universus cognomen Patris Patrice maximo consensu ei trib- 
u^runt. Augustus pree gaudio lacrymans respondit his 
verbis : " Compos factus sum votorum meorum ; neque aliud 
mihi optandum est, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad 
ultimum vitae finem videre possim." 

38.' Dictaturam, quam populus magna vi offerebat, Au- 
gustus, genu nixus dejectaque ab humeris toga, deprecatns 
est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit, eamque sibi 
tribui edicto vetuit, imo de restituenda republica non semel 
cogitavit; sed reputans et se privatum non sine periculo 
fore, et rempublicam plurium arbitrio com.missum iri, sum- 
mara retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, nequem novi status 
poenitefet. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus 



116 VIRI ROM.^. 

fuerat, et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando 
unum e nepotibus invenit; quumque puer territus volumen 
Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus li- 
brum cepit, eoque statim reddito : "Hie vir," inquit, " fili 
mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans."' 

39. Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat, summaque comi- 
tate adeuntes excipiebat : unde quum quidam, libellum sup- 
plicem porrigens, pra3 metu et reverentia nunc manum 
proferret, nunc retraheret; " Putasne," inquit jocans Au- 
gustus, " assem te elephanto dare?" Eum aliquando con- 
venit veteranus miles, qui vocatus in jus periclitabatur, roga- 
vitque, ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e comitatu 
suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Turn 
veteranus exclamavit : "At non ego, te periclitante bello 
Actiaco, vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi ; " simul- 
que detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus, atque ipse venit 
in advocationem. 

40. Quum post Actiacam victoriam Augustus Romam 
ingrederetur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam 
corvum tenens, quem instituerat base dicere:, Ave, Casar 
victor, impcrator. Augustus, avem officiosam miratus, earn 
viginti millibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem 
nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, affirmavit Augusto ilium 
habere et alium corvum, quem afferri postulavit. Allatus 
corvus verba, quae didicerat, expressit : Ave, Antoni victor ^ 
imperator. Nihil ea re exasperatus Augustus jussit tan- 
tummodo corvorum doctorem dividere acceptam mercedem 
cum contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco, emi eum 
jussit. 

41. Exemplo incitatus sutor quidam corvum instituit ad 
parem salutationem ; sed, quum parum proficeret, saepe ad 
avem non respondentem dicebat : Opera ct impcnsa periit. 
Tandem corvus coepit proferre dictatam salutationem : qua 
audita dum transiret, Augustus^ respondit : " Satis domi 
talium salutatorum habeo." Tum corvus ilia etiam verba 
adjecit, quibus dominum querentem audire solebat : Opera 



BOOK IX. 117 

et impensa periit : ad quod Augustus risit, atque avem emi 
jussit, quanti null am adhuc emerat. 

42. Solebat quidam Groeculus descendenti e palatio Au- 
gusto honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id quum 
frustra sa^pe fecisset, et tamen rursum eundem facturum 
Augustus videret, sua manu in charta breve exaravit Grae- 
cum epigramma, et Graeculo venienti ad se obviam misit. 
Ille legendo laudare coepit, mirarique tarn voce quam vultu 
gestuque. Dein quum accessit ad sellam, qua Augustus 
vehebatur, demissa in pauperem crumenam manu, paucos 
denarios protulit, quos principi daret; dixitque ' se plus 
daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset.' Secuto omnium risu, 
Graeculum Augustus vocavit, eique satis grandem pecuniae 
summam numerari jussit. 

43. Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus 
igitur a quodam ccena satis parca et pssne quotidiana, hoc 
tantum insusurravit : " Non putabam me tibi esse tam famil- 
iarem." Quum aliqaando apud Pollionem quendam ccena- 
ret, fregit unus ex servis vas crystallinum : rapi illura proti- 
nus Pollio jussit, et, ne vulgari morte periret, abjici muraenis, 
quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer, et 
ad pedes Caesaris confugit, non recusans mori, sed rogans 
ne piscium esca fieret. Motus novitate crudelitatis Augus- 
tus servi infelicis patrocinium suscepit : quum autem veniam 
a viro crudeli non impetraret, crystallina vasa ad se afferri 
jussit ; omnia manu sua fregit ; servum manumisit, pisci- 
namque compleri prsecepit. 

44. Augustus in quadam villa oegrotans noctes inquietas 
agebat, rumpente somnum ejus crebro noctua3 cantu; qua 
molestia quura liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, 
miles quidam aucupii peritus noctuam prehendendam cura- 
vit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii ; cui 
Augustus mille nummos dari jussit : at ille, minijs dignum 
praemium existimans, dicere ausus est : " Malo ut vivat," et 
avem dimisit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat, 
nee ad ulciscendum potestas. Hanc tamen injuriam aequo 



118 VIRI ROMiE. 

animo tulit Augustus, hominemque impunitum abire pas- 
sus est. 

45. Augustus amicitias noii facile admisit, et admissas 
constanter retinuit : imprimis familiarem habuit Mgecenatem, 
equitem Romanum, qui ea, qua apud principem valebat, gra- 
tia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus quibus posset, 
noceret nemini. Mira erat ejus ars et libertas in flectendo 
Augusti animo, quum eum ira incitatum videret. Jus ali- 
quando dicebat Augustus, et multos morte damnaturus vide- 
batur. Aderat tunc Maecenas, qui circumstantium turbam 
perrumpere, et ad tribunal propiias accedere, conatus est; 
quum id frustra tentasset, in tabella scripsit haec verba: 
" Surge tandem, carnifex : " eamque tabellam ad Augustum 
projecit, qua lecta, Augustus statim surrexit, et nemo est 
morte multatus. 

46. Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis neque laxitate 
neque cultu conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in 
eodem cubiculo hieme et aestate mansit. Supellex quoque 
ejus vix privatae elegantise erat. Idem tamen Romam, quam 
pro majestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo ex- 
coluit, ut jure sit gloriatus, ' marmoream se relinquere, quam 
lateritiam accepisset.' Raro veste alia usus est, quam con- 
fecta ab uxore, sorore, filia, neptibusque. Altiuscula erant 
ejus calceamenta, ut procerior, quam erat, videretur. Cibi 
minimi erat atque vulgaris. Secundarium panem et piscicu- 
los minutos et ficus virides maxime appetebat. 

47. Augustus non ampliijs quam septem boras dormiebat, 
ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ita ut in illo temporis spatio 
ter aut quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum re- 
cuperare non posset, lectores arcessebat, donee resumeret. 
Quum audisset senatorem quendam, licet sere alieno oppres- 
sum, arete et graviter dormire solitum, culcitam ejus magno 
pretio emit : mirantibus dixit : " Habenda est ad somnum 
culcita, in qua homo, qui tantum debebat, dormire potuit." 

48. Exercitationes campestres equorum et armorum sta- 
tim post bell a civilia omisit, et ad pilam primo folliculumque 



BOOK IX. 119 

transiit : mox animi laxandi causa, modo piscabatur hamo, 
modo talis nucibusque ludebat cum pueris minutis, quos 
facie et garrulitate amabiles undique conquirebat. Alea 
multum delectabatur ; idque ei vitio datum est. Tandem 
afflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi remisso ad 
otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo 
vitae die, j>etito speculo, capillum sibi comi jussit, et amicos 
circumstantes percontatus est, num vitae mimum satis com- 
mode egisset ; adjecit et solitam clausulam : " Edite strepi- 
tum, vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nolae 
sextum et septuagesimum annum agens. 



DICTIONARY. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



a active. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 



comp. 
conj 



conj. 
def.. 



dim 



comparative 

conjunction. 

defective. 

deponent, 

diminutive. 



fig figuratively. 

freq frequentative. 

gen genitive. 

imp impersonal. 

i7ic inceptive. 

ind, . . . i indeclinable. 

int interjection. 

irr irregular. 

m masculine. 

7? neuter. 



num numeral. 

obs obsolete. 

part participle. 

pass passive. 

pi plural. 

prep preposition. 

pret preteritive. 

pro pronoun. 

sc supply. 

sup superlative. 



/. feminine. 

$ This character, with its accompanying letters and figures, refers to the sectiong 
and subordinate divisions of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. 
Roman letters, with Arabic numerals, refer to the books of the preceding history. 



./3., an abbreviation of the prcBnomen 
Aulus. 

£, Ah, Ms, prep, loith the all. § 195, 
R. 2. From. Before the agent 
of a passive verb, by, § 248. 
Denoting relative position, on — 
After; at. In composition, see 
§ 196, 1, & § 197, 1. 

Malicno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ah S^ 
alieno), to estrange, alienate, sell ; 
to set at variance ; to separate. 

Ahdlco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ah &/' 
dico, are), to turn out of doors, 
disinherit; to lay down, resign, 
abdicate ; to reject. Abdicare 
se consulatu, etc., to resign the 
consulship, &c. § 251, R. 2. 

Ahdo, ere, idi, Hum, a. {ah &/• do), 
to hide, conceal, secrete. 

Ahduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {ah 4^ 
duco), to take away, remove, 



lead away or off, draw off, with- 
draw ; to lead, carry. 

Aheo, ire, ii, irr. n. {ah ^ eo), 
§ 182, to go away, depart, go off, 
go. Ahire in, to grow into, be- 
come. Magistratu ahire, to go 
out of office, § 242. 

Ahesse. See Absum. 

Ahhinc, adv. {ah S/- hinc, § 193, 13), 
hence ; ago, since. 

Ahiens, gen. abeuntis, part. {aheo). 

Ahii. See Abeo. 

Ahjectus, a, um, part. (^ (idj., cast 
off, thrown away or aside; ab- 
ject, debased, mean; depressed, 
dispirited : frdm 

Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. {ah S/- 
jacio), § 163, Exc. 3, 2d clause, 
to cast or throw away; to cast 
or throw ; to throw down, pros- 
trate ; to lay by, throw aside. 



ABLATUS— ACCEPTUS. 



121 



jibldtus, a, um,part. (aufero). 

Ahluo, ere, ui, utum, a. {ah 8^ hio), 
to wash off, wash, make clean, 
purify; to expiate. 

Jibnuo, ere, ui, a. (ab i/- mio), to 
express dissent by a nod or 
shake of the head ; to refuse, 
deny, decline, reject. 

Mrlpio, ere, rlpui, reptum, a. (ab 
J^ rapio), to take away, carry off. 

Mrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ab S/- 
rogo), to annul, abolish, abro- 
gate, repeal. 

Mrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. (ab 
^ rumpo), to break off, break, 
burst asunder, sever ; to pull or 
tear off. 

Abs. See A. 

Mscindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. (ab 
^ scindo), to tear off, cut off, cut. 

Absens, ends, adj. (abs ^ ens, § 154, 
1), absent, abroad, remote. 

Absimilis, e, adj. (ab 4^ similis), 
unlike, dissimilar. 

Absisto, ere, stiti, n. (ab (^ sisto), 
to stand off or aloof from ; to 
depart or retire from, leave, quit, 
desist from, cease. 

Absolvo, ere, solvi, solvtum, a. (ab 
^ solve), to loose, unloose, set at 
liberty, discharge, release, liber- 
ate ; to despatch, dismiss; to 
finish, complete. 

Absorbeo, ere, ui 8/" sorpsi, a. (ab <^" 
sorbeo, to swallow), to absorb, 
swallow. 

Abstergeo, ere, tersi, tcrsum, a. (abs 
8^ tergeo, to wipe), to wipe off, 
wipe, clean, cleanse. 

Abstineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. (abs 
8^ teneo), § 242, to abstain from, 
keep or refrain from, keep aloof 
from. 

Abstinentia, a:, f. (abstlnens, tem- 
perate), abstinence, moderation ; 
freedom from avarice ; upright- 
11 



ness. disinterestedness, temper- 
ance, sobriety. 

Abstrdho, ere, traxi, tr actum, a. (abs 
8f tralio), to draw or tear away, 
take away by force, lead away. 

Abstuli. See Aufero. 

Absum, esse,fui, irr. n. (ab 8/- sum), 
to be absent ; to be distant or re- 
moved; to be wanting. Prox- 
imo abesse, to be at a very short 
distance, to be very near. 

Absumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (ab 8f 
sumo), to consume, destroy; to 
spend. 

Abundo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ab ^ 
undo, to rise in waves), to 
abound, overflow. 

Ac, conj., the same as atque, §198, . 
R. 1, and. After alius, aliter, 
juxta, similiter, par, similis, se- 
cus, Slc, than or as. 

Acarnan, dnis, m., an Acarnanian i 
from 

Acarnania, <R,f., a part of Epirus, 
noxo Carnia. 

Acca, <B, /., Acca, a woman'a 
name. Acca Larentia, the wife 
of Faustulus, and nurse of Rom- 
ulus and Remus : I. 2. 

Acctdo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ad 8^ 
cedo), to draw near, approach, 
arrive at, come to, come ; to con- 
sent or agree to ; to be added to. 
Accedere ad rempublicam everten- 
dam, to go about to destroy, un- 
dertake the destruction of — . 

Accelero, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n. (ad 
8/'celcro, to hasten), to hasten, 
accelerate, make haste. 

Accendo, ere, di,sum, a. (ad 8/- can- 
do, obs.), to set on fire, light up, 
kindle, burn. Fig., to excite, 
inflame, stir up. 

Accensus, a, um,part. (accendo). 

Accept. See Accipio. 

Acceptus, a, um,part. (accipio). 



122 



ACCESSI— ACTJUM. 



Jlccessi. See Accedo. 

:B.ccido, ere, cidi, n. {ad 8f cado), to 
fall down at or before ; to fall ; 
to arrive, come ; to happen, oc- 
cur, befall. Si quid alicui acci- 
dat, if any calamity befall one, 
if one should die, § 324, 11. 

Accingo^ eve, x^, ctum, a. (ad &/- 
cingo)^ to gird, begird, gird on. 
Fig., to prepare, equip, furnish. 

Accio, ire, ivi, Itum, a. [ad ^ cio), 
to send for, call, call in, sum- 
mon, invite, fetch. 

Jlccipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (ad <^ 
capio., § 163, Exc. 2), to receive, 
take, accept; to receive, treat, 
entertain ; to bear ; to hear, 
learn; to admit, approve, ac- 
cept of, adopt; to interpret, 
understand. 

AccUus, a, um, part, (accio). 

Accldmo, are, dvi, dtum., n. (ad 8f 
clamo), to cry out against; to 
applaud ; to cry out, shout. 

Accumho, ere, cuhui, cubltum, n. (ad 
^ cumho), to recline or sit down 
at table ; to recline near one at 
meat. 

Accurro, ere, curri ^ cucurri, cur- 
sum, n. (ad ^ curro), to run to; 
to run. 

Accusatio, onis, f. (accuso), an ac- 
cusation, impeachment. 

Accusdior, oris, m., an accuser; a 
plaintiff: from 

Accuso, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad &/• 
causa), § 217, to accuse, arraign, 
impeach ; to blame, chide, com- 
plain of, censure. 

Acer., acris, acre, adj., acrior, acer- 
rlmus; sharp, sour. Fig., ve- 
hement, fiery, impetuous, fierce ; 
severe ; acute ; brave, bold, cou- 
rageous ; energetic, vigorous. 
Acre bellum or prcelium, a severe 
or hard-fought battle. 



Acerbe., ado. (acerbus), sharply, se- 
verely, bitterly, harshly. 

Jicerbitas, dtis, /., sharpness, sour- 
ness. Fig., sorrow, grief; rigor, 
austerity, severity : from 

Acerbus, a, um, adj., unripe, sour; 
bitter. 

Acerrimk, adv. (sup. of acriter), 
very vehemently, vigorously, or 
stoutly. 

Acervus, i, m., a heap, hoard, or 
pile; an accumulation. 

Acetum, i, n. (aceo, obs., to be sour), 
vinegar. Fig., raillery, wit, sa- 
tire, gall, indignation. 

Achaicus, i, m., Achaicus, an agno- 
inen, given to L. Murmnius, from 
his conquest of Achaia. 

Achilles, is, m., Achilles, a Grecian 
hero, the son of Peleus and 
Thetis: III. 14. 

Acies, ei,f., a sharp edge or point; 
the pupil of the eye; the eye; a 
line of soldiers ; a battalion : 
an army ; an army in battle 
array ; a battle, fight. Prima 
acies, the first rank or line, the 

. van. 

Acquiesco, ere, evi, n. (ad 4" quies- 
co), to repose, rest. Fig., to ac- 
quiesce in, be pleased or delight- 
ed with. 

Acrior. See Acer, 

Acriter, adv., acriiis, acerrimc, 
§ 194, (acer), vehemently, sharp- 
ly, severely, keenly, eagerly ; val- 
iantly, courageously, earnestly, 
vigorously, stoutly ; very much, 
very. 

Actidcus, a, um, adj. (Actium), of 
or belonging to Actium. 

Actio, 6nis,f. (ago), an act, action, 
operation ; action at law, ar- 
raignment. 

Actium, i, «., a town and promon- 
tory of Epirus : IX. 35. 



ACTOR— ADJUMENTUM. 



1^ 



Actor ^ oris, 7n. {ngo), an agent, 
doer, performer, actor. 

Actus, a, Mm, part. (ago). 

Acuo, ire, ui, utum, a., to sharpen, 
point. Fig., to stimulate, rouse, 
excite, provoke, instiorate . from 

Acus, us, f. § 89, R 5, a needle ; 
a bodkin. 

Acute, adv., sharply, acutely, keen- 
ly. Fig., ingeniously, wittily : 
from 

Acutus, a, um, adj. Sf j^art. {acuo), 
sharp-edged, pointed. Fig., in- 
genious, acute, quick. 

Ad, prep, loith the ace, to, unto; 
at; near, before, towards; for; 
according to, in regard to; with 
numerals, at the distance of, 
about. When ad denotes a pur- 
pose, the noun foUoioing it may 
often he translated bxj the infinitive 
or gerund, as, ad terrorern, to ter- 
rify, or for terrifying. 

Adactus, a, um, part, (adigo). 

Ada-mo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad <^ 
amo, to love), to love greatly or 
desperately; be enamored of, 
fall in love with. 

Addlco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ad ^ dico, 
ere), to give up, surrender, ad- 
judge; to devote; to condemn; 
to consent to, approve, ratify. 

Additus, a, um, part.: from 

Addo, ere, didi, dltum, a. (ad <^' do), 
to add; to give, impart, bestow. 

Adduhito, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ad Sf 
duhUo, to doubt), to doubt, doubt 
a little, be somewhat in doubt. 

Adduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ad 8^ du- 
co),to conduct, bring, lead; to 
induce, cause, persuade ; to draw, 
draw tight, tighten; to reduce. 

Addurtus, a, um, part, (adduco). 

Aderni. See Adimo. 

Ademptus, a, um, part, (adimo). 

Aded, adv. (ad <^ eo), so, so far, to 



such a degree, insomuch, too^ 
indeed ; therefore, for this reason. 

Adeo, ire, ii, itum, n. (ad &/■ eo), to. 
go to ; to approach ; to address, 
accost; to undertake, undergo, 
incur. 

Adeptus, a, um, part, (adipiscor). 

Adesse. See Adsum. 

Adhoireo, ere, si, sum., n. (ad ^ 
hcereo), to adhere, stick to, re- 
main attached. 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. (ad ^ 
habeo), to adopt, use, employ; 
to take, admit, receive; to ap- 
ply ; to bring, bring on ; to offer, 
pay ; to treat, use, have re- 
course to. 

Adhibitus, a, um, part, (adhibeo), 
called for, summoned. 

Adhuc, adv. (ad ^ hue), hitherto, 
thus far, as yet, still, even yet, 
besides. 

Adigo, ere, cgi, actum, a. (ad ^ 
ago), § 163, N., to drive, thrust, 
impel ; to force, compeL 

Jldii. See Adeo. 

Adimo, ere, emi, eviplum, a. (ad «^ 
emo), to take away, remove, de- 
prive of. 

Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. (ad. 
^ apiscor, to get), to acquire, get, 
obtain, gain, procure ; to reach, 
overtake ; to undertake, assume ; 
to reach, arrive at, attain. 

Aditus, us, m. (adeo), a going to, 
approach, way, passage, en- 
trance. 

Adjdceo, ere, n. (ad S^ jaceo), to lie 
contiguous, border upon, lie. 
near. 

Adjlcio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (ad ^ 
jacio, to cast), to cast towards, 
apply to; to place near; to add. 

Adjumentum, i, n. (adjuvo)., aid) 
help, assistance. Alicui magno 
adjumento esse, to assist one 



124 



ADJUNGO— ADRUMETUM. 



greatly, to be of great assistance 
to one. 

Adjungo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ad ^ 
jungo), to add, join, annex, unite, 
associate. 

jQdjutoi-, oris, m., an aider, abettor, 
helper, assistant : from 

Adjuvo, are, juvl, jutum, a. (ad ^ 
juvo), to help, succor, aid, assist. 

Jldministro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad 
Sf ministro, to serve), to minister, 
attend, serve; to administer, 
manage, conduct, direct, govern, 
regulate. 

Admirabilis, e, adj., (admiror), ad- 
mirable, wonderful. 

Admirandus, a, um, adj. <^ yart. 
(admiror), admirable, wonderful. 

Admiratio, onis, f. (admiror), ad- 
miration ; wonder, amazement. 

Admirdtor, oris, m., an admirer : 
from 

Admiror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (ad 
^ miror), to wonder greatly, be 
astonished or surprised ; to ad- 
mire, esteem. 

Admisceo, ere, miscui, mistum <^ 
mixtum, a. (ad &/- misceo, to mix), 
to mix, mingle, blend with. 

Admistus, or Ad^ixtus, a, um,part. 
(admisceo). 

Admitto, ere, mist, missum, a. (ad 
Sf mitto), to send to ; to receive, 
admit, accept, allow. Fig., to 
commit a crime. Admittere au- 
ribus, to listen to, hear. Amici- 
tiam admittere, to form friend- 
ship. 

Admodum, adv. (ad Sf modus), very, 
exceedingly, much, greatly; tru- 
ly. JVihil admodum, nothing at 
all. 

Admoneo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad 8/- 
moneo), to remind, put in mind, 
admonish, warn, advise, give no- 
tice. 



I Admotus, a, um, part. : from 

Admoveo, ere, mdvi, motum, a. (ad 
fy rnoveo), to bring near or to, 
lead to, apply, bring in contact 
with, libera ori admovere, to 
suckle, give suck to: — to em- 
ploy, make use of; to admit, in- 
troduce. 

Adolco, ere, olui, vltum, n. «^ a. (ad 
(^ oleo, to smell), to smell or 
emit a scent ; to burn, consume 
by fire. 

Adolescens, entis, adj. Sf subs. m. if 
f. (adolcsco), young; a young 
man or woman, a youth. 

Adolescentia, ce, f. (adolescens), 
youth, the period intervening 
between the 14th and 28th 
years, or, as some say, between 
the 15th and 30th years. 

Adolescentulus, i, m. dim. (ado- 
lescens), a young man ; a youth ; 
a stripling. 

Adolesco, ere, olevi, vltum, inc. (ad 
Sf olesco, to grow), to grow, 
grow up, increase. Fig., to ad- 
vance, increase, mature, ripen. 

Adoperio, ire, erui, ertum, a. (ad 
^ operio), to cover, cover over. 

Adopertus, a, urn-, part, (adoperio). 

Adoptio, onis, /., an adopting, 
adoption. Dare filium in adop- 
tionem, to give a son (to one) to 
be adopted (by him) : frovi 

Adopto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad ^ 
opto), to choose, assume, take ; 
to adopt. 

Adorior, iri, ortvs sum, dep. § 177, 
(ad ^ orior), to attack, assail, 
invade, assault ; to attempt, 
strive, try, undertake ; to begin ; 
to accost. 

Adoro, are, dvi, dtum, a, (ad <^ oro), 
to adore, worship, venerate. 

Adortus, a, um, part, (adorior). 

Adrumetum, i, n., Adrumetum, a 



ADSUM— ^GERIA. 



1^ 



maritime town of Africa proper : 
VII. 16. 

Adsum, esse, adfui or affui^ irr. n. 
(ad 4" suni)^ to be present; to be 
at hand, be near, approach; to 
arrive, come ; to defend, aid, 
assist, 

Adulatio^ otiis, /., flattery, adula- 
tion, fawning ; reverence : from 

Adulor^ dri, dtus sinn, dep., to 
soothe, fawn upon, flatter, ca- 
jole, coax ; to worship, rev- 
erence. 

Adullus, a, um, part, fy adj. (ado- 
/c5co), having grown up; grown 
up, adult, mature. 

Advectus, a, um, part. : from 

Adveho, ere, vexi, vecium., a. (ad S/- 
veho,) to conduct, carry, convey ; 
to import, bring. 

Jldvenio, ire., vent, ventum, n. (ad 
^ venio)., to come to, come, ar- 
rive. 

Advento, are, dvi, n.freq. (advenio), 
to come frequently, come on, 
come, approach, draw near, ar- 
rive at. 

Adventus, us, m. (advenio), a com- 
ing ; an arrival, approach. 

Adversarms, i, m., an adversary, 
foe, enemy : frem 

Adverser, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
(adverto), to oppose, resist, 
thwart. 

Adversus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (ad- 
verto), opposite, in front; ad- 
verse, hostile, contrary, oppos- 
ing, opposed, averse, unfavora- 
ble, unpropitious. Vulnus ad- 
versum, a wound in front. Ad- 
versa valetudo, ill health, sick- 
ness. Adversa fortuna, misfor- 
tune. 

Adversus, adv. ^ prep, with the ace. 
(adverto), against, in front of, 
opposite to; towards. 
11* 



Adverto, ere, verti, versum, a. (ad 
<^' verto), to turn to or towards. 
Fig., to advert to, attend to, 
heed, observe, perceive, under- 
stand. 

Advocatio, onis, f (advoco), the 
office of an advocate ; pleading 
for another ; a plea, defence ; 
counsel, advice, consultation. 
Venire in advocationem, to ap- 
pear or present one's self as the 
advocate or counsel of another. 

Advocdtus, a, um, part, (advoco), 
summoned, called together. 

Advocdtus, i, m., an advocate, pa- 
tron, counsellor, adviser, friend ■ 
f?'om 

Advoco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ad 8^ 
voco), to call ; to summon. 

Advolo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (ad <^ 
volo, dre), to fly to or towards. 
Fig., to run to, run, hasten. 

.Mdes 4" JEdis, is, f, a temple. 
In the pi , a house, temples. 

.j^dificatio, onis, f (cedifico), the 
act of building; a building, edi- 
fice. 

.^dificium, i, n., an edifice, struc- 
ture, building : from 

.BEdiflco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (cedes 
<^' facio), to build, construct, 
frame, erect. 

.^dlJis, is, m. (mdes), a Roman 
magistrate who superintended 
the repairs of the temples, and 
other public buildings; an edile. 

.Mdilitas, dtis,f. (a^diUs), the of- 
fice of edile, edileship. 

JEgdtes, um, f. pi., the iSEgates, 
islands in the Mediterranean, 
near Sicily: IV. 13. 

JEger, (Bgra, cegrum, adj., weak, 
infirm, faint, sick, diseased. 
Fig., sorrowful, unhappy, trou- 
bled, desponding, downcast. 

.Mgeria, ce, /., Egeria, a nyrap^ 



il26 



^GERRIME— AFFABILITAS. ^ 



of the grove of Aricia, near 
Rome : I. 10. 

JEgerrime, adv : from 

^gre, adv., cBgriiis, cBgerrime, 
((Bger), unwillingly, hardly, 
scarcely, with difficulty. Mgre 
ferre, to be displeased, offended, 
oi- indignant; to bear ill, grieve 
for. Ferre cegerrime, to grieve 
very much for. 

Mgritudo, mis,/, (ceger), sickness, 
malady, disease, infirmity, ill- 
ness; sorrow, grief, affliction, 
solicitude, care, trouble. 

^groto, are, dvi, dtum, n. {(Rgrd- 
tus, sick), to be sick, ill, infirm, 
diseased. 

^gyptius, a,um, adj., Egyptian: 
from 

Mgyptus, i, /., Egypt, a large 
country in the north-eastern 
part of Africa : VI. 30. 

MmUianus, i, m., iEmilianus, an 
agnomen of P. Cornelius Scipio 
Africanus the younger. 

^milius, ^, m., ^niilius, a Roman 
name belonging to the iCmilian 



Mqualis, e, adj. (cequvs), equal, 
like, similar, even, level ; coeval, 
of the same age. JEqualis, is, 
m., an equal in age, contempo- 
rary. 

J^qualUer, adv. (cequalis), equally. 

J^que, adv. (cEquus), equally, sim- 
ilarly, alike. 

Mqui, orum, m. pi., an ancient 
people of Italy : II. 16. 

jEquitas, dtis,f. ((Equvs), equality. 

moderation, equanimity, reason- 
ableness. 

^quo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to level; 
to equal, equalize, make equal: 
from 

^quus, a, um, adj., ior, isslmus ; 



level, smooth, plain, even. Fig., 
like, similar ; just, fair equitable, 
impartial, upright, righ moder- 
ate, calm, composed ; convenient, 
advantageous, favorable. JEquo 
animo, with equanimity, patient- 
ly, calmly. 
Mrarium., i,n. § 100, 8, the treas- 
ury, exchequer ; public money : 
from 
^s, ceris, n., copper, brass ; money, 
coin. Ms alienum, money owed 
to another, a debt. 
Mlstas, dtis,f. (cBsius), summer. 
JEstimalilis, e, adj. {aistimo), esti- 
mable. 
M!stimatio, 6nis,f., an estimating, 
valuing; an estimate, valuation, 
price, value : from 
Mstimo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to esti- 
mate, value, regard; to think, 
judge, consider. Mstimaremag- 
ni, to value highly, § 214, & 
R. 1. 
Mstivus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to summer : from 
Mlstus, us, m., burning or scorch- 
ing heat, heat ; hot weather ; the 
tide. Fig., force, violence, ar- 
dor, fury. 
JEias, dtis,f. (onvum, an age), age, 
time of life, life ; an age, gener- 
ation. Prima atas, childhood, 
youth. 
Mternum, adv., ever, constantly, 
continually, eternally, forever, 
always : from 
JEtcrnus, a, um, adj. (cBvum), eter- 
nal, everlasting, perpetual, con- 
tinual ; durable, lasting. 
Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., African. 
Afri, arum, m. pi., the Africans. 
Affahilis, e, adj. (affdri, to address.) 
affable, accessible, easy of access, 
courteous. 
AffabilUas, dtis, f (affabilis), affa- 



AFFECTO— AGMEN. 



127 



bility, courtesy, complaisance, 
kindness. 

Affecto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. {of- 
ficio), io affect, seek after, aim at ; 
to covet, desire. 

Affcctus, «, um^part. (officio). 

Affero, afferre, attuU, allatum, irr. 
a. (ad^fero), to bring, bring to, 
carry ; to report, announce ; to 
produce, cause ; to offer, allege. 
Ailatum est, it was reported, a 
report was made, information 
was given. Afferre causam, to 
occasion. 

AffUio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (ad 4" 
facio), to move, affect, influence, 
touch. With a noun in the abl., 
it is rendered by the verb cor- 
responding to the noun, as, affi- 
cere honore, to honor, — laude, 
to praise, — poena, rnalo, or sup- 
plicio, to punish, subject to pun- 
ishment, — clade, to slaughter. 
Aliquos magna clade afficere, to 
make a great slaughter of — . 
Supplicio mortis, etc. aliquem affi- 
cere, to punish with — . 

Afflgo, ere, xi, xum, a. {ad S/-figo, to 
fix), to fix or fasten to, attach to, 
afEx. Fig., to impress, imprint. 

Affinis.^ e, adj. {ad ^ finis), con- 
tiguous, adjoining; partaking in, 
concerned in. Culpm affinis, 
connected with — , guilty of — . 

Affirmo, are, dvi. atum, a. {ad S/- 
firmo), to confirm, ratify ; to af- 
firm, assert, declare positively, 
say confidently. 

Affixus, a. Mm, part, {affigo). 

Afflatus, us, m. {afflo, to breathe 
upon), a breathing upon, breath, 
blast, breeze, gale. 

Afflictus, a, vm. part., distressed, 
harassed, afflicted ; impaired, in- 
jured. Res afflicta, adversity, 
misfortune : from. 



Affligo, ere, xi, ctum, a. {ad S^fiigo, 
to dash), to dash against, throw 
to the ground, overthrow. Fig., 
to harass, distress, vex, trouble, 
afflict; to injure, hurt. 

Affluo, ere, xi, n. {ad <y> fluo, to 
flow), to flow to or towards, run 
or flock to, assemble ; to abound. 

Affui. See Adsum. 

Afri. See Afer. 

Africa, CB, /., Africa, one of the 
four quarters of tlie world : III. 
17 ; also the Roman province in 
the northern part of Africa. 

Africdnus, a um, adj. {Africa), Af- 
rican. Africdnus, i, m., the ag- 
nomen of the two Scipios who 
conquered the Carthaginians. 

Age, 8,' Agile, imperative of ago; 
used adcerbiaUy; come, come on, 
well : agedum, or age dum, come 
now, come. 

Agedum. See Age. 

Agellus. i, m. dim., a little field, 
small piece of ground : from 

Ager, agri, m., a field, farm ; land ; 
a territory, tract. 

Agger, eris, in. {aggero, to heap 
up), a heap, pile ; a mound, bul- ' 
wark, bank, rampart. 

Aggredior, edi, essus sum, dep. {ad 
4^ gradior, to go), to go to, ap- 
proach, accost ; to attack, assail ; 
to undertake, attempt, go about, 
commence, enter upon. 

Aggressus, a, um, part, {aggredior). 

Agito, are, dvi, atum, a. freq. {ago), 
to drive, conduct ; to toss, agitate, 
disturb ; to follow, pursue, chase ; 
to debate, discuss ; to pass, spend ; 
to be, live, dwell ; to make, ex- 
ercise, be employed or engaged 
in ; to meditate, think of, weigh, 
ponder over, revolve, consider. 

Agmen, inis, n. (ago), an army on 
the march ; a marching, march ; 



128 



AGNITUS— ALIENO. 



an army, troop, multitude, body, 
band. 

tus, a, um, part. ; from 

7, ere, ndvi, nitum, a. (ad ^ 
710SC0, to know), to acknowl- 
edge, recognize, own ; to know, 
comprehend, see, admit, con- 
fess. 

.4^0, agere, egi, actum, a., to con- 
duct, drive, lead; to pursue; to 
guide, direct, move ; to do, per- 
form, effect, accomplish, act, 
enact, execute; to be, live; to 
abide, remain ; to be employed, 
engaged ; to pass, spend, con- 
sume ; to procure, contrive, 
manage ; to treat, discuss ; to 
act the part of. Agere triuvi- 
phumy to celebrate a triumph. 
Imp., actum est, it is all over: 
actum est de aliquo, he is utterly 
ruined : agitur, a discussion is 
had, a question is discussed. 
Agere causam, to plead, manage, 
or defend a cause. Agere annum 
decimum, to be in (one's) tenth 
year. Agere or agere se, to con- 
duct one's self, behave. 

Agrarius, a, um, adj. (age?-), of or 
belonging to land. Lex agraria, 
the agrarian \a.\\ , a law con- 
cerning the division of the pub- 
lic lands among the people. 

Agrestls, e, adj. (ager), belonging 
to the fields, rustic, rural. Fig., 
rude, unpolished, wild, unciv- 
ilized. 

Agricola, ce, m. (ager <^ cola), a 
husbandman, farmer, agricul- 
turist. 

AgricuUura, a:, f. (ager &/■ colo), 
agriculture, tillage, husbandry. 

Agrippa, (e, m., Agrippa, a Roman 
cognomen, in the Menenian gens. 
Menenius Agrippa, a consul, 
A. U. 251 : by his eloquence, he 



reconciled the plebeians and pa- 
tricians, A. U. 261 : II. 9, 10. 

Aio, ais, ait, def. § 184, 4, to say, 
speak; to affirm, assert. 

Ala, cB,f., a wing; the wing of an 
army. 

Aldcer, cris, ere, adj., lively, 
sprightly, cheerful, ready, ac- 
tive, nimble, prompt, in high 
spirits. 

Alacrttas, dtis, f. (alacer), ardor, 
eagerness, spirit, liveliness, alac- 
rity, cheerfulness. 

Alha, «,/., Alba, an ancient city of 
Italy, not far from Rome : I. 2. 

Alhdnus, a, um, adj. (Alha), Alban. 
Alhanus mans, a mountain near 
Alba, the Alban mount: V. 16. 
Albani, drum, m. pL, the Albans, 
inhabitants of Alba. 

Alea, ce, /., a game of chance ; a 
die ; gaming. Aled ludere, to 
play at dice. Fig., chance, 
luck, risk, hazard, fortune 

Ales, itis, m. ^ f. (ala), a large 
bird ; a bird, fowl. 

Alexander, dri, m., Alexander, sur- 
named the Great, son of Philip, 
king of Macedon : V. 32. 

Alexandria, (S,f. (Alexander), Alex- 
andria, a maritime city of Egypt, 
at the mouth of the Nile, found- 
ed by Alexander the Great: 
VI. 30. 

Alias, adv. (alius), in another way, 
at another time, otherwise, else. 
JYon alias, at no other time, never. 

ALibi, adv. (alius S/- ihi), elsewhere, 
in another place. Alibi — alibi, 
in one place — in another. 

Alienigena, a, m. &/• f. (alienus ^ 
genus), a stranger, foreigner, 
alien. 

Alieno, are, dvi, dtum, a. , to alien- 
ate, transfer, separate, estrange : 
from, 



ALIENUS— ALTUM. 



129 



AUenus, a, um, adj. (alius)., belong- 
ing to another or others, anoth- 
er's, foreign, opposed to, incon- 
sistent; free froui, exen)j)t. AU- 
enus ab ullquo, at variance with, 
inimical to — . 

^limentum, i, n. (alo), § 102, 4, 
nourishment, nutriment, susti- 
nence, food. 

^lid, adr>. (alius), to another place, 
thing, or person, elsewhere. 

Mioquin, ^ Alioqui, adv. (aliiis 4' 
quia), otherwise, in other re- 
spects, else, if not. 

Aliquandiii, adv. (aliquis 8^ diu), 
for some time. 

Aliquando, adv. (alius <^" guandu), 
at some time, once, sometimes; 
formerly ; at length. 

Aliquantulu7n, adv. (aliquardu- 
lus, a little), a little; a very 
little. 

Miquantus, a, uvi, adj. (alius t^' 
quantus)., some, somewhat. Ali- 
quanto, abl. somewhat, some, a 
little. 

Aliquis., qua, quod Sf quid., gen. 
alicujus,iiidef. pro. § 138, (alius 
^ quis), some, somebody, some 
one, something; any. 

Aliquot, ind. adj. pi. (alius S^ quot, 
how many), some, several, some 
certain, a few, not many. 

Aliquoties, adv. (aliquot), several 
times, certain times, on different 
occasions. 

AlUer, adv., in a different manner, 
otherwise, in another way, else : 
from 

Alius, a, ud, adj., gen. alius, § 107, 
another, other; any other, di- 
verse, different, else ; a<ius — 
alius, one — another, § 207, R. 
32. J^on a'iud, no other. Alius 
quam, other than, any other 
than, any except. JVeqiie aliud 



— quam ut, nothing else — 

than — . 
Ablatus, a, um, part, (affero). 
Allia, cB, /., Allia, noto Rio di 

Mosso, a branch of the Tiber : 

11.21. 
Allicio, ere, lexi, lectum, a. (ad fy 

vbs. lucio, to allure), to attract, 

invite, allure, entice, decoy. 
A liensis, e, adj. (Allia), Allian, of 

or belonging to the River Allia. 

Dits Alliens's, the day of the 

battle of Allia. 
Alligo, are, avi, dtum, a. (ad <^ 

ligo, to bind), to bind, tie, fasten, 

join, unite, fig-, to shackle, 

impede, hinder. 
AUocfdus, a, uin, part. : from, 
AUoquor, i, cut us sum, dep. (ad. 8/- 

loquor, to speak), to speak to, 

address, accost. 
Alo, alere, ahii, alitum or altum, 

a., to nourish, cherish, feed, sup- 
port, keep, maintain, strengthen, 

increase. 
Alpes, ium,f. pL, the Alps, a range 

of high mountains, separating 

Italy from Gaul and Germany : 

V. 11. 
Altar c, is, n., an altar. 
Alte, adv.,altius, altissime, (alius), 

on high, higli, highly, deeply. 
Alter, era, erum, adj., gen. alterius, 

§ 107, one of two, the other; 

one or the other, the second, 

§ 120, 1. Alter — alter, the one 

— the other. 
A'tercor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (alter), 

to altercate, dispute, contend, 

debate, wrangle. 
Ahitudo, inis, f (alius), height, 

depth, loftiness. 
Altiuscidus, a, um, adj. (alitor), 

somewhat high, rather high. 
Altum, i, n., the sea, the deep; 
from 



130 



ALTUS— AMPUTO. 



Altus^ a, wm, adj.,altioi-, altissimus ; 
high, tall, lofty, deep. Fig.^ 
lofty, elevated, exalted. 

Mveus, i, VI. J the channel or bed 
of a river; a trench, trough; 
the hull, body, or hold of a ship ; 
a boat, skiff, bark ; a gaming- 
board. 

Amabilis, e, adj. (amo)., worthy of 
being loved, lovely, desirable, 
amiable. 

Emails., tis, part. 4'' (idj.., ior., issi- 
mus, (amo), loving, fond of, at- 
tached to. 

,9mbio, ire, ii, ituni^a. (amb, § 196, 
11 & 12, (^ eo), to go round, 
surround, encompass, invest; to 
solicit votes, canvass ; to seek 
or sue for one's favor ; to en- 
deavor to gain, sue, or seek after. 

Ambitio, onis, f. (avibio), a going 
round, a soliciting or canvassing 
for office, an eager desire of 
honor, power, &c., ambition. 

Ambo, <E, o, adj. j)l. § 118, 1 , both. 

Ambulatio, 6nis,f., a walking; a 
walk, place to walk in, piazza: 
from 

Ambulo., are, dvi, aifww, w.,to walk, 
walk along, go afoot, go a walk- 
ing, take a walk. 

Ambustus, i, m. (ambustus, burnt), 
Ambustus, a Roman cognomen 
in the Fabian gens. Q. Fabius 
Ambustus, a consul, A. U. 343 : 
III. 1. 

Amens, entis, adj. (a S/- mens), out of 
one's mind or wits, beside one's 
self, foolish, silly, distracted. 

Amentum, i, n., a strap or thong, 
used in throwing javelins and 
other missile weapons. 

Amich, adv. {amicus), in a friendly 
manner, amicably, cordially, 
kindly. Parum amice vivere, 
to live on no very friendly terras. 



turn, a., to cover, 



Am,lcio, ire, 

clothe, dress. 

Amicitia, CB, f. (amicus), friendship, 
amity ; an alliance. 

Amictus, a, um,part. (amicio). 

Amicus, a, um, adj. (amo), friendly, 
kind, cordial, benevolent. Ami- 
cus, i, ra., a friend, an ally. 

Amissus, a, um, part., lost. Amis- 
so Sacramento, — annulled, no 
longer valid : from. 

Amitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (a ^ 
mitto), to send away, dismiss, 
let go; to lose, throw away. 

Amnis, is,m., a river, stream. 

Amo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to love, be 
fond of, delight in. 

Arncenus, a, um, adj. (amo), pleas- 
ant, delightful, charming, 
sv/eet. 

Amor, oris, m. (amo), love, desire, 
affection, passion. 

Amoveo, ere, dvi, dtum, a. (a ^ 
moveo), to remove, take away, 
withdrav/. 

Amplt, adv., a,mplius, ampliss\me, 
(amplus), amply, largely, pro- 
fusely, richly. 

Amplector, i, xus sum, dep. (am <^ 
plecto), to embrace, encircle, sur- 
round, clasp. Fig., to love, 
cherish. 

Amplexus, a, um, part, (amplector). 

Ampiitudo, mis, f (amplus), am- 
plitude, greatness, largeness. 
Fig., dignity, grandeur, excel- 
lence, distinction. 

Amplius, adv. (comp. of ampU,) 
more, further, longer, 

Amplus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus ; 
large, spacious, ample, great, 
extensive. Fig., splendid, mag- 
nificent, glorious ; amplior, great- 
er, larger. JVihil amplius, noth- 
ing more. 

Amputo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (am 4^ 



AMULIUS— ANTECEDO. 



131 



puto), to cut or lop oft', prune, 
amputate. 

Amulius, i, m., Am alius, son of 
Proca, king of Alba, and brother 
of Numitor : I. 1 & 3. 

A/i, adv. i^- conj., in indirect ques- 
tions, whether; in direct ques- 
tions it is not translated. 

Anceps, ancipitis, adj. § 111, {am 
^ capvt, § llJi), having two 
heads, double, twofold ; doubt- 
ful, uncertain, dubious, irreso- 
lute. 

Anclle^ is^ n., a small oval shield 
carried by the priests of Mars, 

Ajicilla, CB,f, a. maid-servant, a fe- 
male slave. 

Jlncus., i, m., Ancus. See Marcius. 

yingo, ere, xiy a., to stifle, choke, 
strangle. Fig., to tease, vex, 
trouble, torment, harass, disturb. 

Anguis, is, m. <^/.,a snake, serpent. 

Angidus, i, m., an angle, corner, 
nook. 

Angnstia, ce, «^ Angustice, drum, 
f. (angustus, narrow , narrow- 
ness; in the pi., a narrow place, 
defile. 

Anima, (B,f., air, breath ; the liv- 
ing principle, life; the soul, 
spirit. 

Animadverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (ani- 
mus ^ adverto), to take heed, 
attend to, observe, notice, per- 
ceive. Animadvertere in ali- 
quem, to punish, inflict punish- 
ment upon. Animadvcrtitur, 
pass, imp., punishment is in- 
flicted. 

Animal, dlis, n. {anima), a living 
creature, an animal. 

Animus, i, m., wind, breath; the 
mind, soul, intellect ; pi., cour- 
age, spirit ; anger ; purpose, de- 
sign. JVobis in animo est, we 
design, intend, it is our purpose ; 



— inclination, disposition, affec- 
tion, feeling, regard. Bonum 
animum habere, to be of good 
cheer. 

Anio, enis, m.,the Anio, a river of 
the Sabine territory, emptying 
into the Tiber, about three miles 
from Rome : III. 3. 

Anndlis, e, adj. (annus), of a year, 
lasting a year. 

Anniversarius. a, um, adj. (annus 
4^ verto), anniversary, returning 
yearly, yearly, annual. 

Annona, (b, f. (annus), the year's 
increase ; provisions. Annona 
gravi, provisions being scarce 
or dear. 

Annulus, i, m. (annus), a ring for 
the finger, finger-ring. 

Annuo, ere, ui, n. cy" a. (ad Sf" nuo, 
to nod), to give consent by a 
nod, to approve, allow, permit, 
grant ; to promise,consent, agree. 

Annus, i, m., a year ; the year. 
Ante annos, before the prescribed 
time, i. e., before the age at which 
one might legally be a candidate 
for office; see Consul. 

Annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), last- 
ing a year, recurring every year, 
yearly, annual. 

Anser, eris, m., a goose, gander. 

Ante, prep. 7cith the ace, before, 
previous to ; opposite to. With 
persons, in a comparison, more 
than, superior to. 

Antd, adv., before, formerly, previ- 
ously. Longe ante, multo ante, 
long before. 

Antea, adv. (ante <^ is), before, 
aforetime, previously, formerly, 
heretofore. 

Antecedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. ^ a. 
(ante ^ cedo), to go before, pre- 
cede. Fig., to surpass, outdo, 
exceed, excel 



132 



ANTEEO-APPELLO. 



Jlnteeo, ire,ii, irr. a. (anteS^'-eo), to 
go before, precede, take the lead. 
Fig., to surpass, outstrip, excel. 

Jlntapono, ere, posui, positurn, a. 
(ante <^ pono), to set before, to 
prefer. 

^ntequam, adv. (ante 4-' quarn), 
§ 263, 3, before, before that. 

Antidotum., i, n., an antidote, pre- 
servative against poison. 

Antiochus., i, m., Antiochus, the 
name of many kings of Syria. 
Antiochus Magnus, Antiochus 
the Great, was conquered by 
Scipio Asiaticus : V. 32. Anti- 
ochus Epiphanes, Antiochus the 
Illustrious, son of Antiochus the 
Great, at the order of the Roman 
senate, relinquished the war with 
Ptolemy, and departed from 
Egypt : VI. 30, 31. Antiochvs, 
a Platonic philosopher, born at 
Ascalon, in Palestine : IX. 21. 

Antlquus, a, um, adj. (ante), old, 
ancient. 

Antistes, itis, m. Sff., a president; 
a chief priest, high priest ; a 
priest. 

Antonius, i, m., Antonius oi- An- 
tony, a Roman name. M. Anto- 
nius, Marcus Antonius, or Maik 
Antony, a Roman, who, with 
Augustus and Lepidus, consti- 
tuted the second triumvirate, and 
by whose order Cicero was put 
to death : IX. 10. 

Anus, us,f., an old woman. 

Anzius, a, um, adj. (ango), anx- 
ious, disquieted, vexed, troubled, 
uneasy, solicitous. 

Apenninus, i, m., the Apennines, 
a range of mountains extending 
from the Alps to the southern 
extremity of Italy. 

Aper, apri, m., a wild boar, a boar. 

Aperio, ire, erui, ertum, a. (ad <^ 



pario), to open, set open, uii- 
cover, unveil; to display, dis- 
cover, show, disclose. 

Aperte, adv., openly, clearly, dis- 
tinctly, manifestly, plainly, pub- 
licly : from 

Apertus, a, um, part. (^ adj. (ape- 
no), open, standing open. Fig., 
clear, manifest, evident, open. 

Aperui. See Aperio. 

Aj)ollo, mis, m., Apollo, the god of 
archery, augury, medicine, mu- 
sic, and poetry ; son of Jupiter 
and Latona : II. 1. 

Apollonia, CB, f., Apollonia, the 
name of a town in Macedonia : 
IX. 30. 

Apollonius, i, vi., Apollonius or 
Apollonius Molo, a rhetorician 
of Rhodes, born at Alabanda, a 
town of Caria, in Asia Minor : 
IX. 5. 

Apparatus, us, m. (appdro, to pre- 
pare), a preparing, preparation; 
provision, equipment, equipage, 
furniture, apparatus; splendor, 
magnificence. 

Appdreo, ere, ui, n. {ad 8f pareo), 
to appear ; to be certain, evident, 
clear, or manifest. Imp., it ap- 
pears, is evident, &c. 

Apparitor, oris, m. (appareo), a 
beadle, sergeant, marshal ; an 
attendant on a superior officer 
or magistrate. 

AppeUatio, 6nis,f., naming, calling 
by name or title ; a name, ap- 
pellation ; an appealing, appeal : 
from 

Appello, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
pello, are, ohs., to speak), to call, 
name, term, entitle ; to address, 
accost ; to accuse ; to appeal. 

Appello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {ad^ 
pello, ere), to drive to or towards ; 
to steer, direct. 



APPENDO— ARCTE. 



133 



Appendo^ ere^ di., sum^ a. {ad ^- pen- 
do)^ to suspend to, to weigh. 

Jlppensus, «, M/ra, part, (appendo). 

^ppeto, ere, Ivi, itum, a. (ad <^ pe- 
to), to try to get or obtain, seek, 
strive for, aim at, desire eagerly, 
covet; to approach ; to attack. 

Appius, 2, ?n., Appius, a Roman 
prEenomen. 

Applaudo, ere, si, sum, a. ^ n. (ad 
S/- plaudo, to clap), to applaud, 
clap. 

AppUco, are, dvi, dtum, or ui,itum, 
a. (ad ^ plica, to intertwine), to 
apply, bring near or in contact 
with, attach, unite ; to direct, 
steer. 

Appdno, ere, osui, osUmn, a. (ad ^ 
pane), to place near, apply to, 
attach, unite ; to reckon, to 
consider ) to serve up or set 
before. 

Apporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad &/• 
porta), to bring or carry to, con- 
duct, convey; to bring news, 
announce. 

Apprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (ad ^ 
prehendo), to catch or lay hold 
of, take, seize. Fig., to learn, 
perceive, understand. 

AppreJmisus, a, urn, part, (appre- 



Apprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 

(ad 4^ premo), to press, bring 

near to. 
Approbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad Sf 

probo), to approve, commend, 

applaud; to prove, demonstrate. 
Appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ad 

^ propinquo, to approach), to 

draw nigh, approach. 
Aprllis, is, m. (aperio), the month 

of April. 
Apth, adv., closely; fitly, aptly, 

suitably, properly, conveniently : 

from 

12 



Aptus, a, um, adj., aptior, aptis^- 
mus ; adapted, suitable, fit. 

Apud, prep, with the ace, at, close 
by, near; with, among, in, be- 
fore, by ; at or in the house of. 
Apud Pyrrhum legatus, at the 
court of . 

Apulia, «,/., Apulia, a country of 
Lower Italy, bordering upon the 
Adriatic Sea: III. 11. 

Aqua, (B,f., water. 

Aquila, cB,f.,a.n eagle; the banner 
of the Roman legion. 

Aquilifer, eri, m. (aquila 8/- fero), 
a standard-bearer ; the chief 
standard-bearer of the Roman 
legion. 

Ara, «,/., an altar. 

Arbiter, tri, m., an arbitrator, um- 
pire, judge; a witness. 

Arbitrium, i, n. (arbiter), the sen- 
tence of an arbitrator, award, 
determination, decision, judg- 
ment, will, pleasure. 

Arbitror, dri, dtus sum, (arbiter)^ 
to observe, watch ; to think, 
judge, consider. 

Arbor Sf Arbos, oris, f., a tree ; a 
mast. 

Area, «,/., a chest, coffer, desk. 

Arceo, ere, ui, a., to keep or ward 
off, remove, drive away, restrain, . 
hinder, prevent. 

Arcesso, ere, ivi, itum, a., to call, 
send for, invite, summon; to 
summon to a court of justice, 
accuse. 

Archimedes, is, m., Archimedes, 
a famous mathematician of Syr- 
acuse : V. 15. 

Architectus, i, m., a builder, archi- 
tect. Fig., an author, inventor, 
contriver. 

Arct^, adv., arctius, arctissim^f 
(arctus, close), straitly, closely, 
strictly, tightly. Arete et grav- 



134 



ARCUS-ARX. 



iter dormire, — soundly and pro- 
foundly. 

Jircus, us, m. § 89, R. 5, a bow ; 
an arch, vault. 

Ardea, ce,f., Ardea, a city of Lati- 
um, the capital of the E-utuli- 
ans : I. 26. 

Ardens, Gntis,part. <^ adj., ior, issi- 
mus, (ardeo), on fire, hot, burn- 
ing. Fig'i eager, ardent, impa- 
tient. 

ArdenteTy adv. (ardens), hotly, ar- 
dently, keenly ; earnestly, ea- 
gerly. 

Ardeo, ere, si, surriy n., to burn, be 
on fire ; to be eager, impatient. 

Ardor, oris, m. (ar^Zeo), heat, burn- 
ing heat ; eagerness, impatience, 
fervor, ardor, heat, fury. 

Arena, (Z,f. (areo, to be dry), sand, 
gravel; the sea-shore, coast; 
that part of the amphitheatre 
where the gladiators fought, 
which was covered with sand 
to prevent their slipping, the 
arena. 

Argentaria, cb, f. {argentarius, re- 
lating to silver) , a banking-house, 
bank. Argcntariam facer e, to 
exercise the profession of a 
banker. 

Argenteus, a, um, adj., of silver, 
bright as silver : from 

Argentum, i, n., silver, silver- 
money. 

Argivus, a, um, adj., Argive, be- 
longing to Argos. Argiviyorwn, 
m. pl.y inhabitants of Argos; 
Grecians : from, 

Argos, n., found only in the nom. 
and ace. in the sing. Argi, orum, 
m.pl., Argos, a city of Pelopon- 
nesus : III. 25. 

Arguo, ere, ui, utum, a., to show, 
demonstrate, prove; to accuse, 
impeach, blame, reprove. 



AriduSy a,, um, adj. {areo, to be 
dry), dry, parched, thirsty, arid ; 
meagre, poor. 

Arma, drum, n. pi. , warlike arms, 
offensive and defensive, weap- 
ons, arms, armor. Esse in ar- 
mis, to be in arms, — at war. 
Fig., war ; armed troops. 

Armamentarium, i, n. (armamenta, 
implements), an arsenal, armo- 
ry, magazine, 

Armdtus, a, um, part, {armo), 
armed. Armdti, orum, m. pL, 
armed men. 

Armenia, cb, f, Armenia, a coun- 
try of Asia, between the moun- 
tains Taurus and Caucasus : 
VIII. 10, 

Armilluy a:, /, (armus, the shoul- 
der), a bracelet or ripg worn on 
the left arm by soldiers who 
had distinguished themselves in 
battle. 

Armo,, are, dvi, dtum, a. (arma), to 
arm, equip ; to excite to arms. 

Aro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (^ n., to 
plough ; to till, cultivate. 

Arpinum, ^, n., now Arpino, a 
town of Latium., where Plau- 
tus, Cicero, and Marius were 
born : IX. 20. 

Arripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (ad 
^ rapio), to take by force, seize. 

Ars, artis,f, an art, faculty, qual- 
ity ; talent ; contrivance, skill, 
ability ; art, stratagem, cunning; 
a trade, profession, employment, 
pursuit ; a method, way, or mean. 

Artifex^ icis, m. 4"/. (ars ^ facia), 
an artificer, artist. 

Artus, {is, m. § 89, R. 5, a joint j 
jaZ., joints; the limbs. 

Aruns, untis, m., Aruns, son of 
Tarquin, the last king of Rome ; 
II. 3. 

Arz, arcisj /., a lofty place ; the 



AS— ATQUI. 



135 



lop of a hill 5 a castle, fortress, 
citadel ; the citadel of Rome, on 
the Capitoline Mount. 

jIs, assis^ r«., a pound weight, or 
any thing that may be divided 
into twelve parts ; an as, a Ro- 
man coin of the value of nearly 
one and a half cents, a penny. 

Ascendo, ere, di, sunn, a. (ad 8/" 
scando, to climb), to ascend, 
mount, climb. 

Ascrlbo, ere, psi, ptum, a. {ad 8f 
scribo), to add to a writing; to 
enrol, register ; to attribute, im- 
pute, ascribe. 

Asia, (B, /., Asia, one of the thrse 
great divisions of the earth, as 
known to the ancients : I. 23. 
In a more limited sense, Asia 
Minor. 

Asinticus, a, um, adj., Asiatic. 
Sabs., Asiaticus, i, m., Asiaticus, 
an agnomen of L. Scipio. 

Asper, era, erum, adj., rough, rug- 
ged, uneven, harsh. 

Asperltas, dtis, f. {asper), rough- 
ness, rviggedness, unevenness, 
harshness, roughness of man- 
ners, asperity, severity. 

Aspernor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {ad (^' 
sperno), to reject, avoid, spurn, 
refuse ; to slight, despise, dis- 
dain, scorn. 

Asplcio, ere, ezi, ectum, a. <^ n. {ad 
^ specio, ohs.), to look at, be- 
hold, see. 

Aspis, idis, /., an asp, a small 
venomous serpent. 

Assecutus, a,^uv}, part, {assequor). 

Assentatio, onis, f. (assentor, to 
flatter), assenting ; flattery, adu- 
lation, compliment. 

Assequor, qui, cutus sum, dep. {ad 
(^- sequor), to overtake, reach; 
to gain, obtain, procure. 

Assideo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. {ad 



to sit near or by, en- 
camp near, sit ; to attend to, 
devote one's self to. 

no, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
signo), to assign, appoint, allot, 
distribute, bestow ; to impute, 
attribute, ascribe. 

Assimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ad ^ 
simulo), to feign, pretend, dis- 
semble, counterfeit. 

Assuefdcio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
{assuesco, to be accustomed, <^ 
facio), to accustom, habituate, 
inure. 

Assumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. {ad ^ 
sumo), to take, assume, adopt; 
to claim, arrogate. 

Assumptus, a, um, part, {assumo). 

Assurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. {ad 8/- surgo), to rise, rise up ; 
to ascend, grow, increase. 

Asto, are, astiti, n. {ad <^ sto), to 
stand by or near, stand ; to be 
present. 

Astutia, (B, f. {astutus, shrewd), 
craftiness, knavery, cunning. 

Asylum, i, n., an asylum, sanc- 
tuary, place of refuge. 

At, conj. § 198, 4, but, yet 

AthencB, drum, f. pi., Athens, the 
capital of Attica, and most cele- 
brated city of Greece : III. 21. 

Athenienses, ium, m. pi. {Atkerus), 
the Athenians. 

Athesis, is, m. § 79, 1, the Adige, 
a river of Italy, rising in the 
Alps, and emptying into the 
Gulf of Venice : VII. 34. 

Atilius, i, m., Atilius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Atiliau 
gens. M. Atilius, a youth put 
to death by Octavius Cesar : 
IX. 32. 

Atque, conj. § 198, R. 1, and; but, 

Atqui, conj., but, but yet, and yet, 
however. 



136 



ATRIUM— AULA. 



Atrium^ i, n., a court-yard, court, 
hall, an oblong square surround- 
ed with galleries. 

Atrox, ocis, adj.^ savage, atrocious, 
barbarous, cruel, fierce, harsh, 
terrible, horrible. 

Attains, i, m., Attalus, a king of 
Pergamos : VI. 4. 

Attendo, ere, di, turn, a. {ad 8^ 
tendo), to stretch, extend ; to 
attend or give heed to, mind. 

Attentt,adv., attentius, attentissimt, 
(attentus, attentive), attentively, 
diligently, carefully. 

Atticus, a, um, adj., Attic, Athe- 
nian. 

Attmgo, ere, tigi, tactum, a. (ad <^ 
tango, to touch), to touch, come 
in contact with ; to reach, ar- 
rive at, attain ; to touch or treat 
lightly upon. 

Altomtus, a, um, part. <^ O'dj., 
amazed, thunderstruck; alarmed, 
aghast : from 

Attono, are, ui, itum, a. {ad «^ tono, 
to thunder), to astonish, amaze, 
alarm. 

Attractus, a, um, part. : from 

Attraho, ere, xi, ctum, a. {ad Sf 
trako), to draw towards, draw, 
attract ; to draw together, collect. 

Attidi. See Affero. 

Attus, i, m., Attus Navius, an au- 
gur in the days of Tarquinius 
Priscus : I. 20. 

Auctor, oris, m. <^ /. {augeo), an 
author, contriver, maker, cause ; 
an adviser, instigator. Auctor 
esse, to be an adviser, to advise. 

Auctor itas, dtis, f {auctor), au- 
thority, dominion, power ; influ- 
ence, weight, interest, reputa- 
tion, force. 

Auctus, a, um, part. 8/- adj. {augeo), 
enlarged, increased, augmented ; 
improved. 



Aucupium, i, n. (auceps, a bird- 
catcher), bird-catching, fowling. 

Audacia, a, f. {audax), boldness, 
courage, intrepidity; audacity, 
impudence, presumption. 

AudacUer, adv., boldly, confident- 
ly, courageously : from 

Audax, dels, adj., bold, resolute, 
courageous, daring, audacious : 
from 

Audeo, ere, aus^is sum, n. pass. 
§ 142, R, 2, to dare, attempt, 
presume, eodeavor, undertake. 

Audio, Ire, ivi, itum, a., to hear, 
hearken, give ear, listen to; to 
regard, obey. 

Audltvs, a, um, part, {audio). 

Aufero, ferre, abstuli, ahldtum, irr. 
a. {ah Sf fero), to take away, 
carry off, remove, bear away ; 
to gain, obtain, receive. 

Avfiigio, ere,fugi, n. {ab Sffugio)^ 
to flee or run away. 

Augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, a. S^n., 
to increase, augment, enlarge ; 
to heighten, exalt; to advance, 
promote; to grow, increase. 

Augur, uris, m., an augur, sooth- 
sayer, diviner, one who professes 
to foretell events by the flying, 
singing, &c., of birds. 

Augurium, i, n. {augur), an au- 
gury, divination by the flight, 
singing, &c., of birds; a pre- 
diction. 

Augustus, a, um,adj., tor, issimus ; 
august, venerable, great, ma- 
jestic. 

Augustus, i, TO., August, the sixth 
month among the Romans : from 

Augustus, i, m., Augustus, or the 
August, a title of honor first 
conferred by the senate upon 
Octavius Cesar, and adopted by 
succeeding emperors. 

Aula, ffi,/-, a hall, court-yard, 



AUL^UM— BELLICUM. 



137 



^ulccum, i, 71., tapestry, hangings, 
arras. 

Aulus^ z, m., Aulus, a Roman prce- 
nomen. 

Aurahis, «, M7W, adj. (aurum), gilt 
or gilded. 

Aureus., a, um., adj. (aurum), of 
gold, golden; precious. 

Auris, is,f., an ear. 

Aurum, z, n., gold ; money. 

Ausim., it., def. verb. § 183, R. 1, I 
dare. 

Auspicium, z, 7i. (auspex, a diviner), 
a consulting of the auspices, 
divination by observing the ac- 
tions of birds ; auspicia, pi.., the 
auspices, omens. 

Ausus, a, wm, part, (audeo). 

Aut^conj., or; aut — awf, either — or. 

Autem, conj., but, yet, neverthe- 
less, however, § 279, 3. 

Auxi. See Augeo. 

Auxilior., dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
assist, help, aid, succor : from 

Auxilium., i, n. (augeo), assistance, 
aid, help, succor. Alicui auxilio 
venire, to come to one's assist- 
ance, § 227. 

Avaritia, ce, /., avarice, covetous- 
ness : from 

Avdrus, a, um, adj. (aveo), ava- 
ricious, covetous. 

Ave, aveto, n. def. § 183, 8, hail ! 

Avello, ere, li or avuisi, avulsum, 
a. (ab Sf vello), to pull or tear 
diwaj, to pluck off, separate, 
sever. 

Aventinus, i, rw., Mount Aventine, 
one of the seven hills of Rome : 
II. 19. 

Svro, ere, n., to desire earnestly, 
long for, covet, wish. 

.Iversor, art, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
(averto), to turn aside, turn from 
in disgust, refuse, decline, shun, 
abhor, avoid. 

12* 



Aversus, a, um, part, c^ adj., turned 
away, opposite. Fig., averse, 
contrary, hostile : from 

Averto, ere, ti, sum, a. (abS^verto), 
to turn away, avert, withdraw, 
remove, divert, alienate ; to em- 
bezzle. 

Avide, adv., eagerly, earnestly: 
from 

Avidus, a, um, adj., ior, issi7nus, 
(aveo), eager, earnest, desirous, 
greedy, ardent in the pursuit of. 

Avis, is,f., a bird, fowl. 

Avoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (a <^ voco)^ 
to call off or away, call aside, 
divert, withdraw. 

Avulsus., a, um, part, (avello). 

Avunculus, i, m. dim., a maternal 
uncle ; mother's brother. Avun- 
culus major, <^ avunculus, a 
grandmother's brother, great un- 
cle. 

Avus, i, m., a grandfather ; an an- 
cestor. 



B. 



Baculus, i, m., a staff, stick, cane. 

Bagrdda, «,/-, Bagrada,a river of 
Numidia, in Africa: IV. 8. 

BaUista, (B,f., a ballista, a warlike 
engine, for hurling stones or 
darts. 

Balneum, i, n., a bath. 

Barba, (B,f., a beard. 

Barbdrus, a, um,, adj., barbarian, 
barbaric, not Greek nor Roman., 
foreign ; wild, savage, barba- 
rous, rude, uncivilized. Barbd- 
ri, drum, m. pi., barbarians. 

Bedtus, a, um, adj. (beo, to bless), 
happy, blessed. 

Bellicosus, a, um., adj. (bellum)^ 
warlike, valorous. 

BelUcum, i, n. (bellum), the signal 
for battle. Bellicum canere or 



^38 



BELLICUS— BRUTUS. 



■ sonare, to give the signal for 
battle, sound the charge, play or 
perform martial music. 

Bdlicus, a, um, adj. (bellum)., of 
07- relating to war; warlike, 
martial . 

Bello^ dre^ dvi, dtum^ n. (bellum), 
to war, wage or carry on war. 

Bellva, ce,f., a beast, brute. 

Bellum, i, n., a war; war; a bat- 
tle, engagement. 

Bene, adv., melius, optimh ; success- 
fully ; favorably, well. 

Benefdcio, ere, eci, actum, n. (bene 
S^ facio), to do good, benefit, 
confer a favor. 

Benejicium, i, n. (benefacio), a 
kindness, benefit, favor. 

Benevolentia, ce, f. (benevolus, be- 
nevolent), benevolence, good- 
will, kindness, favor, sincere 
regard. 

Benign^, adv. (benignus), kindly, 
courteously, liberally, freely. 

Benigriitas, dtis, f., kindness, lib- 
erality, bounty, benignity, cour- 
tesy : from 

Benignus, a, um, adj., kind, lib- 
eral, obliging, generous ; plen- 
tiful, abundant, copious ; fertile, 
fruitful; courteous, gracious, 
flattering. 

.Bibo, ere, hibi, bibitum, a., to drink, 
quaff; to imbibe, drink in. 

Bibulus, i, m. {hihulvs, satiated 
with drink), Bibulus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Calpurnian 
gens. M. Calpurnius Bibulus, 
consul with Julius Cesar, A. U. 
693 : IX. 7. 

Biduum, i, n. (bis ^ dies), the 
space of two days. 

Bini, (B, a, adj. pi. § 119, III., two 
by two, two, double ; two each. 

Bis, num. adv. § 119, twice. 

Bithynia, ce, /., Bithynia, a coun- 



try of Asia Mmor, bordering 
upon the Euxine : VI. 20. 

Blanditia, ce, f. (blandus, courte- 
ous), a complimenting, caress- 
ing, flattering ; compliments, 
flattery. 

Blosius, i, m., Blosius, a friend of 
Tiberius Gracchus : VII. 13. 

Bocchus, i, m., a king of the Getu- 
lians : VII. 32. 

Bonvm, i, n., a good thing, benefit, 
advantage. Bona, drum, pi., 
goods, property, effects : from 

Bonus, a, um, adj., melior, optimus ; 
§ 125, 5, good, excellent; brave, 
gallant ; valuable, precious ; use- 
ful; virtuous, worthy ; friendly ; 
true, steadfast. 

Bos, bovis, m. ^f. § 83, R. 1, and 
§ 84, Exc. 1, an ox or cow. 

Brachium, i, n., the arm. 

Brevis, e, adj., ior, issimus ; short, 
brief. Brevi, abl., shortly, in a 
short time. 

Brevitas, dtis,f. (fcrm^), shortness, 
brevity. 

Breviter, adv. (brevis), shortly, 
briefly, in brief, in a word. 

Britannus, a, um, adj. (^Britannia, 
Britain), British. Briianni, drum, 
m. pi., Britons, the British. 

Bruma, «, /., the winter solstice, 
midwinter, winter. 

Brundisium, i, n., noic Brindisi, a 
town in the southern part of It- 
aly, on the Adriatic : IX. 9. 

Brutus, i, m., Brutus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Junian gens. 
L. Junius Brutus, the first Ro- 
man consul : II. 1 — 3. M. Ju- 
nius Brutus, a celebrated Ro- 
man, and one of the conspirators 
against Cesar : IX. 27. D.Ju- 
nius Brutus, one of the conspir- 
ators against Cesar : IX. 30 : 
from 



BRUTUS— CALVITIUM. 



1^9 



Brutus, a,um,adj., brutish, stupid, 
dull. 

Buhulus^ a, WTO, adj. (bos), of or 
belonging to an ox or cow. 

Bulluy <E, / , a bubble ; an orna- 
ment of the shape of a heart, 
suspended from the neck of 
children until they were seven- 
teen years old. 

c. 

C, an abbreviation of the prceno- 
men Caius. 

Cadaver, eris, n., a corpse, carcass, 
dead body : from 

Cado, ere, cecidi, casum, n., to fall ; 
to fall in battle, be slain, perish ; 
to fall out, happen, occur, chance. 

Caducedtor, oris, m. {caduceiis, a 
herald's staff), a herald, ambas- 
sador, envoy ; one sent to treat 
of peace. 

CcBcilius, i,m., Cascilius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Csecilian 
gens. 

Ccecus, a, urn, adj., blind. 

CoEciis, i, m. (ccecus, a,um), Caecus, 
a Roman cognomen in the Clau- 
dian gens. Appius Claudius Cce- 
cus, a Roman consul, A. U. 446 
and 456: III. 18. 

Ccedes, is,f., a cutting, wounding; 
murder, slaughter, massacre, 
carnage : from 

Ccedo, ere, cecidi, ccesum, a., to cut, 
cut down -, to strike, beat ; to kill , 
slay, slaughter, destroy. Ccede- 
re virgis, to scourge. 

Ccesar, a Roman cognomen in the 
Julian gens. 

CcEsar, dris, m., C. Julius Ccesar, 
a member of the first triumvirate 
at Rome, who, after the conquest 
of Gaul, overthrew the common- 
wealth, and became the first Ro- 



man emperor : IX. 4. Augustus 
Octavius CcEsar, the nephew of 
Julius Cesar, and second empe- 
ror of Rome : IX. 30. 

CcEsaries, ei,f. (ccedo), hair. 

CcBsus, a, um, part, (ccedo), cut ; 
cut off, slaughtered, destroyed, 
slain. 

Caius, i, m., Caius, a Roman prm- 
nomen. 

Calamitas, dtis, f., calamity, mis- 
hap, misfortune, disaster, loss, 
injury, damage. 

Calatlnus, i, m. (Calatlnus, belong- 
ing to Calatia, a town in Cam- 
pania), Calatlnus, a Roman cog- 
nomen in the Atilian gens. A. 
Atilius Calatinus, a Roman con- 
sul, A. U. 494: IV. 4— 6. 

Calcar, dris, n. (calx, the heel), a 
spur. 

Calceamentum, i, n. (calceo, to 
shoe), a sandal, shoe. 

Calendce,drum,f.pl.(caIo, to call), 
§ 326, the calends, the first day 
of the month. 

Calcsco, ere, n. inc. (caled), to grow 
hot or warm. 

Calidh, adv. (caUdus, warm), 
warmly, actively. 

Caligo, inis,f, darkness, obscuri- 
ty ; cloudiness, mistiness ; a 
mist, a fog. Dare caliginem, 
to cause darkness. 

Callide, adv., skilfully, cunningly, 
expertly, craftily, shrewdly : 
from 

Callidus, a, um, adj. (callum, cal- 
lus), skilful, tried, experienced; 
shrewd, crafty, cunning. 

Calpurnius, i, m., Calpurnius, a 
Roman name, belonging to the 
Calpurnian gens. M. Calpur- 
nius, a tribune, A. U. 494 : IV. 
4—6. 

Calvitium, i,n., baldness : from 



140 



CALVUS— CAPTO. 



Calvus, a, wm, adj., bald. 

Camillus, i, m., Camillus, a Roman 
cognomen, in the Furian gens. 
M. Furius Caynillus, a Roman 
dictator, A. U. 359 : II. 20—24. 

Campania, a,f., Campania, a fer- 
tile country of Italy, the capital 
of which was Capua: III. 15. 

Campdnus,a,um,adj. (Campania), 
Campanian. 

Campester, tris, tre, adj. {campus, 
a field), of or belonging to a 
plain or field, level, flat, cham- 
pain. Exercitationes campes- 
tres, exercises in the Campus 
Martins, a public place at Rome. 

Candiddtus, a, um, adj., clothed in 
white. Candiddtus, i, m., a can- 
didate, competitor, candidate for 
office. Candidates were so called 
from their being clothed in a ichite 
toga. 

Candldus, a, um, adj. (candeo, to 
glow), white, bright, shiny, clear, 
lucid ; candid, open, frank, sin- 
cere. 

Caninius, i, m., a Roman name. 
C. Caninius, a Roman consul. 
He was consul for part of a sin- 
gle day only : IX. 20. 

Canis, is, m. Sf f., a dog. 

Cannce., drum,f. pi., Cannae, a vil- 
lage of Apulia, near the River 
Aufidus : V. 8. 

Canncnsis, e, adj. {CantKE), of or 
belonging to Cannas. 

Canriius, i, m., Cannius. 

Cano, ere, cccini, cantum, n. Sf a., 
to sing, play upon a musical in- 
strument. Canere receptui, to 
give the signal for retreat, sound 
a retreat. 

Cantus, us, m. (cano,) the act of 
singing; melody, song. JVoc- 
tV4B cantus, the screeching of an 
owl. 



Canusium, i, n., now Canosa, a 
town of Apuha, near the Aufi- 
dus : V. 20. 

Capesso, ere, Ivi, Hum, a. intens. 
§ 187, II. 5, (capio), to take, 
seize, undertake, enter upon, 
take the management of. 

Capillus, i, m., a hair ; the hair of 
the head, the hair. 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a., to take, 
receive, adopt ; to choose, se- 
lect, make choice of; to hold, 
contain ; to seize, take posses- 
sion of, occupy, catch; to ac- 
quire, obtain ; to capture, take 
captive; to charm, captivate, al- 
lure, attract; to take in, cheat. 
Capere consilium, to form a de- 
sign or resolution ; — to receive, 
sustain, suffer. 

Capitdlis, e, adj. (caput), relating 
to the head or life; capital, 
deadly. 

Capitolinus, i, m., Capitolinus, a 
Roman cognomen in the Man- 
lian gens. M. Manlius Capito- 
linus, a Roman who saved the 
capitol from the Gauls: II. 23: 
from 

Copitolium, i.n. (caput), the Capi- 
tol, one of the seven hills of 
Rome ; the capitol or citadel, 
bvilt upon the Cupitoline Hill. 

Cappndoces, um, m. pi., the Cap- 
padocians, the inhabitants of 
Cappadocia, a country of Asia 
Minor. 

Capra, (b, f, Capra, a lake near 
Rome: 1.8. 

Captivus, a, um, adj. (capio), cap- 
tive, captured, enslaved, taken 
in war, or from the enemy. 

Captivus, i, m., a captive. 

Capto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
(capio), to catch at, strive to ob- 
tain, seek for, strive after, seek 



CAPTUS— CATILINA, 



141 



for solicitously, solicit; to take, 
seize. 

Captus,a, vm,part. (capio). 

Capua, (2,/., Capua, the principal 
city of Campania : V. 10. 

Capulus, i, tn. (capio), a hilt or 
handle. 

Caput, Ids, n., a head; a man, a 
person ; life ; source, origin ; the 
Capitol, chief city. 

Car bo, onis, m. (carlo, a coal), 
Carbo, a Roman cognomen in 
the Papirian gens. Cn. Papiri- 
us Carbo, a Roman who was 
three times consul, between A.U. 
632 and 667, and a general in 
the party of Marius ; put to 
death in his third consulship, 
by order of Pompey : VIII. 19. 

Carbonarius, a, um, adj. (carbo, a 
coal), pertaining to coals. J\c- 
gotium carbonarium, the coal 
trade, the trade of a collier. 

Career, eris, m., a prison, jail. 

Careo, ere, ui, n., to be without, be 
in want of, be destitute of, be 
free from, go without. 

Caritas, dtis, f. (car us), dearth, 
scarcity of provisions, dearness.^ 

Carmen, Inis, n. (cano), a song, a 
poem. 

Carnifex, ici^, m. (caro, flesh, 4'- 
fario), a hangman, executioner, 
torturer. 

Carpentum, i, n., a chariot, wagon, 
coach. 

Carpo, ere, psi, ptum, a., to gather, 
pull, pluck, cull, crop ; to har- 
ass, molest ; to cut off piece- 
meal. 

Carthaginiensis, e, adj., Cartha- 
ginian, belonging to Carthage. 
Carthaginienses, turn, m. pi., the 
Carthaginians : froin 

Carthago, Inis, f., Carthage, a 
maritime city of Africa, once 



the rival of Rome : IV. 3. Car- 
thago Nova, New Carthage, a 
city of Spain, noic Carthagena : 
V. 22. 

Carets, a, nm, adj., ior, issimus ; 
dear, precious, costly ; beloved, 
dear. 

Casa, cB,J^.,a. cottage, cabin, or hut, 
of turf, strav/, &c., a soldier's 
hut. 

Casilinales, um, m. pi., the inhab- 
itants of Casiliuum : V. 14 : 
from 

Casilinum, i, n., now Castelluccio, 
a town of Campania: V. 12. 

Casilinus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to Casilinum. 

Cassias, i, m., Cassius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Cassian 
gBns. C. Cassius, a distin- 
guished Roman, one of the con- 
spirators against Cesar: IX. 11. 
^9lso, a boy, the school-fellow 
of Faustus the son of Sylla: 
IX. 14. 

Castellum, i, n. dim. (castrum, a 
castle), a castle, fortress, fort, 
fortified place. 

Castign, are, dvi, atutn, a., to chas- 
tise, punish, correct; to chide, 
reprove. 

Castra, drum, n. pi., a camp, en- 
campment. Castra alicujvs se- 
qui, to attend the camp of, to 
serve under — . 

Casus, lis, rn. (cado), a fall or fall- 
ing; downfall. Fig., misfor- 
tune, adversity, calamity; an 
event, accident, chance. 

Catellus, i, m., a little dog, puppy. 

Catena, (£,f., a chain. 

Caterva, <e, /., a troop, battalion, 
band or company of soldiers; a 
multitude, crowd. 

Catillna, (b, m., Catiline, a cog- 
nomen in the Sergian gens. L. 



142 



CATO— CELER. 



Sergitis Catilina, a Roman no- 
bleman, who, with others, con- 
spired against the republic. His 
conspiracy was brought to light 
by Cicero, and Catiline was de- 
feated by Antony, and perished, 
with most of his army : IX. 22. 

Cato, onis, m., Cato, a cognomen 
in the Porcian gens. M. Porclus 
Cato, surnamed Censorlnus, the 
Censor, was contemporary with 
the elder Scipio Africanus, and 
was greatly distinguished for 
the severity of his manners : 
VI. 6—16. M. Porcins Cato 
Vticensis, the grandson of Cato 
the Censor. He joined the 
party of Pompey, and, after 
their defeat, put an end to his 
own life at Utica, whence he 
has obtained the agnomen of 
Vticensis: IX. 13. 

Catulus, i, m., a little dog, whelp, 
puppy. 

Catulus, i, m. (catus, shrewd), 
Catulus, a Roman cognomen in 
the Lutatian gens. C. Lutatius 
Catulus, a Roman consul, who 
put an end to the first Punic 
war, A. U. 510: IV. 13. Q. Lu- 
tatius Catulus., a consul, A. U. 
674 : VIII. 22. 

Cauda, cb, /., the tail of a beast, 
bird, or fish. 

Caudez., ids, m. (caudex, a boat), 
Caudex, a Roman cognomen in 
the Claudian gens. Ajifius 
Claudius Caudex, a Roman con- 
sul, A. U. 488: IV. 1. 

Caudlnus, a, um, adj. (Caudium), 
of or pertaining to Caudium, a 
city of the Herpini in Italy, 
Caudine. 

Causa, (By f., a cause, reason; a 
pretext, excuse; an occasion, 
jnotive ; a cause or suit at law ; 



a matter, business, aflfair ; a 
cause, party. Causd, with the 
gen.y on account of, for the pur- 
pose or sake of. Qud, de causd, 
for which reason, wherefore. 

Causor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (causa), 
to pretend, or plead in the way 
of excuse, allege as a reason. 

Cautus, a, um, adj. (cave.o), cautior, 
cautissimus ; cautious, careful, 
wary, provident, circumspect, 
prudent. 

Cavea, cE,f. (cavus, hollow), a hol- 
low, cavity ; a cave, den for 
wild beasts ; a cage or coop for 
birds. 

Caveo, ere, i, cautum, a. 8/- n., to 
beware of, take heed of, be 
aware, guard against, avoid, 
shun; to keep or ward off; to 
provide, take care. Imp., ca- 
venduTn est, measures must be 
taken. Cavere sibi, to provide 
for one's safety. 

Cecidi. See Cado. 

Cecldi. See Csedo. 

Cecini. See Cano. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. ^ a., 
to give place, give way, yield, 
withdraw, retire, depart ; to 
cede, give up, concede, grant; 
to submit, yield to; to happen, 
turn out. 

Celebrdtus, a, um, part. <^ «4?.> 
ior, issimus, (celebro), celebrated, 
solemnized, frequented; distin- 
guished. 

Celebritas, dtis, f. (celeber, cele- 
brated), a great resort, crowd; 
glory, renown, fame, celebrity. 

Celebro, are, dvi, dtum, a. {celeber), 
to frequent, resort to; to cele- 
brate, solemnize ; to praise, ex- 
tol. 

Celer, eris, e, adj., ior, errimus ; 
swift, speedy, active, fleet, quick. 



CELERITAS— CHARTA. 



143 



CelerUas, atis,f. (ceZcr), swiftness, 
quickness, speed, celerity, activ- 
ity. 

Celeriter, adv. (celer), celerius, ce- 
lerrlmh ; quickly, speedily, im- 
mediately. 

Cclo.^ arc, dvi, dtum, a., to hide, 
conceal, keep secret, cover. 

Celsus, a, wm, adj., lofty, high, 
upright, stately. 

Celtiberi, drum, m. pi. (Celtiheria), 
the Celtiberians, inhabitants of 
Celtiberia, a part of Spain on the 
Iberus : V. 22. 

Censeo, ere, ui, sum, a., to think, 
judge, suppose, imagine, appre- 
hend, be of opinion, express an 
opinion, as in the senate, &c. } to 
ordain, decree, resolve ; to as- 
sess, appraise, tax. 

Censor, oris, m. (censeo), a censor, 
a Roman magistrate appointed 
every fifth year to take the cen- 
sus, and to inspect the public 
morals. He degraded those cit- 
izens guilty of scandalous of- 
fences, a senator, by removing 
him from the senate, a knight, by 
depriving him of his horse, &c. 

Censura, CB,f. {censor), the censor- 
ship, office of censor. 

Census, us, m., a census ; a valua- 
tion of every man's estate 5 a 
general registration. Agere cen- 
sum, to take a census. 

Centesimus, a, um, adj. (centum), 
the hundredth. 

Centies,adv.,di hundred times -.from 

Centum, num. adj. pi. ind., a hun- 
dred. 

Centuria, <z,f. {centum), a century 
or hundred ; a company of one 
hundred soldiers ; a division of 
the Roman people ; a centu- 
ry- 

CenturiOj onis., m. (centum), a cen- 



turion, a captain of a century or 
hundred. 

Cepi. See Capio. 

Cerebrum, i, n., the brain. 

Ceres, Cereris, f., Ceres, the 
daughter of Saturn and Ops, and 
goddess of corn. 

Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a., to sift, 
separate by a sieve ; to consider, 
deliberate, distinguish, judge, 
determine, decide, decree ; to 
contend ; to see, behold ; to see, 
discern, perceive, understand. 

Certdmen, inis, n. (certo), a con- 
test, strife, contention, debate ; 
a game, exercise ; a battle, en- 
gagement, combat. 

Certdtim, adv. (certo), earnestly, 
eagerly, emulously. 

Ccrth, or Certd, adv. (certus), cer- 
tainly, assuredly, undoubtedly, 

Certo, dre, dvi, dtum, n., to con- 
tend, strive, vie, struggle, fight. 
Certatur, imp., the contest is 
maintained, they contend. 

Certus, a, um, adj., determined, 
resolved ; tried, faithful, safe, 
trustworthy ; certain, fixed, sure } 
well-known, manifest, evident; 
fixed upon, appointed, estab- 
lished. 

Cerva, «,/., a hind, deer. 

Cervix, ids, /., the hinder part of 
the neck; the neck. 

Cessi. See Cedo. 

Cesso, dre, dvi, dtum, n. freq. (ce- 
do), to cease, give over, leave 
off", pause, delay. 

Cetera, erum, adj., not used in 
nom. masc, other, the other, the 
rest, residue, or remainder. 

Ceterum, adj. (cetera), as for the 
rest, in other respects, other- 
wise ; but, furthermore, more- 
over. 

Charta, <B,f., paper. 



144 



CHRYSOGONUS— CIRCUMSIDEO. 



Chrysogonus, 2, vi., Chrysogonus, 
a freedman of Sylla's : IX. 21 . 

Cibus, z, m., food, nourishment, 
aliment, victuals, meat. 

Cicatrix, tcis,f., a cicatrice, scar. 

Cicer, eris, n., a small pulse, 
vetches, chick-pease. 

Cicero, onis, m. {cicer), Cicero, a 
Roman cognomen in the Tullian 
gens. M. Tullius Cicero, the 
most illustrious of the Roman 
orators, born at Arpinum, in 
the year B. C. 103: IX. 20. 

Cirnber, bri, m., a Cimbrian ; the 
Cimhrians were the ancient in- 
habitants of the Cimbrian Cher- 
sonesus, now Jutland, in Den- 
mark : VII. 33. 

Cimbricus, a, urn, adj. {Cimber), 
Cimbrian. 

Cineas, a, m. § 44, Cineas, a 
minister and ambassador of 
Pyrrhus : III. 17. 

Cincinndtus, i, m. {cincinnatus, 
having curled or crisped hair), 
Cincinnatus, a Roman cognomen 
in the Quintian gens. L. Quin- 
tius Cincinnatus, an illustrious 
Roman dictator, A. U. 296 : II. 
16, 17. 

Cingo, ere, xi, ctum, a., to gird, tie 
about, surround, encompass, em- 
brace. Cingere obsidione, to 
blockade, besiege. Diadema.te 
cingere, to crown. Cingi gladio, 
to gird on one's svi^ord. 

Cinis, eris, m. fyf., ashes, embers, 
cinders. 

Cinxi. See Cingo. 

Circa, adv. ^ prep, with the ace, 
about, around. 

Circensis, e, adj. (circus, a circus,) 
relating to the circus. Circen- 
ses ludi, the Circensian games, 
games celebrated in the Roman 
tircus. 



Circulus, i, m., dim. (circus), a cir- 
cle, any thing circular ; a com- 
pany or circle of men. 

Circum, prep, icith the ace, around, 
about, near. 

Circumdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (cir- 
cum 4^ aro), to plough around. 

Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 
(circum 4^ do), to put or set 
round, to surround, encompass, 
environ, invest. 

Circumdv.co, ere, xi, ctum, a. (cir- 
cum Sf duco), to lead or draw 
round. Fig., to cheat, deceive ; 
to cancel, annul. 

Circumeo, ire, ii, ttum, a. (circum 
8f eo), to go round, surround, 
try, solicit, canvass. 

Circumfero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. 
(circum S/- fero), to carry 
round. 

Circumfundo, ere, fudijfusum, a. 
(circum 8f f undo) , to pour round, 
sprinkle about, circumfuse ; to 
surround, encompass. 

Circumfusus, a, um, fart, (circum- 
fundo), poured round, surround- 
ing. Circumfusi, sc. homines, 
the surrounding multitude. 

Circvmiens, evntis, part, (circum- 
eo.) 

Circumjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. 
(circum Sf jacio, to cast), to cast 
around. 

Circumpono, ere, osui, ositum, a. 
(circum ^ pono), to place or set 
round. 

Circumscrlbo , ere, jjsi, ptum, a. 
(circum <^ scribo), to draw a 
circle around ; to circumscribe, 
limit, bound, confine. 

Circumsessus, a, um, part. : from 

Circumsideo, ere, edi, essum, a. Sf 
n. (circum <^ sedeo), to sit or 
stand round ; to besiege, invest ; 
lay siege to ; to surround. 



CIRCUMSTANS— CLAUSTRUM. 



145 



Circumstans, tis^ part.^ standing 
round. Subs.^ a bystander : 
from 

Circumsto^ are, steti, a. (circum ^ 
sto), to stand round, to beset, 
surround. 

Circumveho, ere, exi, ectum, a. 
(circum <^ veho), to carry round. 

Circumvenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. 
(circum 8/- venio), to come round, 
surround, encompass, blockade, 
beset ; to circumvent, deceive. 

CisalplntLs, a, vm, adj. (cis, on this 
side, <^ Alpes), Cisalpine, on 
this side the Alps. 

Citerior, adj. of the comp. degree, 
sup. ci(im,us., § 126, 1, (cis, on 
this side), nearer, hither. 

Cito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. (cieo, 
to excite), to excite, stir up, 
rouse ; to incite, impel, stimu- 
late ; to summon, cite ; to call 
off, read aloud, name. 

Citra, prep, with the ace. (cis), on 
this side. 

Civlcus, a, um, adj. (civis), civil, 
civic. Civica corona, a civic 
crown, a garland of oak given 
to him who had saved the life of 
a citizen in battle. 

Civilis, e, adj., of or belonging to 
the citizens, civil : from 

Civis, is, m. ^ f-, a citizen, free 
inhabitant of a town or city. 

Civitas, dtis, f. (civis), the body 
of citizens, the citizens ;. a city, 
state, nation, government ; the 
freedom of a city, citizenship. 

Clades, is,f., loss, injury, disaster ; 
overthrow, defeat, discomfiture ; 
slaughter, destruction. Accipere 
cladem^ to suffer a defeat. 

Clam, adv. ^prep. with the abl. and 
ace, privately, privily, secretly; 
without the knowledge of. 

Clamito^ are, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. 

13 



freq., to cry aloud, vocilSrate, 
shout : from 

Clamo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., to 
cry, cry aloud, exclaim. 

Clamor, oris, m. (clamo), a loud 
voice, cry, shout, clamor, 
noise. 

Clandestinus, a, um, adj. (clam), 
secret, hidden, unknown, pri- 
vate, clandestine. 

Clangor, oris, m. (clango, to 
sound), the sound of a trumpet; 
a cry, scream, yell. Anserum 
clangor, the cackling of geese. 

Clarh, adv. (clarus), clearly, splen- 
didly, brightly, distinctly. 

Clareo, ere, ui, n. (clarus), to be 
clear or bright ; to shine ; to be 
illustrious or famous, 

Clarltas, dtis, /,, clearness, bright- 
ness, splendor : from 

Clarus, a, um, adj.,ior, issHmus ; 
clear, bright, splendid ; loud, 
distinct. Fig., manifest, open, 
evident ; famous, "illustrious, 
distinguished, celebrated, re- 
nowned. 

Classicum, i, n., the sound of a 
trumpet ; a trumpet, 

Classis, is, f, a class, company, 
order of citizens ; a fleet, arma- 
ment. 

Claudia, ce, /., Claudia, a Roman 
name^ belonging to females of 
the Claudian^erw. Claudia, the 
sister of Appius Claudius Pul- 
cher: IV. 12. 

Claudius, i, m., Claudius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Claudian 
gens. Appius Claudius, a de- 
cemvir : II. 18. 

Claudo, ere, si, sum, a., to shut, 
close, confine, shut in, enclose ; 
to surroiind, encompass. 

Clau^trum, i, n. (claudo), a bar, 
bolt, barrier. 



146 



CLAUSULA— CO GNATIO. 



Clausula, «,/. (clauda), a finishing 
clause ; a close, conclusion. 

ClaustbS, a, urti, 'part, (claudo). 

Clava, (£,f., a club, cudgel. 

Clavis, is, f. (claudo), a key; a 
bar, bolt. 

Clavus, i, Tti., a nail. 

Clemens, tis, adj., calm, gentle ; 
mild, compassionate, merciful, 
clement. 

Clementer, adv. (clemens), gently, 
mildly, quietly, placidly, with 
clemency, 

dementia, ce, f. {clemens), mild- 
ness, gentleness, clemency; 
calmness, stillness. 

Cleopatra, cb, /., Cleopatra, queen 
of Egypt : IX. 34. 

Cliens, entis, m., a client, depend- 
ant, one under the protection of 
a patron. The plebeians, at 
Rome, were accustomed to select 
some patrician as their patron, 
on whom they depended for pro- 
tection. • 

Clodius, i, m., Clodius, a R.oman 
name belonging to the Clodian 
gens. See Pulcher. 

CUelia, (B,f., Cloelia, a noble Ro- 
man maiden : II. 6. 

Clusini, drum, m. pi., the Clusini- 
ans, inhabitants of Clusium : 
from, 

Clusium, i, n., Clusium, a town of 
Etruria : II. 21. 

Clypea, ce, /., Clypea, a city of 
Africa : IV. 8. 

Clypeus, iy m., a shield, buckler, 
target. 

Cn., an abbreviation of the prceno- 
TTien Cnseus. 

CncBus, i, m., Cnseus, a Roman 
preenomen. 

Coactus, a, um, fart. {cogo). 

Coaquo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con 8^ 
tBquo), to level, make equal or 
even. 



Codes, iLis, m. {codes, a person 
blind of one eye), Codes, a Ro- 
man cognomen. Horatius Co- 
des, a Roman who prevented 
the army of Porsenna from cross- 
ing a bridge over the Tiber : 
II. 4. 

Codex, ids, m., the body, trunk, 
stump or stock of a tree. 

Coegi. See Cogo. 

Ccdius, i, m., Ccslius, one of the 
seven hills of Rome : I. 16. 

Codum,i, n., the sky, heaven, the 
heavens ; the air. 

Cozna, CB, /., supper, the principal 
meal of the Romans. 

Cce.no, are, dvi, atum., n. 8f a. 
{coena), to sup, sup upon. Imp. 
ccenatumest, a supper was given, 
they supped. Inter ccenandum, 
during supper. 

Ccenosus, a, um, adj., muddy, bog- 
gy, swampy, marshy, filthy: 
from 

Ccenum, i, n , dirt, mire, mud, filth. 

Ccepi, defverb. § 183, 2, I began 
Imp., it began. Milittm ccejjit 
pcenitere, it began to repent the 
soldiers, i. e., the soldiers began 
to repent, § 209, R. 3, (6.) 

CoEptus, a, um, part, {ccepi). 

Coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. {con ^ 
arced), to surround, embrace ; to 
keep in, confine, restrain, check ; 
to repress, curb, control. 

Coitus, us, m. {coeo, to assemble), 
an assembly, meeting ; a multi- 
tude, crowd. 

Cogitatio, dnis,f., a thinking, con- 
sidering ; thoTight, care, consid- 
eration, deliberation : from 

Cogito, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con ^ 
agito), to think, ponder, con- 
sider, meditate, think of. 

Cognatio, onis, f. {con ^ nascor)., 
relation by blood ; kindred, rela- 
tionship. 



COGNITUS— COMIS. 



147 



Cognltus, a, um, part, (cognosco). 

Cognomen^ Inis, n. (con 8/- nomen), 
a surname, family name ; a name 
subjoined to the nomen, and de- 
noting the fumilta, or family, ""/f 
is sometimes used for the agno- 
men, the appellation, title. 

Cognomlno, are, avi, dtum, a. 
(cognomen), to surname, entitle, 
name, 

Cognosco, ere, novi, nUum, a. (con 
^ nosco, to know), to know ; to 
learn, hear, find, ascertain, dis- 
cover, understand, be informed; 
to examine, investigate, explore ; 
to try a cause ; to recognize ; to 
acknowledge, confess; to per- 
ceive, see. 

Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, a. (con 
^ Jio'o), to collect, assemble, 
gather, drive or bring together ; 
to drive, impel; to constrain, 
compel, render necessary, force, 
urge ; to induce ; to confine, re- 
strain. 

Cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (con fy ha- 
beo), to hold or contnin ; to check, 
stop, arrest; to confine, enclose ; 
to repress, restrain. 

Cohors, tis, f., a pen or coop ; a 
cohort, band of soldiers consist- 
ing of the tenth part of a legion, 
and consequently containing, at 
different periods, from 300 to 600 
men. 

Cohortor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con 
(^ hortor, to exhort), to exhort, 
encourage. 

Coldphus, i, m., a blow or buffet 
with the fist. 

Collatia, (B,f., Collatia, a town of 
Latium, in which Collatinus re- 
sided : I. 2G. 

Collatinus, i, m. (Collatia), Colla- 
tinus, a surname of L. Tarquin- 
ius, husband of Lucretia, and 



one of the first two consuls : 
I. 26, and II. 2. 

Colldtus, a, um,part. (confero). 

CoUaudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con ^ 
laudo), to extol, commend. 

Collectus, a, um, part, (colligo). 

Callega, «,m.,a colleague, copart- 
ner in office. 

Colligo, ere, legi, lectum, a. (con ^ 
lego), to gather together, collect, 
assemble ; to get, procure, ob- 
tain. 

Collis, is, m., a hill, hillock, rising 
ground. 

Colloco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con ^ 
loco), to place, settle, dispose, 
arrange, set, set in order, sta- 
tion, post ; to give in marriage. 

Collocutus, a, um, part, (colloquor). 

Colloquium, i, n., conversation, 
converse, discourse ; a confer- 
ence, an interview : from 

Colloquor, i, cutus sum, dep. (con ^ 
loquor), to speak together, con- 
verse, confer. 

Collum, i, n., the neck. 

Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a., to exer- 
cise, practise, pursue ; to culti- 
vate, attend to, tend, till; to 
cherish, take care of; to respect, 
honor, regard, venerate, worship. 

Colonia, <B,f., a colony, plantation, 
settlement ; a company of emi- 
grants, colonists, emigrants : 
from 

Colonus, i, m. (colo), a husband- 
man, farmer, cultivator ; a colo- 
nist, settler, emigrant. 

Color, or Colos, oris, m., a color, 
complexion, tint, hue. 

Colnmba, ai,f., a dove, pigeon. 

Comes, itis, m. ^f, a companion, 
associate, attendant, assistant, 
comrade. 

Comis, e, adj., kind, courteous, 
good-humored, obliging. 



148 



COMITAS— COMMUTATtO. 



GomUas, dtis,f. (comis), courtesy, 
affability, complaisance, good- 
breeding, mildness, kindness, 
civility. 

Comitdtus, us, m. (corrdtor), a train, 
retinue, suite, company 

Comiter, adv. (comis), courteously, 
kindly, affably, gently, civilly, 
politely. 

Comitia, drum, n. pi. (comes), a 
public meeting for the purpose 
of voting ; a public election, the 
comitia, an assembly of the peo- 
ple. 

Comitium, i, n. (comes), the comi- 
tium, a place in the Roman 
forum where the Comitia were 
held. 

Comitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
(comes), to accompany, attend, 
wait upon, follow. 

Commedtus, i1,s,m. (comeo, to come 
and go), a passage, right of pas- 
sage ; a furlough ; provisions, 
supplies. 

Commemoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
S^ memoro), to mention, make 
mention of, recount, relate. 

Commendo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
^ mando), to commit to one's 
charge, to consign to one's care ; 
to commend, recommend, pro- 
cure favor for. Plurimum com- 
mendare, to praise very highly. 

Commigro, dre, dvi, dtum,n. (con 
4^ migro, to remove), to remove, 
migrate, change one's place of 
abode. 

Commilito, onis, m. (con &/• milito), 
a fellow-soldier, comrade. 

Comminuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (con 
S^ minuo), to lessen, diminish; 
to crush or break to pieces. 
Fig., to weaken, impair. 

Committo, ere, isi, issum, a. (con 
4-- mitto), to join or bring to- 



gether; to do, act, cause, per- 
form, commit; to begin, com- 
mence ; to consign, intrust, com- 
mit; to join, begin; to engage, 
fight. With ut, to pursue such 
a course that — ; to cause that. 

Commode, adv. (commodus), fitly, 
aptly, conveniently, to the pur- 
pose. Satis commode, well 
enough. 

Commoditas, dtis, f. (commodus) ^ 
aptness, just proportion, sym- 
metry ; indulgence, kindness ; 
advantage, benefit. 

Commodo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (com- 
modus), to adjust, adapt, accom- 
modate ; to give, afford, lend, 
furnish. 

Commodum, i, n., advantage, profit, 
utility, convenience : from 

Commodus, a, um, adj. (con ^ mo- 
dus), convenient, apt, fit, suit- 
able, agreeable. 

Commoneo , ere, ui, itum, a. (con S^ 
pioneo), to call to mind, remind, 
advise, warn, suggest. 

Commoror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con 
<^ moror), to stop, pause, stay, 
remain, tarry. 

Commotus, a, um, part. : from 

Commovco, ere, ovi, dtum, a. (con 
8^ moveo), to move together, 
move, stir, remove. Fig., to 
move, touch, affect, disquiet, 
trouble, alarm, stir up, excite, 
provoke, enrage. 

Communio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, a. (con 8^ 
munio), to fortify, secure. 

Communis, e, adj., common to two 
or more, the same, general, uni- 
versal, public. 

Communiter, adv. (communis), in 
common with others, commonly, 
conjointly, promiscuously. 

Commutatio, onis, f, a changing, 
change, alteration : from 



COMMUTO^CONCEDO. 



149 



Commuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con S^ 
muto), to change, alter; to ex- 
change, traffic. JYihil est com- 
mututum, no change was made. 

Como, ere, psi, ptum, a., to comb, 
dress, or adorn the hair. 

Compar, dris, adj. (con <^ par), 
equal, even, like, suitable, agree- 
able. 

Comparatio, onis, /., a preparing 
or providing for, provision, prep- 
aration, acquisition : from 

Compdro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con S/- 
paro), to procure, obtain, get, 
furnish, prepare, provide ; to 
collect. 

Compello, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con <^ 
pel to, obs.), to accost, address, 
call by name. 

Compello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (con 
Sf pello), to drive or bring to- 
gether, assemble, collect ; to 
compel, constrain, force. 

Comperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (con 
S^- pario), to discover, find out, 
ascertain, learn. 

Compes, edis,f., § 94, (con i/- pes), 
a fetter, chain for the feet. Dare 
alicui compedes, to fetter, put 
fetters upon — . 

Compllo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con ^ 
pilo, to pillage), to rob, spoil, 
plunder, pillage. 

Cumpfector, i, plexus sum, dep. (con 
<^ plecto), to encircle, compass, 
surround, comprehend, contain ; 
to embrace. 

Compleo, ere, evi, etum, a. (con «^ 
pleo, obs., to fill), to fill, fill up; 
to complete, perfect, finish, per- 
form. 

Comphxus, us, m. (complector) , a 
compassing, encircling; an em- 
bracing, embrace. 

Complexus, a, um^ part, (com- 
plector). 

13* 



Comploratio, onis, f. (comploro^ to 
bewail), a lamenting, weeping; 
lamentation. 

Complordtus, us, m. (compldro)^ a 
lamenting, weeping. 

Complures, a or ia, adj.pl., § 110 
(con &/- plus), many, a great 
many, very many. 

Compono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (con 
&/- pono), to put or place to- 
gether ; to put in order, arrange, 
dispose, order ; to compose, set- 
tle, bring about, adjust ; to con- 
struct, build. Componere hel- 
ium, to terminate, put an end 
to — ; — to make, bring about, 
conclude. 

Compos, Otis, adj. (con <^ potis), 
master of, having in one's pow- 
er. Fieri compos voti, to obtain 
one's wish. 

Compositus, a, um, part. ^ adj. 
(compono), put or placed to- 
gether, united; arranged, com- 
posed. Ex composite, according 
to agreement or concert : — 
quieted, stilled, put down, al 
layed, appeased, concluded. 

Compreliendo, ere, di, sum, a. (con 
&/- prehendo), to take or seize 
hold of, lay hold of, catch, ap- 
prehend, seize. 

Compressus, a, um, part. : from 

Comprimo, ere, essi, essum, a. (con 
8/- premo), to press together ; to 
keep close, hold fast ; to restrain, 
curb, repress, check ; to sup- 
press, quell. 

Comprobo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
4^ probo), to approve, prove, con- 
firm ; to allow. 

Compuli. See Compello. 

Compulsus, a,um,part. (compello). 

Condtus, a, um, part, (conor). 

Concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. ^ a. 
(con ^ cedo), to retire, yield, 



150 



CONCELEBRO— CONDUCO. 



depart, withdraw ; to go, repair ; 
to grant, give, allow, permit, 
concede ; to pardon. 

■i-Concelebro, dre^ dvi., dtum, a. (con 
^ celebro)., to frequent, resort to ; 
to celebrate together, solemnize } 
to praise, celebrate. 

Concept. See Concipio. 

Concessi. See Concede. 

Concessus^ a, wm, part, (concedo). 

Concha^ (B,f., a shell-fish; a shell, 
sea-shell. 

Concido, ere, di, n. (con 4^ cado), 
to fall down, fall to the ground ; 
to fall, die, perish. 

'Condlio^ dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con- 
cilium, an assembly), to con- 
ciliate, gain over, reconcile ; to 
bring about, make, cause, eifect, 
procure. Conciliare alicui, to 
acquire one's friendship. 

Concilium, i, n., an assembly, meet- 
ing, company, council. 

Concio, onis, f. (concieo, to call 
together), a meeting or assem- 
bly of people, public assembly ; 
an oration, harangue, public 
speech. 

Concipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (con 
<^ capio), to conceive, form, re- 
ceive ; to imagine, comprehend, 
understand. 

Concito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con 8/- 
cito), to stir up, rouse to action, 
put in motion, excite, stimulate, 
incite. Concitare equum calcar- 
ibus, or Concitare equum, to 
spur, spur on — . 

Concldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 8^ a. 
(con 8^ clamo, to cry), to cry out 
together ; to cry aloud ; to shout, 
exclaim. 

Concordia, cb, f. (concors, concord- 
ant), concord, agreement, union, 
harmony, unanimity. 

Concupio, ^ Concupisco, ere, ivi, 



itum, a. (con S/- cupio), to desire 
greatly, long for, covet. 

Concurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. 
(con 8/" curro), to run together, 
meet, rush or flock together, 
assemble ; to fight, engage in 
fight. 

Concur sus, Us, m. (concurro), a 
running or meeting together; 
a concourse ; a conflict, charge, 
engagement, onset, shock. Fit 
concur sus, a concourse is made, 
a crowd collects. 

Concutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (con 
8f quatio), to shake, move vio- 
lently, agitate, cause to tremble. 
Fig., to trouble, disquiet, alarrn 

Condemno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
8f damno), § 217, to condemn. 

Condidi. See Condo. 

Condiscipulus, i, m. (con 8^ dis- 
cipulus, a scholar), a school- 
fellow, companion in learning. 

Conditio, onis, f. (condo), a mak- 
ing, constructing; a laying up, 
preserving ; a state, condition, 
situation ; a condition, stipula- 
tion, terms. 

Conditor, oris, m., a maker, build- 
er, founder, inventor, author : 
from 

Condo, ere, didi, dltum, a (con 8^ 
do), to lay or treasure up, hoard, 
hide, conceal; to finish, end; 
to make, build, establish, found. 

Condono, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con 8^ 
dono), to give freely, grant, pre- 
sent, bestow ; remit, excuse, 
pardon, forgive. 

Conducens, tis, part. , hiring. Con- 
ducentes, sc. homines, contract- 
ors : from 

Conduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con 8^ 
duco), to bring or lead together, 
conduct, assemble ; to hire, bar- 
gain for. 



CONFECI— CONGRESSIO. 



151 



Confeci. See Conficio. 

Confectus, a, wm, part, (covjicio). 

Confero, ferre, tuli, collatum^ irr. 
a. {con ^ fero), to bring, carry, 
put or lay together; to collect; 
to contribute, pay ; to bring. 
Conferre se, to betake one's self, 
go. Conferre signa, to join 
standards ; to unite armies : also, 
to join battle, fight. 

Confertus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus, 
(confercio, to stuff), close to- 
gether, crowded, full ; thick, 
close, dense. 

Confessio, oniSy f. (conjiteor)., a 
confession, acknowledgment. 

Confessus, a, um, part, (con- 
fiteor) . 

Confestim, adv., forthwith, imme- 
diately. 

Conficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (con <^ 
facio), to make together ; to 
make, cause, effect, execute, 
prepare, perform, do; to end, 
finish ; to kill, slay, destroy, 
overpower ; to waste, wear out, 
consume ; to chew, masticate. 

Confido, ere, isus sum, n. pass., 
§ 142, R. 2, (con S^fido, to trust), 
to trust, feel confident, depend 
upon. 

Conflgo, ere, xi, xum, a. (con Sf 
figo, to fix), to fix or fasten to- 
gether; to pierce, transfix. 

Confirmdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
strengthened ; strong, firm, res- 
olute : from 

Confirmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con <^ 
firmo), to make strong, strength- 
en, establish, reestablish ; to 
encourage, inspire with courage, 
animate; to ratify, confirm. 

Conftteor, eri, essus sum, dep. (con 
^fateor, to confess), to confess, 
acknowledge, own. 

Confldgro, dre, dvi, dtum, a (con 



8/-fiagro), to burn ; to be on fire, 
be consumed. 

Confllgo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con ^ 
fligo, to beat), to conflict, con- 
tend, fight, engage. 

Conflo, dre, dvi, dlvm, a. (con S^ 
flo), to blow together, bring to- 
gether; to make up, compound ; 
to raise, make, create, excite ; 
to cause, occasion ; to melt, 
fuse, forge. 

Confluo, ere, xi, n. (con 4^ fluo, 
to flow), to" flow or run to- 
gether, flock or crowd together, 
meet. 

Confodio, ere, fodi, fossum, a. (con 
&/• fodio, to dig), to dig. Fig., 
to wound, pierce, stab, thrust 
through. 

Confiigio, ere, fugi, fugitum, n. 
(con &/- fugio), to flee to for 
succor, flee, have recourse to. 

Confundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. 
(con ^^ fundo), to pour out to- 
gether, mingle, mix or blend to- 
gether ; to discompose, trouble, 
perplex. 

Congero, ere, essi, estum,, a. (con 
&/• gero), to carry or bring to- 
gether, heap or pile up, amass, 
hoard, accumulate, collect ; to 
give, bestow, heap. 

Congesius, a, um, part, (congero). 

Congestus, us, m. (congero), a 
heaping or gathering together; 
a heap. 

Congredior, i, gr essus sum, dep. 
(con 8^ gradior, to go), to move 
or go together ; to meet, accost, 
address, speak to, converse with ; 
to join battle, fight, engage. 

Congrego, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (con 
8/- grex), to gather or collect 
together, assemble. 

Congressio, dnis,f. (congredior), a 
coming together, meeting. 



1 



152 



CONGRESSUS— CONSCRIPTUS, 



Congressus^ a, um^ part, (congre- 
dior) . 

Congressus, us, m. (congredior), 
a coming together, meeting, in- 
terview ; a conflict, encounter, 
contest, battle. 

Congruo^ ere, ui, n. {con &/• gruo, 
obs.), to come together, meet ; 
to happen, occur; to agree, 
suit, match, fit, correspond, an- 
swer. 

Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (con/ 
^ jacio), to throw together, 
throw, cast, hurl, discharge. 
Fig., to throw, cast, thrust, put. 

Conjugium, i, n., a joining to- 
gether, conjunction ; marriage, 
matrimony, wedlock : from 

Conjvgo, are, dvi, dtvm, a. (con Sf 
jugo, to join), to join together, 
connect. 

Conjunct^, adv., iiis, issimt, (con- 
junctvs, connected), conjointly, 
jointly, intimately, on intimate 
terms. 

Conjunctio, onis, f. (conjungo), a 
joining or uniting together ; 
union, agreement, connection. 

Conjungo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con ty 
jungo), to join or unite together, 
connect, join to, associate, unite, 
couple. 

Conjuratio, onis, f. (conjuro), a 
confederacy, combination ; a 
plot, conspiracy. 

Conjurdtus, a, vm, part., con- 
spired.. Conjurdti, drum, m. pi., 
conspirators : from 

Conjuro, are, dvi, dtvm, n. {con S^ 
juro), to swear together, com- 
bine, league together; to con- 
spire, enter into a conspiracy. 
Conjvratv.m est, a conspiracy 
was formed. 

Conjvx, iigis, m. 8y f. {conjungo), 
a husband, wife, consort, spouse. 



Connuhium., i, n. {con &/• nuho, to 
marry), a lawful marriage, wed- 
lock, marriage, intermarriage. 

Conor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
strive, endeavor, attempt, try, 
undertake. 

Conquiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. {con 
S/- quiescd), to rest, be at rest, 
take rest, repose. 

Conqulro, ere, quisivi, quisltum, a. 
{con Sf quaro), to seek after, 
search for diligently, try to pro- 
cure, rake up, collect. 

Consaluto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {con 
S/" salutu), to salute together, sa- 
lute. 

Conscendo, ere, di, sum, n. <^ a. 
{con &/• scando, to climb), to 
climb or go up to, mount, get 
up, ascend; to embark, go on 
board. 

Conscisco, ere, ivi, itum, a. {con &/• 
scisco, to inquire), to vote to- 
gether; to determine, resolve, 
decree ; to execute, put in exe- 
cution. Consciscere sibi mortem 
or neceni, to lay violent hands 
on one's self, kill one's self 

Conscius, a, vm, adj. {conscio, to 
know), conscious, privy to, ac- 
cessary ; guilty. 

Conscribo, ere, psi, ptvm, a. {con 
^ scribo), to write together, 
write. 

Conscripf.us, a, vm, part, {con- 
scribo), written; enlisted, en- 
rolled. F aires consorifti, the 
conscript fathers, the senators ; 
the first Roman senators were 
called Patres, and those subse- 
quently added to their number 
were denominated Conscripti ; 
but, in process of time, it became 
customary to address the whole 
body of senators by the term 
Patres Conscripti. 



CONSECRO— CONSPICOR. 



153 



Consecro, are, dvi, dtum^ a. {con <^ 
sacro^ to consecrate), to conse- 
crate, dedicate, make sacred, 
devote to the gods ; to devote, 
appropriate. 

Consecutus, a, um, part, (conse- 
quor) . 

Consector, dri^ dtus sum, dep. (con 
<^ sector, to follow), to go after, 
follow after, pursue ; to seek, 
obtain ; to imitate. 

ConsedL See Consido. 

Consensus, us, m. (consentio), con- 
sent, agreement, unanimity. 

Consentaneus, a, um, adj., agreea- 
ble, suitable, consonant, meet, 
convenient, fit, consentaneous, 
consistent, reasonable. 

Consentio, ire, sensi, sensum, n. 
{con &/■ sentio), to consent, agree, 
accord, be of the same opinion ; 
to conspire. 

Consequor, i, cutus sum, dep. {con 
4^ sequor), to follow, go after; to 
imitate ; to come up with, reach, 
overtake; to gain, obtain, ac- 
quire. 

Consero, ere, serui, sertum, a. {con 
4^ sero, to connect), to join or 
knit together ; to construct. Con- 
serere pugnam, manum, etc., to 
join battle, fight hand to hand, 
engage in close combat. 

Conservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {co7i 
^ servo), to preserve, keep, de- 
fend, protect, save, maintain ; to 
observe, regard, keep. 

Consessus, iis, m., an assembly sit- 
ting together, an assembly : from 

Consldeo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. 
{con ^ sedeo), to sit together, 
sit. 

Consider atio, onis, f. {considero), 
consideration, regard, circum- 
spection. 

Considerdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj.. 



weighed, considered ; wary, at- 
tentive, considerate, cautious: 
from 

Considero, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to 
consider, meditate, think of, 
weigh ; to inspect, examine, ob- 
serve, notice. 

Consido, ere, sedi, sessum, n. {con 
^ sido, to sit), to sit down togeth- 
er, sit down; to settle ; to light; 
to fall, sink ; to pitch, encamp. 

Consilium, i, n., counsel, advice; 
deliberation, consideration, con- 
sultation; a design, intention, 
aim, plan, measure, scheme, in- 
tent, purpose, end ; determina- 
tion, resolve ; prudence, discre- 
tion, sagacity, reason; artifice, 
stratagem; a council, assembly. 

Conslsto, ere, stlti, n. {con ^ sisto), 
to stand firmly, stand fast, make 
a stand, stand, stand still, stop, 
take a stand ; to remain. 

Consobrinus, i, m . {con ^ sohrlnv^, 
the son of a mother's sister), the 
sonof a mother's sister ; acousin- 
german, first cousin. 

Consolor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {con 
^ solor, to console), to console, 
comfort, solace ; to alleviate, re- 
lieve, make amends for. 

Conspectus, us, m. (conspicio), the 
act of seeing; a sight, view; the 
sight. In conspectum venire, to 
come in sight. ,^d conspectum, 
at sight of, on seeing. 

Conspectus, a, um, part. ^ adj. 
{co?ispicio) , beheld ; conspicuous, 
remarkable. 

Conspexi : from 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. {con 
8/- specio, to see), to see, behold, 
look at, observe, discern, per- 
ceive. 

Conspicor, dri, dtus sum, dep. con 
S/- specio), to see, behold, descry. 



154 



CONSPICUUS— CONSURGO. 



Conspicuus, a,um, adj. (conspicio), 
conspicuous, clear, visible. Fig.^ 
illustrious, distinguished, re- 
markable. 

Conspiratio, dnis,f., an agreement, 
league, combination, association, 
confederacy; union, unanimity, 
harmony, concord; a plot, con- 
spiracy : from 

Conspiro, are, avi, dtum, a. (con S/- 
spiro), to blow together ; to agree, 
unite or conspire together. 

Constans, antis, adj. {cons to), stand- 
ing together ; firm, steady, re- 
solved, determined ; constant, 
even, uniform, consistent; un- 
moved. 

Constanter, adv. (constans), firmly, 
steadily ; uniformly, evenly, reg- 
ularly, constantly. 

Constantia, a, f. (constans), firm- 
ness, steadiness, uniformity of 
conduct, constancy. 

Consterno, ere, strdvi, stratum, a. 
(con ^ sterno, to throw down), 
to alarm, terrify, affright, dis- 
may. 

Constiti. See Consisto. 

Constituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (con <^ 
statuo), to set up, place, erect; 
to found, build ; to dispose, ar- 
range; to establish, appoint; to 
place, put, station ; to intend, 
determine, resolve. 

Consto, are, stiti, n. (con &/• sto), to 
stand together, stand ; to consist 
of; to be consistent, correspond. 
Imp., constat, it is evident, mani- 
fest, clear, or certain ; it is 
agreed. Satis or certo constat, 
it is well or fully agreed. Con- 
stare sihi, to be consistent with 
one's self. 

Consuesco, ere, evi. Stum, n. 8^ a. 
(con S^ suesco, to accustom), to 
be accustomed or used to a thing ; 



to acquire a habit by practice, 
be in the habit of. 

Consuetudo, inis, f. (consuesco), 
custom, usage, use, habit. In 
consuetudinem abire, to pass into 
a custom, become customary. 
Eoque consuetudmis adducta res 
est, the affair was brought to 
such a degree of commonness, 
became so customary. 

Consul, ulis, m. (consulo), a consul, 
one of the two supreme magis- 
trates annually elected at Rome. 
The age at which one might first 
become a candidate for the consul- 
ship was forty- two. 

Consuldris, e, adj. (consul), of or 
belonging to a consul, consular. 
Vir consularis, one who has been 
consul, a man of consular dig- 
nity. 

Consulatus, its, m. (consul), the 
office of consul, the consulship 
or consulate. 

Consulo, ere, ui, tum, n. ^ a., to 
consult, deliberate, take counsel, 
reflect, consider ; to ask the ad- 
vice of any one, consult, ask, 
interrogate. 

Consult^, adv. (consultus, experi- 
enced), wisely, prudently, ad- 
visedly. 

Consulto, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. 
(consulo), to consult, deliberate ; 
to consult for, provide. 

Consumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (con ^ 
sumo), to take together; to eat, 
devour, consume; destroy; to 
waste, spend, employ. 

Consumptio, onis, f. (consumo), a 
spending, wasting, consumption. 

Consumptus,a,um,part. (consumo), 
consumed, spent, wasted, taken 
up. 

Consurgo, ere, rexi, rectum, n. (con 
^ surgo), to rise, rise together. 



CONTACTUS— CONTUMACIA. 



155 



Contactus, Us, m. (contingo), the 
act of touching; a touch, contact. 

Contego, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con <^ 
tego), to cover all round ; to hide, 
conceal. 

Contemno, ere, psi, ptum, a. (con ^ 
temno, to contemn), to make no 
account of, contemn, despise, 
slight ; to hold in contempt. 

Contempsi. See Contemno. 

Con' emptor, oris, m. (contemno), a 
despiser, contemner; as an adj., 
disdainful, contemptuous. 

Contemptus, us, m. {contemno), con- 
tempt, scorn, disdain, derision. 

Contendo, ere, di, turn, a. 4' n. (con 
4'" tendo), to stretch, strain ; to 
exert, employ ; to strive, at- 
tempt, endeavor ; to go to, direct 
one's course; to go, hasten; to 
contend, assert, insist, maintain ; 
to urge, solicit, entreat, beg. 

Contentio, oiiis, f. (contendo), a 
straining ; an effort, exertion, 
endeavor ; a contention, contest, 
dispute, controversy. 

Contentus, a, um.part. ^' adj. (con- 
tineo), content, satisfied, well- 
pleased. 

Contextus, Us, m. (contexo, to 
weave), a weaving or platting 
together. 

Conticesco, ere, ticui, (con (^ to ceo), 
to be silent, keep silence, hold 
one's peace, be still. 

Contlgit. See Contingo. 

Continens,tis, part. 6f- adj. (contineo), 
contiguous, adjoining, adjacent. 

Continentia, ce, f., a checking, re- 
straining ; moderation, conti- 
nence, temperance ; chastity : 
from 

Contineo, ere, ui, tentum, a. (con ^ 
teneo), to hold, keep, include, 
contain, comprehend ; to re- 
strain, check. Continere se cas- 
tris, to remain, stay — . 



Contingo, ere, tigi, tactum, a. (con 
^- tango, to touch), to touch ; to 
concern, affect; to arrive at, 
reach ; to happen to. Imperson- 
ally, to happen. 

Continuo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con- 
tinuum), to continue, prolong. 

Continvx), arfc, immediately, forth- 
with, instantly : from 

Continuus, a, um, adj. (contineo)., 
continual, without intermission, 
uninterrupted. 

Contra, prep, icith the ace. ^ adv., 
against, contrary to, in opposi- 
tion to ; on the contrary, on the 
other hand. Contra dignitatem, 
in derogation of — . 

Contractus, a, um, part, (con- 
traho). 

Contradico, ere,xi,ctum, a. (contra 
Sf' dico), to speak against, con- 
tradict, gainsay, oppose, thwart. 

Contrdko, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con 4-' 
traho), to draw together, bring 
together, collect, unite together; 
to fall into, enter into, engage 
in. 

Contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra), 
opposite, contrary, at variance 
with, repugnant. 

Contrebia, ce, f., Contrebia, a city 
of Spain : VII. 18. 

Contubernalim, is, m. Sf f. (con <^ 
taberna, a hut), a soldier belong- 
ing to the same tent with one, 
one occupying the same quar- 
ters ; a comrade ; a famihar 
friend, companion. 

Contubernium, i, n. (con 4- taberna), 
a dwelling together in the same 
tent; a tent. 

Contudi. See Contundo. 

Contidi. See Confero. 

Contumacia, (B,f. (confumax, obsti- 
nate), contumacy, stubbornness, 
obstinacy, fro wardness, perverse- 
ness, disobedience. 



156 



CONTUMELIA— CORIOLl. 



Contvmelia, cb, f. (con S/- tumeo^ to 
swell), an affront, outrage, in- 
sult, contumely. Verhorum con- 
tumelia^ contumelious or abusive 
language. 

Contumeliosus, a, um, adj. (contu- 
melia), abusive, insolent, contu- 
melious, injurious, insulting, 
reproachful. 

Contundo, ere, udi, usum, a. (con 
^ tundo), to bruise, crush, break, 
lessen, v^^eaken, check, subdue, 
cripple, tame. 

Contus, i, 7n., a long pole or staff; 
a pike or spear. 

Convalesco, ere, ui, n. (con 8f vaJes- 
co, to wax strong), to acquire 
strength, to grow strong; to re- 
cover one's health, be convales- 
cent, get well. 

Conveho, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con ^ 
veho), to carry or bring together ; 
t9 convey. 

ConveUo, ere, velli, vulsum, a. (con 
S^ vello), to rend, tear, pull or 
pluck up, remove, displace, up- 
set, overthrow, overturn. 

Conveniens, tis, adj., meet, fit, suit- 
able, agreeable, convenient, be- 
coming : from 

Convenio, ire, eni, entum, n. 8^ a. 
(con 8^ venid), to come together, 
meet, flock, assemble, collect. 
Convenit, imp., it is fit, proper, 
suitable, becoming; it is agreed 
upon, settled, an agreement is 
made. Convenire aliquem, to 
meet with, go up to, speak to, 
accost — . 

Conversus, a, um, part. : from 

Converto, ere, ti, sum, a. (con <^ 
verto), to turn about, whirl about, 
turn; to turn back. Fig., to 
transform, change, alter ; to ap- 
ply, turn, direct. 

Convicior, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con- 



vlcium, a loud noise), tj rail at, 
taunt, reproach, revile. 

Convictus, us, w,. (convive, to live 
together), a living together, inti- 
macy, fiirailiarity. 

Conviva, ce, m. ^-f. (convivo), one 
invited to a feast, a guest. 

Convivium, i, n. (con <^ vivo), a 
feast, banquet, entertainment. 

Convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con <^ 
voce), to call together, assemble, 
summon, convoke. 

Coorior, iri, ortus sum, dep. § 177, 
(con 4^ orior), to arise, rise, 
spring. 

Cophinus, i, m., a twig basket, 
pannier. 

Copia, a., /., (con <^ ops), plenty, 
abundance, supply, number ; ef- 
fects, goods, substance ; pi., 
troops or forces ; — power, op- 
portunity, permission. 

Copiost, adv. (copiosus, copious), 
abundantly, copiously, plenti- 
fully. 

Copula, ffi, /., a tie, band, fetter. 

Coquus, i, m. (coquo, to cook), a 
cook. 

Cor, cordis, n., the heart. 

Coram, adv. <^ prep, with the abl., 
before, in presence of, in person, 
face to face. 

Corinthius, a, um, adj., of Corinth. 
Corinthian. Corinthii, drum, m. 
pi., the inhabitants of Corinth, 
the Corinthians : from 

Corinthus, i, f, Corinth, the prin- 
cipal city of Achaia, in Greece : 
VII. 14. 

Corioldnus, i, m., Coriolanus, a 
surname of C. Marcius, given to 
him for his bravery at the taking 
ofCorioli,A.U.260: 11.11—13. 

Coridli, drum, m. pi., Corioli, a 
town of Latium, on the borders 
of the Volsci: II. 11. 



CORIUM— CRIMINOR. 



157 



Corium, i, w., the skin or hide of a 
beast; leather. 

Cornelia, <e, /., Cornelia, a name 
belonging to females of the Cor- 
nelian gens. The daughter of 
Scipio Africanus, the elder, and 
mother of the Gracchi : VII. 9. 
£lso, the wife of C. Julius Ce- 
sar, and daughter of L. Corne- 
lius Cinna : IX. 4. 

Cornelius, i, m., Cornelius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Cornelian 
gens. 

Corneus,a, um, adj., of or like horn, 
horny, made of horn : from 

Comu, ind. in the sing., § 87, a 
horn ; the wing of an array ; the 
horns of the moon. 

Corona, cb, f., a crown, garland. 
Sub corona vendere, to sell as a 
slave. Captives taken in war, 
when exposed to sale, are said to 
have worn a wreath upon their 
heads. 

Corono, are, avi, dtum, a. (corona), 
to crown ; to adorn, hang with 
garlands. 

Corpus, oris, n., a body ; a sub- 
stance; the body, person. 

Correptus, a, um,part. (corripio). 

Corrigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. {con Sf 
rego), to set right, amend, cor- 
rect, reform, remedy. 

Corrlpio, ere, ui, eptum, a. {con 8^ 
rapio), to snatch, seize, seize 
hastily ; to attack. 

Corrumpo, ere, upi, upturn, a. {con 
<^ mmpo) , to tear apart ; to waste , 
impair, spoil, hurt, injure, de- 
stroy, corrupt; to seduce, bribe. 

Corruo, ere, ui,n.S^ a. {con <^ ruo), 
to fall together, fall down, fall. 

Corruptus,a, um, part, {corrumpo). 

Cortex, icis, m. S^f., the bark of a 
tree, the rind. 

Corvinus,i. m., Corvinus, a Roman 
14 



cognomen in the Valerian gens. 
M. Valerius Corvinus, a Roman 
consul, A. U. 407 : III. 7, 8 : from 

Corvus, i,m., a raven; a grapple 
iron, grapnel. 

Cos, cotis,f., a rock; a whetstone, 
hone. 

Cras, adv., to-morrow. 

Crates, is,f., a hurdle, crate, wick- 
er vessel. 

Creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, 
repeated, numerous, thick, close. 

Credibiliter, adv. {credibilis, credi- 
ble), credibly, probably. 

Credo, ere, didi, dttum, n. &/- a., to 
trust, have confidence in, con- 
fide in, believe. Satis credere, 
to believe confidently, feel sure 
of any thing : — to think, sup- 
pose, consider. Credendum est, 
credit must or should be given. 

Cremera, ce, f, Cremera, a small, 
river of Etruria : II. 14. 

Cremo, are, avi, dtum, a., to bum. 
set on fire. 

Creo, are, avi, dtum, a., to make, 
create ; to cause, occasion ; bring 
on; to elect, appoint, create. 
Micui invidiam creare, to bring 
odium upon — . 

Crepida, cB,f., a slipper, sandal. 

Crepitus, us, m. {crepo, to sound). , 
a noise, rattling, clashing, ring- 
ing, tinkling. Alarum crepitus, 
a flapping — . 

Cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, n., to 
grow ; to appear, become visible ; 
to increase. 

Creta, a,f., Crete, a large island in 
the Mediterranean Sea, nozci Can- 
dia. 

Cretcnsis, e, adj. (Creta), Cretan. 

Crevi. See Cresco. 

Crimen, mis, ti., a reproach, charge, 
accusation ; ofience, crime. 

Criminor^ &ri, dUus sum^ dep. (cri- 



158 



CRINIS— CUPIDUS. 



men), to accuse, charge with a 
crime, criminate, to allege as a 
reproach. 

Crinis, is, m., the hair of the head. 

Cruciatus^ us, m., torment, torture, 
pain, anguish: from 

Cruclo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (crux), 
to torment, rack, torture, pain, 
afflict, vex, grieve, distress. 

Crudelis, e, adj., ior^issimus, (cru- 
dus, bloody), cruel, fierce, sav- 
age, barbarous : from 

Crudelitas, dtis, /., cruelty, inhu- 
manity. 

Crudeliter, adv. {crudelis), in a cru- 
el manner, cruelly. 

Cruento, are, dvi,dtum,a., to make 
bloody, or sprinkle with blood; 
to stain : from 

Cruentus, a, um, adj. (cruor), 
bloody. 

Crumena, (b, f, a leathern bag, 
purse. 

Cruor, oris, m., blood, gore. 

Crus, cruris, n., the leg from the 
knee to the ankle. 

Crux, crucis, f, a cross. Cruci 
suffigere, to crucify. 

Crystallinus,a, um,adj., of crystal, 
crystalline. 

Cubiculum, i, n. (cm6o), abed-cham- 
ber, a room. 

Cubitus, i, m. (cubo), the arm below 
the elbow ; in measure, a cubit. 

Cubitus, a, um, part. : from 

Cuho, are, ui, itum, n., to lie, lie 
down, be in bed, recline, repose. 
Cubitum ire, to go to bed. 

Cucurri. See Curro. 

Cujas, dtis, adj., of what country, 
whence ; belonging to whom. 

Cujus. See Qui. 

Cujusdam. See Quidam. 

Culcita, ce,f., the tick of abed; a 
mattress; a cushion, pillow. 

Culmen, inis, n. (columen, the top), 



the thatched roof of a house, 
the top. 

Culpa, (s, f, a fault, blame, guilt ; 
an oftence, crime. 

Culpa, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {culpa), to 
blame, find fault with, censure, 
reprove. 

Cidtellus, i, m., a little knife, knife : 
from 

Culler, tri, m. {colo), a knife, the 
colter of a plough. 

Cultus, us, m. {colo), cultivation, 
care, culture, improvement, edu- 
cation ; a manner of living ; 
dress, elegance. 

Cultus, a, um, part, {colo), honored, 
worshipped ; adorned, decked. 
Cultus munditiis, studiously nice. 

Cum, prep, icith the abl., with, 
along with, together with ; 
against, to, towards. 

Cum, or Quum, cowj., when, when- 
ever. 

Cumce, drum,f. pL, Cumae, a mari- 
time city of Campania: II. 8. 

Cunctatio, onis, f. {cunctor), a de- 
laying, lingering ; delay, doubt, 
hesitation. 

Cunctdtor, oris, m., a lingerer, de- 
layer; the agnomen of Q. Fa- 
bius Maximus : from 

Cunctor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
delay ; to hesitate ; to scruple : 
from 

Cunctus, a, um, adj., all together, 
all. 

Cupide, adv. {cupidus), eagerly, 
gladly. 

Cupiditas,dtis,f {cupidus), a. wish, 
desire ; an inordinate desire, 
passion ; eagerness ; avarice, am- 
bition. 

Cupido, inis, m. &/- f. {cupio), a 
wish, desire, passion. 

Cupidus, a, um, adj., desirous, 
fond, eager. 



CUPIO— DEBILIS. 



Cupio, ere, ivi <^ ti, itum^ a. (ca- 
pio), to covet, desire, be willing, 
wish, long for. 

Cur, adv. (quare, wherefore), why, 
wherefore, for what reason, to 
what purpose. 

Curn,(e,f. {qucero), care, careful- 
ness, attention, thought, regard, 
solicitude, anxiety ; charge, con- 
duct, direction. 

Curatio, onis, f. (euro), a taking 
care, a charge ; the administra- 
tion or management of any thing. 

Cnres^ ium, f. pi.., Cures, a town 
of the Sabines : I. 9. 

Curia, «, /., the senate-house ; a 
curia or ward. 

Curiatlus^ i, m., Curiatius. Curi- 
atii, drum., pL, the Curiatii, three 
Alban brothers : I. 11 — 14. 

CuriuSy i, m., Curius, a Roman 
name. 

Curo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (euro), to 
take care of, look to, order, at- 
tend to, provide, cause, take 
care, order. 

Curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, a., to 
run, hasten. 

Currus, us, m. (curro,) a chariot, 
car, wagon. 

Cursor, oris, m. (curro), Cursor, a 
Roman cognomen in the Papiri- 
an gens. L. Papirius Cursor, a 
dictator in the Sabine war, A. U. 
430 : III. 9, 10. 

Cursus, us, m. (curro), running, a 
running; a course, motion. 

Curulis, e, adj. (cMr?-M5), belonging 
to a chariot. Sella curulis, the 
curule chair, chair of state. Cu- 
rulcs mngistratus, the curule 
magistrates, those who were 
permitted to use the curule 
chair, namely, the consuls, pre- 
tors, censors, and curule ediles ; 
curule matristracies. 



Custodia, (B, f. (custos), a watch, 
guard ; care ; a keeping, guard- 
ing, charge, protection; a pris- 
on. 

Custodio, ire, ivi, itum, a., to keep, 
guard, preserve, watch, defend : 
from 

Custos, odis, m. ^ /., a keeper, pro- 
tector, defender, guard, sentinel. 
Corporis custos, a body-guard. 

Cutis, is, /., the skin. 

Cyprus, i,f., Cyprus, an island in 
the Mediterranean : IX. 17, 

D. 

D., an abbreviation of the prano- 
men Decimus. 

Daham. See Do. 

Dam.no, are, dvi, dtum, a., to con- 
demn, sentence. Damnare mul- 
td, to fine, § 217, R. 3. Capitis 
or morte damnare, to condemn 
to death : from 

Damnum, i, n., loss, hurt, harm, 
damage. 

Daps, dapis,f., food, meat; a feast, 
banquet. 

Datus, a, um, part, (do), 

De, prep, with the abl., of, from; ^ 
about, concerning, respecting ; 
ichen denoting a change of con- 
dition, in place of, instead of, 
from being ; — because of, on ac- 
count of, owing to. 

Dea, (B,f., a goddess. 

Deambulo, are, dvi, dtum., n. (de &/• 
ambulo), to walk up and down, 
walk abroad, take a walk. 

Debeo, ere,vi,itum, a. (deS^haheo), 
to owe, be in debt; to be indebt- 
ed to. With the infinitive, it de- 
notes duty; it is proper, it is 
indispensable, one ought. Pass., 
to be owed, be due. 

Dehllis, c, adj. (de 8/- habilis), in- 



160 



DEBITOR— OEFECI. 



firm, feeble, maimed, impotent, 
disabled ; weak, faint. 

Debitor^ oris, m. (debeo), a debtor. 
Debitor esse alicnjus, to be in- 
debted for any thing. 

Decedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (de <^" 
cedo), § 242, to depart, withdraw, 
retire ; retire from. Decedere or 
decedere vita, to die. 

Decern, ind. num. adj., ten. 

December, bris, m. (decern), the 
month December ; the tenth 
month of the Roman year. 

Decemvirdlis, e, adj., of or belong- 
ing to the decemviri : from 

Decemviri, drum, m. (decern ^vir), 
ten men appointed to execute 
jointly any public commission, 
the decemvirs. 

Deceptus, a, um,part. (decipio). 

Decerno, ere, crtvi, cretum, a. (de 
^ cerno), to think, judge, con- 
clude; to deliberate, determine, 
resolve ; to settle, decide ; to de- 
cree, adjudge, grant; to fight, 
contend, engage. Decernere pro- 
vinciam or bellum, to decree, to 
commit, consign — . 

Decerpo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (de 8f 
carpo), to pull or pluck off; to 
pullaway; to gather. 

Decessi. See Decedo. 

Decet, uit, imp., it becomes, is 
proper, behoves, is right, fit, 
suitable. 

Decido, ere, idi, n. (de (^ cado), to 
fall from, fall down. 

Decimus, i, m., Decimus, a Roman 
prcenomen : from 

Decimus, a, urn, adj. (decem), the 
tenth. 

Decipio, ere, epi, eptmn, a. (de 8f 
capio), to deceive, beguile. 

Decius, i, m., Decius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Decian 
gens. jP. Decius Mas, a consul 



who devoted himself for his 
country, in the Latin war : III. 
6. P. Decius, a Roman pretor : 
VII. 23. 

Decldro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de S^ 
claro, to make clear), to declare, 
show clearly, evince, manifest} 
declare, proclaim. 

Decllno, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de ^ 
clino, to bend), to bend down- 
wards ; to turn aside. 

Decor 0, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (decus), 
to adorn, beautify, embellish, 
decorate. 

Decretum, i, n. (decerno), a decree, 
act, ordinance, statute. Decre- 
tum ferre, to pass or make a 
decree, enact. 

Decretus, a, um, part, (decerno), 
decreed, resolved upon. 

Decus, oris, n. (deceo), an orna- 
ment; grace, credit, honor. 

Decutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (de «^ 
quatio), to shake down, strike or 
shake off, beat down. 

Dedecet, uit, imp. (de ^ decet), it 
misbecomes, or does not become. 

Dedecus, oris, n. (de S^ decus), dis- 
grace, dishonor, shame, infamy. 

Dedi. See Do. 

Deditio, onis, f. (dedo), a yielding 
up, surrender, surrendry. 

Deditus, a, um, part. S^ adj., de- 
voted, addicted, given up : from 

Dedo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (de <^ do), 
to give, give up, deliver; to sur- 
render, submit; to apply, devote. 

Deduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. {de ^ du- 
co), to bring down; to convey, 
conduct, bring, lead; to remove ; 
to accompany, escort. 

Decsse. See Desum. 

Defatigatio, onis, f. (defatigo, to 
weary), a wearying, tiring; wea- 
riness, fatigue. 

Dcfeci. See Deficio. 



DEFECTIO— DELEO. 



161 



Defecfio, 6nis,f. (deficio), a failing, 
defect, fiiilure, want. Fig., de- 
fection, revolt. Dtfectio lunce, 
an eclipse — . 

Dcfectus, us, m. (deficio), a defect, 
want, deficiency ; a rebellion, 
revolt. 

Defendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de S^ fen- 
do, obs.), to repel; to defend, 
keep, protect, guard, preserve; 
to assert, maintain. 

Defensio, onis, f. (defendo), a de- 
fending, defence. 

Defero, fcrre, tuli, latum, irr., a. 
(de 4^ /ero), to carry down or 
along; to carry, bring, convey; 
to offer, proffer, exhibit, give, 
confer, bestow ; to tell, narrate, 
report ; to bring or lay before 
one. Honorem alicui defcrre, to 
bestow or confer upon — . 

Defessus, a, am, adj. (de S^fessus), 
weary, tired, fatigued. 

Deficio, ere, feci, fectum, n. ^ a. 
(de S^facio), to fail, be wanting ; 
to lose strength, become feeble ; 
to perish ; to rebel, revolt, go 
over; to be eclipsed. 

Deflgo, ere, fixi, fixum, a. (de <^ 
figo, to fix), to fix in the ground, 
plant; to plant, fix; to aston- 
ish, overpower, stupefy, strike 
motionless. 

Dcflecto, ere, flexi, flexum, a. (de <^ 
fiecto), to bend downwards, bend, 
bow ; to turn aside ; to turn, 
change. Deflectere ad iracun- 
diam, to become passionate or 
irascible. 

Defltio, ere, fluxi, n. (de 8^ fluo, to 
flow), to flow down, float down ; 
to escape, vanish, pass away, 
perish. 

DeformUas, dtis, f. (deformis, de- 
formed), deformity, ugliness, un- 
seemliness, defect. 

14 * 



Defiii. See Desura. 

Defunrtus, a, um, part., having 
gone through with or finished. 
Defunctus vitd, or defunctus, 
dead : from 

Defungor, i, functus sum, dep. (de 
^fungor), to discharge, execute, 
perform, get rid of, be freed from. 

Degener, eris, adj. (de&f genus), nn- 
like one's ancestors, degenerate. 

Dego, ere, i, a. ^ n. (de <^ a,go), to 
lead, pass, or spend; to live, 
exist. 

Dehonestamentum, i, n. (dehonestOy 
to disgrace), a blemish, deformi- 
ty ; a reproach, disgrace, dispar- 
agement. 

Dein, or Deinde, adv. (de ^ in or 
inde), then, after that, afterwards, 
next. 

Deinceps, adv. (dein ^ capio), suc- 
cessively, one after another ; 
afler that, afterwards, next, in 
the next place ; continually, 
hereafter. 

Dejicio, ere,jeci,jectum, a. (de S^ja- 
cio), to throw, cast, or hurl down ; 
to throw off; to bring down, 
strike ; to overthrow, kill, slay. 

Belabor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (de ^ 
labor, to glide down), to fall or 
slide down, fall. 

Delapsus, a, um, part, (delabor). 

Deldttis, a, um, part, (defero). 

DeJectabilis, e, adj., delectable, de- 
lightful, pleasant : from 

Delecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de S/' 
lacto, to allure), to allure,^ invite) 
to delight, please. 

Delectus, a, um, part, (deligo)^ 
chosen, selected. 

Delectus, us, m.(deligo),ti choosing, 
selecting, choice ; a levy of sol- 
diers. Delectum habere, agere^ 
etc., to make a levy. 

Deleo, ere, evi, etum, a., to blot out, 



DELIBERO— DEPORTO. 



efface, expunge, erase ; to over- 
throw, destroy. 

.Delibero, are, dvi, dtum, a. {de 8/- 
libera), to consult, deliberate, ad- 
vise, take advice, debate, w^eigh, 
consider, ponder. 

Delicdtus,a,um, adj. (delicice), deli- 
cate, neat, elegant, effeminate. 

Delicate, adv. (delicdtus), delicate- 
ly, softly, luxuriously, neatly, 
elegantly. 

Delicioi, drum,/, pi. (delicio, to en- 
tice), delights, pleasures, pas- 
times, sports, luxury, indul- 
gence. 

J)eligo, dre., dvi, dtum, a. {de ^ li- 
go., to bind), to bind, tie, make 
fast. 

Deligo, ere, legi, lectum, a. {de <^ 
lego), to choose, pick out, select. 

Delitesco, ere, litui, n. inc. {de <^ 
latesco, to lie hid), to lie hid, be 
concealed, skulk, lurk. 

Delphi, drum, m. pi., Delphi, a 
town of Phocls, in Greece, situ- 
ated on Mount Parnassus, where 
was the celebrated oracle of 
Apollo : II. 1. 

Deluhrum, i, n., a shrine, temple. 

Demigratio, onis,f., an emigration, 
removing from one place to 
another : from 

Demlgrn, dre, dvi, dtum, n. {de Sf 
migro, to migrate), to remove, 
change one's place of residence, 
migrate, emigrate ; to go away, 
depart. 

Demisst, adv. {demissus, low), low, 
meanly, abjectly, humbly. 

Demitto, ere, misi, missum, a. {de 
^ mitto), to send down, cast, 
thrust, or let down, lower. Fig., 
to fix, fasten. Demittere se ad 
aliquod, to condescend, lower 
one's self, descend — . 

Demo, ere, dempsi, demptum, a. {de 



^ emo), to take away, take off, 
subtract, withdraw, remove. 

Demum, adv., at length, at last, 
finally, truly, indeed, in truth. 

Denarius, i, m. {deni, ten), a Ro- 
man denier, a silver coin worth 
ten asses, § 327, 2 & 3. 

Denego, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de &/■ 
nego), to deny, not suffer ; to re- 
fuse to give; to re use. 

Denique, adv., to conclude, in fine, 
at last, finally ; at length. 

Dens, tis, m., a tooth. 

Dentdtus, i, m. {dentatus, having 
teeth), Dentatus, a Roman cog- 
nomen in the Curian gens. Ma- 
nius Curius Dentatus, a Roman 
consul, A. U. 462 : III. 23. 

Denudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de 8f 
nudo), to make bare or naked, 
despoil, strip. 

Denuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de 4^ 
nuntio), to denounce; to inti- 
mate, declare, forewarn, foretell, 
proclaim; to command, enjoin, 
order. 

Deosculor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {de 
S/" osculor), to kiss. 

Depello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. {de Sf 
pello), to drive, put, or thrust 
down; to drive away, expel, re- 
move ; to deter. 

Depereo, Ire, il, irr. n. {de 8/- pereo), 
to perish, be lost, go to ruin, be 
undone. Deperireamore, to love 
greatly, be desperately in love 
with. 

Depono, ere, osui, ositum, a. {de ^ 
pono), to lay, put, or set down, 
lay aside, leave off; to lay, put, 
place ; to lay by, resign, throw 
aside ; to cast away, abandon, 
give up. 

Deporto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de ^ 
porta), to carry down; to carry 
or convey away. 



DEPOSCO— DESUMO. 



163 



Deposco, ire, poposci, a. (de ^ pos- 
co), to require, demand, request 
earnestly. Deposccre in servi- 
tutem, to demand for slavery, 
i. e., to claim as a slave. 

Deposltus, a,um,, part, (depono). 

Deprecor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (de ^z- 
precor), to pray for earnestly, 
supplicate, beseech, beg ; to 
deprecate, avert by prayers, beg 
to be freed from ; to avert, re- 
move. 

Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. {de (^ 
prehendo), to seize, catch, arrest, 
take unawares, overtake ; to de- 
tect, surprise; to find, discover, 
perceive. 

Depressus, a, um, part. : from 

Deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
{de Sf premo), to press or weigh 
down, depress, sink. 

Depuli. See Depello. 

Depulsus, a, um, part, {depello). 

Deripio, ere, ripui, reptura, a. {de 
^ rapio), to take or pull down, 
take away, 

Descendo, ere, di, sum, n. {de fy 
scando, to climb), to go or come 
down, descend ; to penetrate, 
sink into, pierce. Descendere or 
ex equo descendere, to dismount, 
alight — . 

Descisco, ere, sclvi, scltum, n. {de 
Sf scisco, to inquire), to with- 
draw, stand aloof, revolt, alter, 
change. £ senatu desciscere, to 
desert the senate, to abandon the 
party of the senate. 

Describo, ere, psi, ptum, a. {de <^ 
scribo), to write over, copy ; to 
express, describe ; to divide, dis- 
tribute ; to draw, delineate. 

Desero, ere, ui, sertum, a. {de ^- 
sero, to connect), to abandon, 
leave, forsake, desert. 

Desiderium, i, n., a longing for, de- 



sire, love, affection. Desiderium 
aliciijus, grief for the want, loss, 
or absence, of any person or 
thing ; regret for one's absence : 
from 

Desidero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to de- 
sire, wish ; to need. 

Desidia, a:, f, {deses, idle), idle- 
ness, sloth, inactivity. 

Desilio, ire, ui or ii, n. {de ^ salio), 
to jump or leap down, alight, 
vault. 

Deslno, ere, sivi or sii, situm,, n. 8f 
a. {de &," sine), to cease, leave 
off, give over ; to end, terminate. 

Dcsipio, ere, ui, n. {de S^ sapio), to 
dote, be foolish, act foolishly, be 
out of one's wits, be delirious. 

Desisto, ere, stiti, stitum, n. {de fy 
sisto), to cease, give over, desist 
from, leave off. 

Desperdtus, a, um, part. 8^ adj., 
despaired of; desperate, past 
hope : from 

Despero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {de ^ 
spero), to despair of, be without 
hope, despond. 

Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. {de 8^^ 
specie, to see), to look down 
upon; to despise. Despicere in 
domum, to overlook — . 

Despondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsum, 
a. {de Sf'- spundeo), to promise, 
promise in marriage, betroth. 

Desponsus, a, um,part. {despondeo). 

Destine, are, dvi, dtum, a. {destina, 
a tie), to tie; to destine, doom; 
to determine, resolve, design, 
purpose, aim. 

Dest^iti. See Desisto. 

Desum, deessc, defui, irr. n. {de S^ 
sum), to fail, be wanting, be 
wanting in duty. Deesse occa- 
sioni, to lose, let slip, fail to im- 
prove — . 

Desumo, ere, sumpsi. sumptum, a. 



164 



DESUPER— DIDICI. 



{de S^ sumo), lo take or pick out, 
choose ; to assume, take upon 
one's self. 

Desiiper, adv. (de S/- super), from 
above ; above ; over. 

Delectus, «, uin, part. : from 

Detego^ ere, ex/., ectum, a. (de S/- 
tego), to lay open, uncover, ex- 
pose, detect, disclose ; to find 
out, discover. 

Deterreo, ere, ui, iturri, a. (de <^ 
ierreo), to deter, frighten, dis- 
courage. 

Detestor, dri, df.us sum, dcp. (de <^ 
testor, to testify), to call to wit- 
ness ; to imprecate, execrate ; 
to detest. 

Dettneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. (de c^- 
teneo), to detain, keep, hold, hin- 
der. In carcere detinere, to con- 
fine in prison. 

Detrar.ius, a, um, part. : from 

Detrdho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. (de 
S/- trafio), to draw or take down, 
take away, pull or take off. 

Detrecto, are, dvt, dtum, a. (de <^ 
tracto, to handle), to decline, 
refuse, diminish, disparage. 

Detrimentuw,, i, n. (detero, to wear), 
a rubbing off; detriment, disad- 
vantage, damage, loss, harm. 

Detull. See Defero. 

Defurho, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de <^ 
turbo), to tumble, beat, or throw 
down ; to dem6lish, overthrow. 

Devasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (de S/- 
vasto), to lay waste, spoil, pil- 
lage, ravage. 

Devinco, ere, lei, ictum, a. (de <^ 
vinco), to conquer, vanquish, sub- 
due. 

Devws, a, um, adj. (de S^- via), out 
of the way, retired, sequestered; 
difficult of access, inaccessible. 

Devoh, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (de (^ 
volo), to fly down, fly away. 



Devoveo, ere, vovi, votum, a. (de 
<^ voveo), to vow; to devote to 
destruction; to devote, doom, 
promise. 

Deus, i, m,., a god, deity. 

Dexter, era ^ tra, erum S/^ trum, 
adj., dexterior, dextimus ; right, 
on the right hand. 

Dextera, S^ Dextra, ce, f.., (dexter), 
the right hand ; the right side. 

Diadema, dtis, n., a diadem, crown. 

Diana, ce, /., Diana, daughter of 
Jupiter and Latona, and goddess 
of hunting: I. 23. 

Dicax, dots, adj. cior, cissimus^ 
(dico), witty, sharp, quick, acute, 
keen, satirical. 

Dico, ere, dixi, dictum, a., to speak, 
say, utter; to relate; to men- 
tion ; to call ; to appoint. Dicer e 
sententiam, to declare one's opin- 
ion. Z)ice?"e caM.sam, to plead — . 
Diem dicere. See Dies. 

Dictator, oris, m. (dicto), a chief 
magistrate elected on extraordi- 
nary occasions, and vested with 
absolute power, dictator. 

Dictatura, ce, f (dictator), the 
office of dictator, dictatorship. 

Dicterium, i, n., a sharp saying, 
jest, scoff, witticism. 

Dictito, dre, dvi, dtum, n.freq. (di- 
co, § 187, II. I), to speak, say, 
or tell often, give out, say com- 
monly ; to pretend. 

Dicto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. freq. (dico., 
§ 187, n. 1), to dictate what 
another may write ; to com- 
mand, order, direct, prescribe, 
dictate. 

Dictum, i, n. (dico), a word, say- 
ing, remark, expression ; re- 
sponse, prediction, prophecy; 
a command, injunction. 

Dictus, a, um, part. (dico). 

Didici. See Disco. 



DIDUCO— DIRIPIO. 



165 



Diduco^ ere, xi, ctum., a. (dis <^ 
duco)j to draw aside, separate, 
divide ; to stretch wide, open 
wide. 

Dies, ei, m. ^ /., in pi. only in., 
a day. Diem dicere, to appoint 
or fix a day for trial, summon to 
trial. Die, abl., by day, in the 
daytime. 

Diffiiro, ferre. distidi, dildtum, irr. 
a. {dis S^ fero), to carry hither 
and thither; to scatter, disperse; 
to spread' abroad, proclaim ; to 
defer, put off, postpone. 

Difficilis, e, adj. {dis ^'- facilis), 
hard, difficult. 

Difficillter, or Difficile, adv., ius, 
illime, {difficilis), difficultly, 
with difficulty. 

Difficultas, dtis, f. {difficilis), diffi- 
culty, trouble ; scarcity. Cum 
ingenti itinerum dfficultate, with 
great difficulty in performing 
the journey ; by a toilsome 
march. 

Diffldo, ere, flstis sum, n. pass, 
{dis S/" fido, to trust), to distrust, 
mistrust, despair. 

Diffluo, ere, xi, n.{dis Sf jiuo),io 
flow on. all sides ; to run over, 
overflow. Otio et Ivxu diffl.ucre, 
to give one's self up to — . 

Digitus, i, m., a finger. 

Dignitas, dtis, f. {dignus), merit, 
desert : dignity, greatness, au- 
thority, rank, honor, nobility, 
eminence, worth : an office. 
Dignitas corporis, personal dig- 
nity, dignity of deportment. 

Dignor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
think or esteem worthy ; to 
deign : from 

Dignus, a, urn, adj., worthy, de- 
serving, befitting ; convenient, 
fit, suitable, proper. 

Digredior, i, essus sum, dep. {dis 



4-' gradior, to go), to step aside, 
turn aside, depart. 

Dildtus, a, um, part, {differo). 

Diligens, tis, adj. {diligo), fond 
of; diligent, careful. 

Diligentiu, <c, /. {diligens), dili- 
gence, carefulness, attention, 
industry. 

Diligo, ere, exi, ectum, a. {dis ^ 
lego), to love, esteem highly. 

Diluo, ere, ui, utum, a. {dis <^ hw)^ 
to wash, cleanse, purify; to re- 
fute; to dilute, dissolve. 

Dimicatio, onis, f., a fight, skir- 
mish, struggle, battle, contest : 
froTn 

Diitnco, dre, dvi or tii, dtum, n. 
{dis 8^ viico), to fight, skirmish, 
encounter, contend. Imp.,dimi- 
candum est, one must fight, a 
battle must be fought. Dimi- 
catum est, imp., they fought, 
the battle was fought. 

Dimidium, i, n. {dimidius, half), 
the half. 

Dimilto, ere, isi, issum, a. {dis ^ 
viitto), to send different ways, 
send away, despatch ; to dismiss, 
discharge, let go ; to give over, 
drop, abandon ; to repudiate, 
divorce. 

Dimovco, ere, dvi, dtum, a. {dis 8^ 
moveo), to move asunder ; to 
divide ; to remove ; to move, turn 
away, divert, dissuade from. 

DircB, drum, f. pi., curses, impre- 
cations. 

Direptus, a, inn, part, {diripio). 

Dirigo, ere, exi, ectum, a. {dis S^- 
rego), to direct, guide, steer, 
place straight ; to range, draw 
up. 

Dirimo, ere, emi, cmptum, a., to 
part, divide, separate ; to put an 
end to, terminate ; to frustrate. 

Diripio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. {dis ^^ 



166 



DIRUO— DISSUADEO. 



rapio), to tear asunder ; to plun- 
der, pillage, rob. 

Diruo, ere, rui, rutum^ a. (dis <^ 
ruo), to pull down, overthrow, 
destroy, demolish. 

Dims, a, um, adj., cruel, savage, 
fierce ; direful. 

Dirutus, a, um, part, (diruo). 

Dis, m. ^ f., Dite, n. adj., ditior, 
ditissimus ; rich, wealthy, opu- 
lent. 

Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (dis 
S/- cedo), to part, divide ; to de- 
part, go away, leave. Discedere 
superior, to come off victorious. 

Discerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. {dis 
4^ cerno), to separate, divide ; to 
distinguish, discern. 

Discerpo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (dis S/- 
carpo), to pluck or tear in pieces ; 
to scatter, disperse. 

Discessi. See Discedo. 

Disciplina, cB,f., instruction, disci- 
pline : from 

Disco, ere, didici, a. 8^ n., to learn; 
to acquire learning, study ; to 
understand, make one's self ac- 
quainted with, 

Discordia, a, f. (discors, discord- 
ant), discord, dissension, dis- 
agreement, variance, debate, 
strife. 

Discordo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (dis- 
cors), to be at variance, disagree, 
differ. Ab aliquo discordare, to 
fall out with, disagree with, 
quarrel with — . 

Discrlmen, inis, n. (discerno), a 
distinction, difference ; danger, 
risk, hazard. 

Discurro, ere, curri 8^ cucurri, 
cursum, n. (dis 8^ curro), to run 
different ways ; to run to and 
fro, run about. 

Disciitio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (dis 
^ guatio), to shake, drive, shake 



off, disperse, dispel, dissipate, 
remove. 

Diserte, adv., clearly, expressly; 
eloquently : from 

Disertus, a, iim, adj., ior, issimus ; 
eloquent, copious, clear. 

Disjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (dis 
<^ jacio), to disperse, rout; to 
destroy, shatter, dash to pieces. 

Dispar, dris, adj. (dis <^ par), 
unequal, dissimilar, different. 

Dispono, ere, osui, ostium, a. (dis 
&/• pono), to distribute ; to place, 
put, set in order, arrange. 

Dispute, are, dvi, dtum, a. (dis ^ 
puto), to discourse, treat of, de- 
bate, dispute, argue, discuss. 

Dissensus, us, m., 8^ Dissensio, 
onis, /., a dissension, disagree- 
ment, difference, variance : from 

Dissentio, ire, si, sum, n. (dis 8^ 
sentio), to differ in sentiment, 
dissent, disagree ; to be unlike, 
different. 

DissP.ro, ere, rui, sertum., n. (dis 
8f sero, to lay in order), to 
speak, talk ; to discourse, de- 
bate, dispute ; to treat of, dis- 
cuss. 

Dissero, ere, sevi, sltuvi, a. (dis 8^ 
sero, to sow), to scatter, dissem- 
inate, disperse. 

Dissimllis, e, adj. (dis 8/- similis), 
unlike, dissimilar, different. 

Dissimilitudo, inis, f (dissimilis) , 
unlikeness, dissimilitude, dis- 
similarity. 

Dissiraulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (dis 
^ simulo), to dissemble, dis- 
guise, conceal, keep secret. 

Dissipo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to 
disperse, scatter; to squander, 
waste. 

Dissuddeo, ere, si, sum, a. (dis ^ 
suadeo), to dissuade, advise 
against or to the contrary. 



DISTRAHO— DOMICILIUM. 



167 



Distraho, ere, zi, ctum, a. {dis S/"^ 
traho), to draw or pull asunder, 
divide; to perplex, distract. In 
diver sa dislrahere, to tear in 
pieces. 

Distribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (dis ^ 
tribuo), to divide, distribute. 

Districtus, a, um, part., drawn, un- 
sheathed : from 

Distrlngo, ere, nxi, ctum, a. (dis S/- 
stringo), to bind fast ; to draw, 
un sheath. 

Dislurho, are, dvi, dtum, a. (dis ^ 
turbo), to throw down, over- 
throw, demolish. 

Ditesco, ere, n. inc. (dis, rich), to 
grow or become rich. 

Ditio, onis,f., rule, power, domin- 
ion, authority. 

Ditissimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
dis), richest. 

Dito, are, dvi, dtum, a. (dis), to 
enrich. 

Diu, adv., in the daytime, by day ; 
long, for a long time ; comp. 
diutius, longer, very long. 

Diuturnitas, dtis,f, length of time, 
long continuance, long duration : 
from 

Diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu), of 
long continuance, long, .con- 
tinued. Morbus diuturnus, a 
protracted or lingering disease. 

Diversus, a, um, adj., turned from 
one another, separated, opposite, 
contrary ; other, different, un- 
like ; from 

Diverto, ere, ti, sum, n. 8^ a., to 
turn aside ; to digress. 

Divldo, ere, tsi, %sum, a. (dis ^ 
vido, obs.), to separate, divide ; 
to distribute, portion out, allot, 
share. 

Divinatio, onis, f. (divino, to di- 
vine), the foreseeing or predict- 
ing of future events, divination. 



Divinitus, adv. (divinus, divine), 
from God, from heaven; by di- 
vine Providence, providentially ; 
divinely, excellently. 

Divlsi. See Divido. 

Divisus, a, um, part, (divido). 

Divitice, drum, f pi. (dives), riches, 
wealth. 

Dixi. See Dico. 

Do, dare, dedi, datum, a., to give, 
bestow, grant ; to offer, present, 
furnish. Dare veniam, to par- 
don. To yield, give up, resign. 
Honoribus operam dare, to seek 
for offices or preferment. Tutor 
dari, to be appointed — . Dare 
negotium alicui, to commit an 
affair — , to give in charge — , 
direct — . 

Doceo, ere, ui, ctum, a., to show, 
inform, say, tell, declare; to 
teach, instruct. 

Docilis, e, adj. (doceo), apt to learn 
or be taught, docile. 

Doctor, oris, m. (doceo), a teacher, 
instructor, master. 

Doctrlna, ce, f (doceo), the art of 
teaching; instruction, education, 
learning. 

Doctus, a, um, part. 8/- adj. (doceo), 
taught ; skilled, learned, well 
versed, experienced. 

Doleo, ere, ui, n. 8^ a., to grieve, 
sorrow, be sorry, be afflicted. 

Dolium,i, n., a cask, barrel, tub. 

Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), pain, grief, 
distress, mortification, sorrow, 
affliction, anguish; offence, in- 
jury ; indignation, resentment, 
anger. 

Dolost, adv. (doldsus, cunning), 
craftily, cunningly, deceitfully, 
treacherously. 

Dolus, i, m., a cunning device, 
artifice, deceit, treachery, fraud. 

Domicilium, i, n. (domus), a house, 



168 



DOMIiNATIO— DURUS. 



habitation, place of abode, resi- 
dence. 

Domination onis, f. {dominor)^ do- 
minion, authority, power ; tyr- 
anny. 

Dominor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
rule, reign, domineer : froin 

Dominus, i, m. (domus), a master; 
a commander ; a lord. 

Domo, dre^ ui, Itum^ a., to subdue, 
conquer, overcome, vanquish. 

Domus, us (^ ^, /., a house, home. 
Domi, at home. With miiitice, in 
peace, § 221, R. 3. Domum, 
after a verb expressing or im.ply- 
ing motion, home, § 237, R. 4. — 
Fig., a family. 

Donee, conj. § 263, 4, until, while, 
whilst, as long as. 

Dono, are, dvi, dtum, a., to give, 
bestow freely, present, honor, 
reward ; to give up. With the 
accusative of the person and the 
ablative of the thing, to present 
with, to make a present of any 
thing to any one. 

Donum, i, n. (do), a gift, present. 

Dormio, ire, ivi S^ ii, itum, n., to 
sleep, slumber. 

Dos, dotis, f, a gift; a marriage 
portion, dowry ; endowment, 
quality. 

Dotdlis, e, adj. (dos), of or belong- 
ing to a dowry, dotal. 

Drusus, i, m., Drusus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Livian gens. 
Drusus, an eloquent Roman no- 
ble, uncle of M. Cato : IX. 13. 
J\l. Livius Drusus Salinator, a 
Roman consul, A. U. 533 and 
545 : V. 17. M. Livius Drusus, 
a tribune, A. U. 661 : VII. 28. 

Dubito,dre, dvi, dtum, n., to doubt, 
be in doubt, be uncertain ; to 
hesitate. Imp., dubitatur, doubts 
are entertained. 



Duhius, a, um, adj. {duo), doubt- 
ful, uncertain. Dubium, i, n., 
doubt. In dubium vocare, to 
question. JYon est dubium, there 
is no doubt. JYemini dubium est, 
no one doubts. 

Ducenti, a:, a, adj. pi. (duo 4^ cen- 
tum), two hundred. 

Duco, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw ; to 
lead, conduct; to take, bring ; to 
induce. Ducere uxor em, to mar- 
ry, spoken of the husband only ; 
to derive ; to esteem, consider, 
think, hold, regard ; to com- 
mand, lead. Ducere vitam, to 
pass one's life, spend one's time. 
Triumphum ducere, to celebrate 
a triumph. 

Ductus, a, U7n, part. (duco). 

Dudum, adv. (diu ^ dum), but 
lately, a while ago, not long 
since. 

Duilius, i, m., Duilius, a Roman 
name. C. Duilius, a Roman 
consul, vi^ho obtained the first 
naval victory over the Cartha- 
ginians, A. U. 492 : IV. 2, 3. 

Dulcis, e, adj., sweet, pleasant, de- 
licious, dear. 

Dum, conj. 8f adv., while, whilst, 
whilst that; so long as, as long 
as; until. 

Duntaxat, adv., only, alone. 

Duo, CB, o, num. adj., § 118, 1, two. 

Duodecim, ind. num. adj. (duo Sf 
decem), twelve. 

Duodecimus, a, um, num. adj. (du- 
odecim), the twelfth. 

Duplex, ids, adj. (duo <^ plico, to 
knit), double, twofold. 

Duplico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (duplex), 
to double. 

Duro, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to harden, 
make hard, indurate ; to last, 
continue : from 

Durus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus; 



DUX— EFFERO. 



169 



hard, solid, firm ; rigorous, se- 
vere ; toilsome, laborious, ardu- 
ous, difficult. 

Dux, duds, w. «^/., a leader, guide, 
conductor ; a leader in war, a 
general, commander. 

Duxi. See Duco. 

Dyrrachium, i, n., Dyrrachium, 
noio Durazzo, a maritime city of 
Macedonia: IX. 9. 



E, or Ex, the former before conso- 
nants only, the latter before both 
vowels and consonants, § 195, R. 
2, prep, with the abl., out of, 
from; ofj according to, in ac- 
cordance with, on account of, in 
consequence of. Ex filia nepos, 
— by a daughter. For its changes 
in composition, see § 196, 5 : for 
its signification in composition^ 
see § 197, 5. 

Ehrius, a, um, adj., drunk, intoxi- 
cated, inebriated. 

Ebur, oris, n., ivory. 

Eburneus, a, um, adj., (ebur), of 
or like ivory, adorned with 
ivory. 

Ecquando, adv., when, at what 
time, whether at any time. 

Ecquis, ' qu(B, quid, interrog. adj. 
pro., § 137, R. 3, whether any, if 
any, who or what. 

Ecquisnam, qucBnam, quodnam, or 
quidnam, adj. (ecquis ^ nam), 
who, what, whether any man, 
woman, or thing. 

Edax, dcis, adj. (edo), eating much, 
voracious, gluttonous. 

Edico, ere, xi, ctum, a. ^ n. (e ^ 
dico), to declare, publish, make 
known, order, proclaim, com- 
mand, reveal, relate. 

Edldi. See Edo. 

15 



Edictum, i, n. (edico), an edict, 
proclamation, order. 

Editus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (edo), 
high, lofty. 

Edixi. See Edico. 

Edo, edere or esse, edi, esum, a.j 
to eat, § 181. 

Edo, ere, idi, itum, a. (e 8/- do), to 
put forth, bring forth, utter; to 
speak, say; to declare, show, 
tell, relate ; to make known, 
publish, proclaim ; to produce, 
bring forth, give birth to. Edere 
responsum, to make a reply, 
give a response : — to exhibit ; 
to do, achieve, perform, finish, 
end. 

Edoceo, ere, cui, ctum, a. (e ^ doceo)^ 
to teach, instruct ; to tell, show, 
make known, inform. 

Edoctus, a, um, part, (edoceo) 

Educatio, dnis, f. (educo), a breed- 
ing up, nurturing ; education, 
instruction, learning. 

Educator, oris, m., he who brings 
up ; a foster-father, nurturer : 
from 

Educo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to foster, 
maintain, bring up, nurture, ed- 
ucate. 

Educo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (e <^ duco), 
to draw or lead forth or out, 
draw. 

Effectus, a, um,part. (efficio). 

Effemindtus, a, um, part. <§/• adj.^ 
womanish, delicate, effeminate : 
from 

Effemino, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex &^ 
femina), to make feminine ; to 
enervate, render soft or effemi- 
nate. 

Effero, are, dvi, dtum, a. (efferus, 
savage), to make fierce or cruel ; 
to render wild or savage ; -to ex- 
asperate, enrage, madden. 

Effero, ferre, extuli, elatum, irr. a. 



no 



EFFICia— ELECTUS. 



(ex S^fero)^ to bring forth, carry 
forth or out; to produce, yield ; 
to pubhsh ; to say, speak ; to 
raise,^ exalt, advance, promote ; 
to carry out to burn or for inter- 
ment; to bury, inter, burn. 

Efficio, ere^feci, fectuvi^ a. (ex ^ 
/acio)^tabring topass, do, effect, 
accomplish, complete, finish ; to 
make, perform, execute ; to ren- 
der; to cause, occasion. 

Efflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex S^flo), 
to breathe out. 

Effluo, ere, xi, xum, n. (ex S/^fluo, 
to flow), to flow or run out, flow 
forth. 

Effodio, ere,fddi, fossum, a. (ex i^ 
fodio, to dig), to dig out, dig up ; 
to dig outj tear out. 

Effringo, ere, fregiy fractumy a. 
(ex 8f frango), to break, break 
open, break in pieces. 

Effudi. See Effimdo. 

Effugio, ere,fugi,fugUum, n. S/" a. 
(ex ^ fugio), to fly away, fly, 
escape, flee ; to avoid, shun, 
evade, escape from. 

Effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. (ex ^ 
fundo), to pour forth or out, 
empty, spill, shed; to spread, 
scatter, disperse. Effundere se, 
or effundl, to rush forth, to rush 
forth in crowds : — to throw out. 
Effundi super ripas, to be poured 
forth beyond, to overflow the 
banks : — to lavish, squander, 
waste; to throw down, let fall, 
drop. 

Effutio, ire, a. S^ n. (ex 8^ futio, 
ohs.), to prate, speak foolishly, 
blab out, babble. 

Egenus, a, um, adj., destitute, in 
want, needy, indigent : from 

Egeo, ere, ui, n., § 250, R. 1, (2,) 
& § 220, 3, to need, be in want ; 
to be in want of, be without, 



stand in need of, require, be des- 
titute of, lack. 

Egestas, dtis, f. (egeo), want, pov- 
erty, indigence, beggary. 

Egi, See Ago. 

Ego, mei, pron.y § 132, & § 133, 
m. S^f; I. PI. nos, we : reflex- 
ively, myself, ourselves. 

Egomet, intensive pron., m. «^ /., 
§ 133, R. 2, 1 myself. 

Egredior, i, gressus sum^ dep. (e 
^ gradior, to go), to go out, de- 
part, depart from; to pass be- 
yond, pass. 

Egregiey adv., remarkably, excel- 
lently, egregiously, eminently : 
from 

Egregius, a, um, adj., (e <^ grex), 
excellent, remarkable, eminent, 
surpassing, egregious, noble, 
rare, extraordinary, distinguish- 
ed, choice. 

Egressus, us, m. (egredior), a go- 
ing out. 

Egressus, a, um,part. (egredior). 

Ejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (e <^ ja- 
cio), to cast or throw out, eject, 
expel ; to banish, drive out. 

Ejus. See Is. 

Ejusdem. See Idem. 

Eldhor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (e <^ 
labor, to glide down), to slide or 
slip away, glide away, escape, 
fall out. 

Elanguesco, ere, gui, n. inc. (e c^ 
languesco, to languish), to lan- 
guish, grow faint, feeble, or re- 
miss; to slacken, become ener- 
vated. 

Elapsus, a, um, part, (elabor). 

Eldtus, a, um, part. S^ adj. (effero), 
raised up, raised ; lofty, elevated, 
high; elated, puffed up; car- 
ried out to be buried, buried. 

Electus, {is, m. (eligo), a choice. 

Electus, a, um, part, (eligo). 



ELEGANTER— EQUES. 



171 



Eleganter, udv.^ iiis, issimh^ (ele- 
gans, elegant), elegantly, choice- 
ly, nicely ; gracefully ; with good 
judgment, wisely. 

Elegaiitia, cB^ f. (elegans), ele- 
gance, neatness, grace, polish, 
politeness. 

Elegi. See Eligo. 

Elephant2is, i,m., ^ Elephas, antis, 
m., an elephant. 

Elicio, ere, m, itum, a. (e 8^ lacio, 
to allure), to draw or bring out, 
elicit. 

Elldo, ere, tsi, isum, a. (e <^ lado), 
to break or dash in pieces, crush ; 
to strangle, throttle. 

Eligo, ere, Ugi, lectum, a. (c <^ 
lego), to choose, select, pick out, 
elect. 

Elisus, a, 2im, part, (elido) . 

Eloquentia, ce, f. (eloquens, elo- 
quent), eloquence. 

Eluceo, ere, luxi, n. (e <^ luceo, to 
shine), to shine forth, be bright; 
to be apparent or manifest, be 
conspicuous, appear. 

Emensus, a, uin, part. : from 

Emetior, iri, mensus sum, dep. (e S^ 
metior, to measure), to measure 
out, measure ; to go through, 
pass over, traverse. 

Ernineo, ere, ui, n. (e <^ mineo, to 
hang over), to rise or grow up, 
be raised above, stand out or 
over, stand out, project ; to ap- 
pear, be conspicuous. 

Emitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (e 8f 
mitto), to send forth or out, let 
go, let out; to sling, hurl, throw, 
discharge ; to utter. 

Emo, ere, emi, emptum, a., to buy, 
purchase. 

Emollio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. (e <^ mol- 
lio), to soften, make soft, mollify. 

Emptor, oris, m. (emo), a buyer, 
purchaser. 



Empfus, a, um, part. (emo). 

En, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 

Enervo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (c S/- ner- 
vus, a sinew), to take out the 
nerves; to enervate, weaken, 
enfeeble, debilitate. 

Enim, conj., § 279, 3, for, indeed ; 
but; nov/. ^f eraz7«, but, indeed. 

Emteo, ere, ui, n. (e <^ niteo, to 
shine), to be renowned or dis- 
tinguished, shine forth. 

Ennius, i, m., Ennius, a very an- 
cient Latin poet, born at Rudiae, 
in Calabria : VI. 5. 

Ensis, is, m. a sword. 

Eo, ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, n. irr., to 
go, walk, travel, march ; to pass 
away, perish. Itum est, they 
went. 

Eo. See Is. 

-E^, adv. (is), thither, to that place, 
there, in that place ; so far, to 
such a pitch or degree, to that 
degree ; to this, thereto. Eo 
usque, so long. 

Ephesius, a, um, adj. (EphSsus)^ 
relating to Ephesus, the capital 
of Ionia, a country of Asia Mi- 
nor; Ephesian: 1.23. 

Epigramma, dtis, n., an inscrip- 
tion, title ; a short poem, sonnet, 
epigram. 

EpirotcB, drum, m. pi., the Epirots, 
inhabitants of Epirus : from 

Eplrus,i,f, Epirus, a country of 
Greece, on the Ionian Sea : III. 
25. 

Epistola, <z,f., a letter, epistle. 

EpulcE., drum, f pi., food, viands ; 
a feast, entertainment, banquet ; 
feasts, banquets. 

Epulor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (epiL- 
lum, a feast), to feast, banquet. 

Eques, itis, m. &/- f. (equus), a 
horseman, a horse-soldier, troop- 
er, dragoon ; a knight. 



173 



EQUESTER— EXACERBO. 



Equester, tris, tre, adj. (equus), on 
horseback; belonging to horse- 
men, equestrian; belonging to the 
equiteSj or knights, equestrian. 

Equitdtus, us, ?«., the cavalry, 
horse : from 

Equito, are, dvi, dtum, n. (eques), 
to ride on horseback. 

Equus, i, m., a horse, steed. Ire, 
sc. equis, or in equis, to go or 
ride on horseback. 

Eram. See Sum. 

Erectus, a, um^part. (erigo), raised. 
Expectatione erectus, on tiptoe 
with expectation. 

Erexi. See Erigo. 

Erga,prep. with the ace, towards, 
for. 

Ergo, conj., therefore, consequent- 
ly, then. 

Erlgo, ere, rezi, rectum, a. (e <^ re- 
go), to raise up ; to set up, erect ; 
to encourage, animate, cheer up, 
restore ; to rouse, excite. 

Erlpio, ere, pui, reptum, a. (e <^ ra 
pio), § 224, R. 2, to tear out ; to 
free, rescue, liberate ; to take 
away by force, take away. 

Error, oris, m. (erro, to go astray), 
a going out of the way ; an er- 
ror, mistake. 

Erubesco, ere, bui, n. inc. (e ^ ru- 
besco, to redden), to grow red, 
blush; to be ashamed. 

Erudio, ire, ivi <^ ii, itum, a. {e &/■ 
rudis), to teach, instruct, inform, 
educate, polish, refine. 

Erudltus, a, um, part. <^ adj. 
(erudio), instructed, educated; 
learned, accomplished, experi- 
enced. 

Erumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. ^ n. 
(e Sf rumpo) , to break forth, rush 
forth, break loose ; to sally forth. 

Eruo, ere, rui, rutum, a. (e 8/- ruo), 
to pluck, root, or dig up or out. 



Esca, cB,f., meat, food. 

Esse. See Sum. 

Esse. See Edo. 

Et, conj., and ; also, too. Et — et, 
both — and. 

Etiam, conj., also, likewise; be- 
sides, even; yet, as yet. 

Etruria, cB,f., Etruria, a country 
of Italy, now Tuscany : II. 21. 

Etrusci, drum, m. pi. (Etruria), 
the inhabitants of Etruria, the 
Etrurians : II. 4. 

Etsi, conj. (et <^ si), though, al- 
though, albeit. 

Eum. See Is. 

Euntis, gen. of iens, part, of eo. 

Euripides, is, m., Euripides, a 
Grecian tragic poet contempo- 
rary with Sophocles: IX. 6. 

Europa, (B,f, Europe : VIII. 24. 

Evddo, ere, vdsi, vdsum, n. S^ a. (e 
S/- vado, to go), to go out; to get 
clear, escape ; to ascend, mount, 
climb. 

Evenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (e 8f 
venio), to come out; to issue, 
end, turn out, prove ; to happen, 
occur, chance. Evenit, imp., it 
happens, occurs. 

Eventus, us, m. (evenio), an issue, 
result ; the event ; the issue, 
end. Eventu vario, with various 
success. 

Everto, ere, ti, sum, a. (e 8^ verto), 
to turn out, drive out, thrust out. 
Fig., to overturn, overthrow, 
subvert, destroy. 

Evlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (e 8^ vito), 
to avoid, shun, escape. 

Evoco, are, dvi, dtjim, a. (e S/- voco), 
to call out, invite. 

Evdlo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (e 8/- void), 
to fly out; to sally forth, rush 
forth, escape. 

Ex. See E. 

Exacerho, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ex <^ 



EXACTOR— EXERCEO. 



173 



acerho^ to imbitter), to irritate, 
exasperate, provoke. 
Exactor, oris, m. (exigo), an ex- 
peller ; an exactor, collector of 
taxes ; a demander, enforcer. 
Exanimis, e, adj. (ex ^ anima), 

lifeless, dead. 
Exanfmo, arc, dvi, dtum, a. {exani- 
mis), to deprive of life, kill, slay ; 
to terrify. 

Exardesco, ere, arsi, n. inc. {ex «^ 
ardesco, to grow hot), to grow 
hot, become inflamed, blaze, be 
on fire ; to be kindled, break out. 

Exdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex^aro), 
to plough or dig up; to cultivate. 
Fig., to write with a style on 
waxen tablets, to write. 

Exaspero, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex <^ 
aspero), to make sharp or rough ; 
to sharpen; to exasperate, irri- 
tate, provoke. 

Excalcco, are, dvi, dtum, a. {ex ^ 
calceo), to pull off one's shoes. 
Excalceari, to take off one's 
shoes, or to have them taken off. 

Excedo, ere, essi, essum, n. {ex <^ 
cedo), to depart, go forth or out, 
retire, withdraw. Excedere vitd, 
to die. 

Excellens, tis,part. S^adj. {excello), 
high, lofty , excelling, excellent, 
glorious. 

Excellenter, adv. {excellens), excel- 
lently, transcendently. 

Excello, ere, ui, n., to be high. Fig., 
to excel, surpass ; to exceed. 

Excelsus, a, um, adj. {excello), high, 
lofty, elevated. 

Excepi. See Excipio. 

Exceptus, a, um,part. {excipio). 

Excessi. See Excedo. 

Excidium, i, n. {excldo, to cut 
down), destruction, ruin; a sub- 
version, overthrow. 

Excio, ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, a. {ex ^ 
15* 



cio), to call out; to cause, raise, 
excite, rouse. 

Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. {ex <^ 
capio) , to take or draw out ; to 
except ; to receive ; to entertain ; 
to hear, overhear ; to catch, 
seize, capture, take ; to follow. 

Excite, dre, dvi, dtum, a.freq. {ex- 
cio), to move out; to excite, in- 
cite, spur on, stimulate ; to rouse, 
stir up. 

ExcUus, a, um,part. {excio). 

Excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ex 8f 
clamo), to cry or call; to cry 
out, exclaim. 

Excludo, ere, si, sum,, a. {ex ^ clau- 
do), to shut out, exclude, send 
away, drive out. 

Excolo, ere, ui, cultum, a. {ex ^ 
coZo), to cultivate; to adorn, pol- 
ish, refine ; to adorn, improve, 
deck. 

Excusatio, onis, /., an excusing, 
excuse : from 

Excuso, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ez ^ 
causa), to excuse. Excusare, or 
se excusare, to excuse one's self, 
beg pardon. 

Excussus, a, um, part. : from 

Excutio, ere, cussi, cussum, a. {ex. 
S^ quatio), to sJiake off or put; 
to throw off. 

Exegi. See Exigo. 

Exempluvt, i, n. {eximo), an 
example, instance; a manner, 
way. 

Exemptus, a, um, part, {eximo). 

Exeo, ire, ii, itum, n. {ex S^ eo), to 
go forth or out, go away. 

Exerceo, ere, cui, dtum, a. {ex fy 
arceo), to exercise ; to employ, 
occupy ; to practise, perform. 
Exercere iram, to give vent to — , 
to manifest — : — to do, practise, 
exercise ; to be employed upon, 
follow. 



174 



EXERCITATIO— EXPIO. 



^zercitatioy onis, f. (exercito, to ex- 
ercise), exercise, practice. 

JSxercitium, i, n. (exerceo), exer- 
cise, practice. 

Exercitus^ its, m. {exerceo), exer- 
cise ; an army. 

JExhibeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. {ex ^ 
habeo)^ to give up to, deliver, 
display, exhibit, present ; to 
show, prove, manifest. 

£ixhorreo, ere, a. {ex <^ horreo, to 
shudder), to dread, be terrified at. 

Exiens, euntis, part. (exeo). 

Exigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ex 8/- 

ago) , to drive out, drive away ; 

. to pass, spend ; to live ; to finish, 

.perform; to demand, exact, re- 

"quire. 

Exiguus, a, um, adj., small, little, 
scanty, slender. 

lExilis, e, adj., thin, meagre, poor ; 
weak, feeble. 

-Eximius, a, um, adj., excellent, 
choice, remarkable ; extraordi- 
nary, uncommon : from 

Eximo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (ex 4" 
emo), § 224, R. 2, to take out, 
except; to take away; to free, 
deliver, release. 

Hxistimatio, onis, /., an opinion, 
judgment, belief; reputation, 
credit, character : from 

.Existtmo, are, dvi, atum, a. (ex <^ 
.(Estimo), to judge, think, sup- 
pose ; to decide, consider. 

Exitium, i, n. (exeo), issue, end ; de- 
struction, ruin, overthrow, death. 
Esse exitio, to ruin, destroy. 

Exitus, us, m. (exeo), a going out, 
departure ; an outlet, passage ; 
the issue, result, event, end, 
close, fulfilment, accomplish- 
ment ; death. 

Exordium, i, n. (exordior, to be- 
gin), the beginning, commence- 
ment, rise. 



Exorior, iri, ortus sum, dep., § 177, 
(ex Sf orior), to come forth, ap- 
pear, rise, arise, spring up. 

Exortus, a, um, part, (exorior). 

Expdveo, ere, pdvi, n. 8^ a. (ex 8/' 
paveo), to be greatly afraid, fear 
greatly, be scared or affrighted 
at. 

Expedio, ire, ivi <^ ii, itum, a. <^ n. 
(ex <^ pes), to free, liberate, dis- 
engage, loose, extricate ; to pre- 
pare, make ready, provide, pro- 
cure, get, pay ; to be profitable, 
advantageous, useful. 

Expeditio, dnis,f. (expedio), a mili- 
tary expedition, enterprise, cam- 
paign. 

Expello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (ex 
8f pello), to drive out, banish, 
expel. 

Expendo, ere, di, sum, a. (ex <^ 
pendo), to weigh ; to lay out, ex- 
pend, disburse. 

Expensus, a, um,part. (expendo). 

Expergiscor, i, perrectus sum, dep. 
(expergo, to awaken), to awake, 
wake up, rouse up. 

Experimentum, i, n., an experi- 
ment, trial, proof: from 

Experior, iri, expertus sum, dep., 
to try, prove, experience, find, 
meet with; to find out, learn, 
know ; to make trial of, put to 
the test. 

Expers, tis, adj. (ex S/- pars), hav- 
ing no part in, destitute, without, 
void, destitute of. 

Expertus, a, um, part^ (experior). 

Expeto, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. 8^ n. (ex 
^rpfito), to desire much or great- 
ly, long for, covet ; to demand, 
request. 

Expio, are, dvi, atum, a. (ex 8^ pio, 
to worship), to cleanse, purge ; 
to atone for, expiate ; to pay for, 
counterbalance. 



EXPLORATOR— EXSTO. 



175 



Exploratory oris, m., an explorer, 
investigator ; a scout, spy : from 

ExplorOj are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex S^- 
ploro), to search diligently, ex- 
plore, examine, investigate, seek 
out ; to spy out, reconnoitre. 

Expono, ere, posui, posUum, a. (ex 
S^pono), to expose; to set up, 
display; to relate, declare, ex- 
plain, show, describe, tell; to 
set forth. Milites exponere, sc. 
ex navibus, to disembark, land — , 
So exponere, to land. 

Exposco, ere, poposci, a. {ex Sf 
posco), to ask or require earnest- 
ly, demand ; to request, beg, 
entreat. 

Expositio, onis, f. (expono), an ex- 
posing; an exposition, explica- 
tion, declaration. 

ExposUus, a, um, part, (expono). 

Exprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
(ex ^ prcmo), to press strongly, 
squeeze, compress ; to press, 
strain, or squeeze out ; to repre- 
sent, express ; to pronounce, ut- 
ter, articulate. 

Exprobro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 8/- n. 
(ex 8^ prohrum), to upbraid, re- 
proach, reprove ; to throw in 
one's teeth. Exprobrare alicui 
aliquod, to reproach one with, or 
on account of — . 

Expugvatio, ords, f., a taking by 
assault, carrying by storm, 
storming : from 

Expugiio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex <^ 
pugno), to vanquish, subdue, 
overcome, take by storm. 

Expuli. See Expello. 

Expulsus, a, um, part, (expello). 

Exquiro, ere, quisivi, quisltum, a. 
(ex ^ qucero), to search out, in- 
quire into, examine, ask, explore. 

Exquisitus, a, um, part. 8/- adj. 
(exquiro), sought after ; rare, 



choice, exquisite. Exquisttum 
supplicium, exquisite or excru- 
ciating — . 

Exscindo, ere, Idi, a. (ex S^ scindo), 
to cut off, extirpate, destroy. 

Exsicror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (ex <^ 
sacro), to curse, execrate, detest, 
imprecate. 

Exsequice, drum, f pi., a funeral 
procession, funeral ; funeral ob- 
sequies or solemnities : from 

Exsequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (ex ^ 
sequor), to follow ; to copy, imi- 
tate ; to pursue, prosecute ; to 
execute, accomplish, perform. 

Exsero, ere, serui, sertum, a. (ex Sf 
sero), to thrust or put forth or 
out, draw out. 

Exsilio, ire, ui or ii, n. (ex <^ sa- 
lio), to leap out of or from ; 
spring or bound forth. 

Exsilium, i, n. (ex <§/• solum, the 
ground), exile,' banishment. 

Exsolvo, ere, i, solutum, a. (ex <^ 
salvo), to loose, unloose, unbind ; 
to free, release, deliver; to pay, 
discharge. 

Exspectatio, dnis,f., an expecting, 
expectation : from 

Exspecto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 8^ n. 
(ex Sf specto), to look for, expect, 
wait for, wait, delay; to long 
for, hope for, desire ; to watch 
to see or know. 

Exsplro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex <^ 
spiro) , to breathe out ; to breathe 
out one's life, expire, die. 

Exstinctus, a, um, part., cut off, 
having died ; put out, extin- 
guished : from 

ExsLinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. (ex 
8/- stinguo, to extinguish), to put 
out, extinguish, quench ; to cut 
off, kill, destroy, remove. 

Exsto, dre, stiti, n. (ex 8^ sto), to 
stand out, appear, or be above ; 



176 



EXSTRUO— FACILIS. 



to appear; to remain, be extant, 
exist, be. 

Exstruo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ex <^ 
struo, to set in order), to build 
up, raise, rear, pile up, erect. 

Exsugo, ere, vxi, uctum, a. {ex Sf 
sugo, to suck), to suck out, drink 
or dry up. 

Exsul, ulis, m. <^ /. (ex ^ solum, 
the ground), an exile, one ban- 
ished from his country. 

Exsulo, are, dvi, dtum, n. {exsul), 
to live in exile, be an exile. 

Exsulto, are, dvi, dtum, n. freq. 
{exsilio), to leap, frisk, bound ; 
to rejoice greatly, exult. 

Extemplo, adv. , immediately, quick- 
ly, soon. 

Exter, or Exterus, a, um, adj., ex- 
terior, extremus, or extrrnus, (ex) , 
of another country, foreign. 

Exterreo, ere, ui, Uum, a. {ex <^ 
terreo), to frighten greatly, terri- 
fy, affright. 

Extimesco, ere, mui, n. S^ a. inc. 
{ex <^ timesco, to fear), to fear 
greatly, fear. 

ExtoUo, ere, a. {ex <^ tollo), to lift 
or hold up, raise up. Extollere 
verbis, to praise, extol. 

Extra, adv. 4^ prep, icith the ace. 
{exter), without, outside of, on 
the outside, out of. 

Extrdho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. {ex 
(^ traho), to draw or drag forth 
or out, extract. 

Extraordinarius, a, um, adj. {extra 
<^ ordinarius, ordinary), extraor- 
dinary. 

Extremum, i, n., the end, extremi- 
ty; extreme distress or difficul- 
ty : from 

Extremus, a, um, adj. {sup. of ex- 
ter), extreme, last, final, farthest, 
most remote. In extremo naso, 
on the end of—, § 205, R. 17. 



Extxdi. See Effero. 

Exuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to strip oft', 

put off, lay aside. Fig., to strip, 

deprive of, take away, remove. 
Exuro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. {ex <^ 

uro, to burn), to burn, set on 

fire. 



Fabia, <B,f., Fabia, a Roman name 
belonging to females of the Fa- 
bian gens. 

Fabius, a, um, adj., Fabian. 

Fabius, i, m., Fabius, a Roman name 
belonging to the Fabian gens. 
Cceso Fabius, a Roman consul, A. 
U. C. 275, II. 14. See Maximus. 

Fabii, drum, m. pi., the Fabii. 

Fabricius, i, m., Fabricius, a Ro- 
man name belonging to the Fa- 
brician gens. 

Fabrico, are, dvi, dtum, a., or Fab- 
rtcor, dri, dtus sum, dep. {faher, 
an artificer), to make, frame, 
forge, fabricate, construct, build. 

Fabula, ce, f. {fari), a report or 
saying, hearsay, rumor; a tale, 
story, fable. 

Faces. See Fax. 

Facete, adv. {facetus), facetiously, 
pleasantly, humorously, jocose- 
ly, wittily. 

Facetioi, drum, f. pi., facetiousness, 
pleasantry, wit, humor: from 

Facetus, a, um, adj. (facio), face- 
tious, merry, pleasant, witty, 
jocose, humorous. 

Facia, (B,f., a band, bandage. 

Fades, ei, f. {facio), the face, 
countenance, visage ; form, ap- 
pearance ; look, view, sight. 

Facile, adv., iiis, ilUmh ; easily, 
readily, without difficulty, will- 
ingly, freely, contentedly : from 

Facilis, e, adj. (facio), easy, ready, 
without labor; prompt. 



FACINUS— FASTUS. 



177 



Facinus, orison., an action, deed, 
or exploit, either good or bad ; 
wickedness,villany, guilt, crime : 
from 

Facio, ere^feci^factian, a., to make, 
do, act, render ; to choose, cre- 
ate, elect, appoint ; to cause, ex- 
cite ; to perform, commit ; to 
feign, pretend; to esteem, value ; 
to bring about, cause, effect. 
Facere Jidem alicui or aiicujus 
rei, to cause a thing to be be- 
lieved. Facere injuriam, to in- 
jure, insult. Facere potestatem, 
to give an opportunity. Facere 
vim, to offer or commit violence. 
Facere sumptum, to make or in- 
cur expense. Facere viissum, to 
dismiss, discharge. Facere det- 
rimentum^ to suffer or sustain a 
loss. Facere vulnus, to wound, 
inflict a wound. Certiorem fa- 
cere, to inform, acquaint, apprize. 

Factio, onis, f. (facio)^ a faction, 
party, side. 

Factum, i, n. (factus), a deed, ac- 
tion, act, enterprise, exploit. 

Factus, a, um, part, {fio), made, 
done. Jlrgentum factum, silver 
plate. 

Facultas, dtis,f. {facilis, § 101, 7), 
power, ability, faculty, occasion, 
opportunity. 

Facundus, a, uvi, adj. (fari), elo- 
quent. 

Falerii, drum, m. pi., Falerii, a 
town ofEtruria: 11.20. 

Falernvs, a, um, adj., Falernian. 
Falernus ager, a territory of 
Campania, noted for the excel- 
lence of its wine : V. 3. 

Falisci, 6 um, m. -pi., the Falisci, 
inhabitants of Falerii : II. 20. 

Fallo, ere, fefclli, falsutn, a. ^ n., 
to deceive ; to escape the notice 
of, elude : to mistalie, 



Falsus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (fallo)^ 
deceived ; deceitful, false, faith- 
less ; pretended, feigned, false, 
untrue. 

Fama, ce,f., fame, report, rumor; 
reputation, renown, character; 
infamy. 

Fames, is,f., hunger, fasting, fam- 
ine. 

Familia, ce, f. (famulus, a slave), 
the slaves belonging to one 
master ; a troop, a band ; a fami- 
ly, part of a gens. 

Familidris, e, adj. (familia), ior, 
is si 771 us ; relating to slaves ; be- 
longing to a family, intimate, 
friendly, familiar. Res familia- 
. ris, family estate, private for- 
tune, or property. Micui fandl- 
iaris, intimate with — . Famil- 
idris, is, m., an intimate friend 
or acquaintance. 

Familiar itas, dtis, f. (familiaris) , 
familiarity, acquaintance, inti- 
macy, familiar friendship. 

Familiariter, adv. {familiaris), fa- 
miliarly, on friendly terms, inti- 
mately. Familiariter uti, to be 
on terms of intimacy with. 

Fanum, i, n., a piece of ground con- 
secrated ; a temple. 

Far, f arris, n., corn or grain of 
any kind. 

Far is. See For. 

Fas, n. ind. (for), divine law, right, 
privilege, authority ; that which 
is just, equitable, or proper. 

Fascicn, drum,f. pi., a fillet, band, 
bandage. 

Fascls, is, m., a fagot; pi., the 
Fasces, a bundle of rods, con- 
taining an axe, carried by the 
lictors before certain Roman 
magistrates. 

Fastus, a, um, adj., lucky, pros- 
perous, lawful. Die^ fastus, a 



178 



FATIGO— FESTINO. 



day in which it was lawful to 
administer justice. 

Fatigo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to tire, 
weary, fatigue, plague, torment ; 
to importune, trouble, harass. 

Fatum^ i, n. (for), fate, destiny. 

Faveo, ere, favi, fautum, 7i., to fa- 
vor, be favorably inclined to ; to 
assist, countenance. 

Favor, oris, m. (/a?;eo), favor, good- 
will, kindness. 

Fausta, ce, f. (faustus, lucky), 
Fausta, a daughter of L. Corne- 
lius Sylla : VIII. 7. 

Faustulus, i, m., Faustulus, a shep- 
herd of King Amulius : I. 2. 

Faustus, i, m. (faustus, lucky), 
Faustus, a son of L. Cornelius 
Sylla: VIII. 7. 

FauZy cis, f., 8f Fauces, ium, pi., 
the gullet, throat ; any narrow 
passage ; a way, passage, en- 
trance ; a narrow defile. 

Fax, fads, f., a torch, flambeau, 
taper, firebrand. 

Febris, is,f, a fever; an ague. 

Feci. See Facio. 

Fecidlis, is, m., a herald, fecialis. 

Fecidlis, e, adj., fecial. Jus fe- 
ciale, the law of arms or heraldry. 

Fefelli, See Fallo. 

Felicitas, dtis, f., felicity, happi- 
ness, good fortune : from 

Felix, ids, adj., fruitful, fertile ; 
rich, wealthy, happy, fortunate, 
felicitous. Felix, ids, w., the 
Happy, a surname. 

Fevitna, ce, f, the female in all 
animals; a woman, female. 

Femur, oris, n., the thigh. 

Fenero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to lend 
money on interest or usury; to 
compensate : from 

Fenus, oris, m., usury ; the interest 
of money. 

Fera, (B.,f., a wild beast. 



Fere, adv. (fero), almost, nearly; 
about, in substance. Fere nut- 
lus, hardly any body, scarce any 
one. 

Ferice, drum,f. pi., holidays, vaca- 
tions ; festive days. 

Ferio,ire, a. (fera), to strike, beat, 
hit, cut, thrust; to kill, slay. 

Ferme, adv., almost, nearly, about. 

Fero,ferre, tuli, latum,, irr. a. 8^ w., 
to carry, bear, bring ; to lead ; 
to propose, report. Ferre legem, 
to propose or enact a law. To 
suffer, bear, endure, sustain ; to 
receive, obtain, get; to say, tell, 
relate ; to demand, require, per- 
mit. Ferunt, they say, it is said. 
Ferre laudibus, to extol ; — to 
raise ; to gain, get, obtain, de- 
rive, receive. Pass., fertur, is 
said. PrcB se ferre, to carry be- 
fore one, exhibit, display. Ferri, 
to proceed, rush, spring, move 
rapidly, go, advance. 

Ferox, ocis, adj. (fero), dor, cissi- 
mus ; rapid ; courageous, brave, 
warlike ; insolent, impudent ; fe- 
rocious, savage, fierce, bold, vio- 
lent. 

Ferreus, a, um, adj., of iron, iron : 
from, 

Ferrum,i,n., iron; a sword; any 
iron instrument. 

Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, not tame; 
fierce, barbarous, uncivilized. 

Fervidus, a, um, adj. (fervor, heat), 
hot, burning ; furious, vehement, 
earnest. 

Fessus, a, um, adj. {fatiscor, to 
grow tired), wearied, tired, fa- 
tigued, exhausted, enfeebled. 

Festinatio, onis, f., haste, 'speed : 
from 

Festino, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. 
(festlnus, quick), to fasten, 
make haste. 



FESTUS— FLAMININUS. 



179 



FestuSf a, um, adj., festive, joyful, 
gay, merry. 

Fictllis, e, adj. (Jingo), made of 
earth, earthen. Fictile, is, n., 
a kitchen utensil, an earthen 
vessel. 

Fictus, a, um,part. {jingo), feigned, 
false, pretended. 

Ficus, i or us,f., a fig-tree, a fig. 

Fidehs, e, adj., faithful, sincere, 
trusty, sure : from 

Fides, ei,f. (Jido, to trust), confi- 
dence put in a person, credit; 
faithfulness, fidelity ; promise, 
engagement, word ; faith, belief, 
confidence ; honor, veracity ; 
help, aid, assistance, protection. 
Fidem dare et accipere, to give 
and receive promises of fidelity. 
Ultra fidem, beyond belief, in- 
credibly. 

Fiducia, ce, f. (fido), trust, confi- 
dence, reliance. Sui fiducia, 
confidence in one's self, bold- 
ness, assurance, self-confidence. 

Fidics, a, um, adj. (fido), faithful, 
trusty, sure, certain, safe, secure. 

Figura, <z, f. (fingo), a figure, 
form, shape, image, likeness. 

Filia,(B,f. (filius), § 43, a daughter. 

Filiola, <E, f. dim. (filia), a little 
daughter. 

Filius, i, m., § 52, a son. 

Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, a., to 
form, frame, make ; to imagine, 
conceive ; to devise, feign, pre- 
tend, contrive. 

Finio, ire, ivi, itum, a., to confine 
in limits, to limit ; to finish, ter- 
minate, end. Vitam finire, to 
die : from 

Finis, is, m. ^f., a limit, bounda- 
ry ; the end ; pi., limits, borders ; 
a country, territory. Facer e, im- 
ponere, or afferre finem, to end, 
terminate, put an end to. Ulti- 



mus vitce finis, the extreme limit, 
the very end — . 

Finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis), 
neighboring, bordering upon, 
adjoining ; m. pi., neighbors, 
neighboring people. 

Finxi. See Fingo. 

Fio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass, of 
facio, § 180, to be made or done, 
effected, become, be brought 
about, happen, occur, take place, 
come to pass, be, be committed. 

Firmitas, dtis, f (firmo), firm- 
ness, durability ; strength, vigor, 
power. 

Firmitudo, mis, f (firmus), firm- 
ness, constancy, strength. 

Firmo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
firm ; to make strong, strength- 
en, secure, fortify, establish, 
confirm : from 

Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady, 
constant ; strong, efficient. 

Fixus, a, um, part. (figo). 

Flagello, are, dvi, dtum, a., to 
whip, scourge : froja 

Flagellum,i,n., (flagrum, a whip), 
a whip, scourge. 

Flagitium, i, n., a disgraceful or 
shameful thing or action ; 
shame, disgrace, infamy, re- 
proach : from 

Flagito, are, dvi, dtum, a., to ask 
importunately, demand earnest- 
ly ; to dun, demand ; to ask. 

Flagro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (fio), to 
burn, to be inflamed. 

Flamen, inis, m., a flamen, a priest 
appointed to some particular god. 

Flaminlnus, i, m.., Flamininus, a 
Roman cognomen in the Quin- 
tian gens. T. Quintius Flamini- 
nus, a consul, A. U. C. 560 • 
VI. 10. T. Quintius Flamini- 
nus, a consul, A. U. C. 554 
VI. 17. 



180 



FLAMINIUS— FORUM. 



Flaminius, i, m., Flaminius, a Ro- 
man name. C. Flaminius^ a 
consul defeated by Hannibal at 
the Lake Trasimenus, A. U. 535 
V.2. 

Flamma, cb, /., a flame, blaze ; ar 
dor, vehemence. 

FlebiUs, c, adj. (fleo), lamentable 
weeping, doleful, full of woe. 

Flecto, ere, xi, xum, «., to bend 
turn; to change, alter; to move 
touch, persuade, prevail upon 
appease. 

Fleo, ere, evi, etum, n.R/'a., to weep 
lament, bewail. 

Flo, are, avi, atum, n. 8^ a., to blow 

Florens, tis, part. Sf adj., flourish 
ing, blooming, in the prime : from 

Floreo, ere, ui, n. (flos, a flower) 
to bloom, blossom. Fig., to 
flourish, be in prosperous cir 
cumstances ; to be distinguished 
or conspicuous. 

Fluctus, us, m. (fluo, to flow), a 
flowing; a wave. 

Flumen, inis, n. (fluo), a flowing or 
running of water ; a stream, 
river. 

Fluvius, i, m. (fluo), a river. 

Foculus, i, m., dim., a little hearth, 
a small portable altar, small fire : 
from 

Focus, i, m., a hearth, a fireside ; 
a fire. 

Faderdtus, a, um, part., confed- 
erate, allied : from 

Fcedero, are, avi, dtum, a., to 
make an alliance ; to league, 
confederate : from 

Fcedus, eris, n., an alliance, con- 
federacy, league, treaty; a con- 
tract, agreement, compact. 

Folium, i, n., the leaf of a tree, 
herb, or flower. 

Folliculus, i, m., dim. (follis, a 
leathern ball), a ball for playing 



with, made of inflated leather, 
leathern ball. 

Fons, tis, m., a fountain, spring, 
well, fount. 

For, fari, fat us sum, dep., to say, 
speak. 

Foras, adv., out of doors, forth, 
out. 

Forcm, fores, foret, def, § 154, 
R. 3, I might be, would be, &c. 
Inf., fore, the same as futurus 
esse. With a subject accusative., 
would be. 

Foris, is,f., a door, gate. 

Forma, (b, f, form, figure, shape; 
beauty ; a diagram. 

Formidolosus, a, um, adj. (for- 
mido, fear), timorous, afraid; 
terrible, formidable. 

Fors, tis,f., chance, fortune. Ahl., 
forte, by chance, accidentally. 

Forsitan, adv. (fors, sit, &/• an)., 
perhaps, perchance, peradven- 
ture. 

Fortasse, &/- Fortassis, adv. (fors), 
perhaps. 

Forte. See Fors. 

Fortis, e, adj., ior, issimus, (fero), 
brave, gallant, valiant, courage- 
ous, firm, intrepid. 

Fortiter, adv., fortius, fortissimo, 
(fortis), bravely, courageously, 
valiantly, resolutely, with firm- 
ness. 

Fortitudo, Inis, f. (fortis), forti- 
tude, bravery, courage. 

Fortuitus, a, um, adj. (fors), hap- 
pening, accidental, casual, for- 
tuitous. 

Fortuna, ce, f. (fors), fortune, 
chance, luck; good fortune; the 
result, event ; property, posses- 
sions, effects ; bad fortune, mis- 
fortune. 

Forum, i, n., a forum, market- 
place ; the Forum, a place in 



FOSSA— FULGUR. 



181 



Rome^ where assemblies of the 
people were held, justice was ad- 
ministered, and other public busi- 
ness transacted. In faro esse, 
to be a lawyer or advocate. 

Fossa, (B,f. {fodio), a ditch. 

Fovea, a;, f., a deep hole made in 
the ground, in which to catch 
wild beasts; a pit, pitfall. 

Foveo, ere, fori, fotum, a., to nour- 
ish, cherish ; to warm ; to fo- 
ment; to foslier, make much of, 
encourage, support, patronize. 

Fragor, oris, m. (frango), a break- 
ing ; a crash, noise. 

Fractv^, a, um, part. : from 

Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, a., to 
break ; to subdue, overpower, 
overcome, conquer, break down, 
destroy ; to weaken, impair, 
abate, restrain, check. 

Frater, tris, m., a brother ; pi., 
brothers, brethren, allies. 

Fraternus, a, um, adj. {frater), 
of a brother, brotherly, fraternal. 

Fraudo, are, dvi, dtum, a., § 251, 
to defraud, cheat, deceive ; to 
deprive fraudulently : from 

Fraus, dis,f., fraud, deceit, treach- 
ery, dishonesty, imposition, 
cheat ; loss, damage, injury. 

Fregi. See Frango. 

Frendeo, ere, , esum or essum, 

n., to crush, bruise, grind, break. 
Frendere, or frendere dentibus, to 
gnash the teeth, be in a rage. 

Frenum, i, n., ace. pi. frena 4" 
frcnos, a bit, bridle, curb, rein. 

Frequens, cntis, adj., often, fre- 
quent; .in great numbers, nu- 
merous ; it is also translated by 
an adverb, often, frequently. 

Frequenter, adv. {frequens), iiis, 
isslmt ; frequently, often ; nu- 

• merously, in great numbers, 
thickly, densely. 
16 



Frequentia, ce, f. {frequens), fre- 
quency ; a crowd, concourse, 
multitude. 

Frequento, are, dvi, dtum, a. {fre- 
quens), to frequent, go oft«n 
to. Frequentare scholam, to at- 
tend — . 

Fretum, i, n., a strait. 

Fretus, a, um, adj., § 244, trusting 
to, relying upon. 

Frigidus, a, um, adj. {frigus, 
cold), cold, cool. 

Frons, tis, f, the forehead; the 
fore-part, front; the brow, face. 

FructiLS, us, m. {fruor), use, en- 
joyment ; fruit ; profit, advan- 
tage, benefit, produce, income. 

Frugalitas, dtis, f {frugdlis, fru- - 
gal), temperance, moderation, 
frugality. 

Frumentarius, a, um, adj. {fru- 
mentum), of or belonging to 
corn. 

Frumentor, dri, dtus sum., dep., to 
collect corn, forage : from 

Frumentum, i, n., corn, or grain 
of all kinds : from 

Fruor, i, fruitus 8f fructus sum, 
dep., § 245, I., to enjoy. 

Frustra, adv. {fraus), deceitfully; 
to no purpose, in vain. 

Fudi. See Fundo. 

Fuffctius, i, m., FufFetius, a gen- 
eral of the Albans : I. 11 — 14. 

Fuga, (B, f, a flight, fleeing ; 
flight. 

Fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, n. ^ a., 
to flee or fly ; to run ; to seek 
to avoid, shun; to escape. 

Fugo, are, dm, dtum, a., to put to 
flight, rout. 

Fui, <^c. See Sum. 

Fulgeo, ere, falsi, n., to flash; to 
shine, be bright, glitter. 

Fulgur, uris, n. {fulgeo), a flash 
of lightning; lightning. 



182 



FULMEN— GARRULUS. 



Ftdmen, tnis, w., lightning ; a flash 
of lightning ; a thunderbolt. 

Fulmentum, i, n., a prop, stay, 
support. 

Fulvia, CB^ /., Fulvia, the wife of 
Mark Antony : IX. 25. 

Fumo, are, dvi, dtuvi, n. {fumus^ 
smoke), to emit smoke, smoke, 
fume. 

Fundle^ is, n. (funis), a cord, rope, 
thong; a torch, chandelier. 

Functus, a, uin, part, (fungor). 

Funda, «,/., a bag; a sling. 

Fundamentum, i, n. (fundo, to 
found), a foundation, ground- 
woirk, basis. 

Fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a., to 
pour, pour out, shed ; to lay 
prostrate, overthrow, discomfit, 
rout, disperse. 

Fundus, i, m., the bottom of any 
thing; a farm, possession, estate. 

Funebris, e, adj. (funus), of or 
pertaining to a funeral ; mourn- 
ful, calamitous. 

Funestus, a, um, adj. (funus), 
causing death, destruction, or 
calamity ; fatal, destructive. 

Fungor, i, functus sum, dep , 
§ 245, L, to do, execute, per- 
form, discharge, finish. 

Funiculus, i, m., dim., a little rope 
or cord, a string : from 

Funis, is, m., a rope, cord, cable. 

Funus, eris, n., a corpse, dead 
body ; funeral rites ; a funeral. 

Fur,furis, m. fyf, a thief 

Furax, dcis, adj. (furor, to steal), 
thievish, addicted to stealing. 

Furca, ce, f. (fero), a two-pronged 
fork ; an instrument of punish- 
ment resembling a fork, a cross ; 
a gallows- 

Furcula, (B,f., dim. (furca), a little 
fork. Furcula Caudina, the 
Caudine Forks, a narrow pass 



between two mountains near 
the town of Caudium. in Italy : 
III. 11. 

Furius, i, m., Furius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Furian 
gens. 

Furor, oris, m. (furo, to be mad), 
fury, madness, rage. 

Fusus, a, um, part, (fundo). 

Futurus, a, um, part, (sum), about 
to be, that shall or will be, to 
come, future. Futurum est, 
imp., it will come to pass. 

G. 

Gabii, drum, m. pi., Gabii, a city 
of Latium : I. 25. 

Gabinus, a, um, adj. (Gabii), of 
Gabii, Gabian. Gabini, orum, 
m. pi., the Gabians: I. 25. 

Gades, ium, f. pi., Gades, now 
Cadiz, a city of Spain : IX. 6. 

G(Ltulus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Getulia, a large country 
of Africa, south of Numidia. 
GcBtuli, drum, m. pi., the Getu- 
lians : VII. 32. 

Galea, (je,f; a helmet, head-piece. 

Gallia, cc, f, Gaul, now France : 
VI. 10. Gallia Cisalpina, that 
part of Italy lying between the 
Alps and Rubicon : V. 17. 

Gallicus, a, um, adj. (Gallia), of 
Gaul, pertaining to Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallus, a, um, adj., of Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallus, i, m., a Gaul, an inhabit- 
ant of Gallia. Galli, pi., the 
Gauls. 

Gallus, i, m., Gallus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Sulpician gens. 
Sulpicius Gallus, a consul, A. U. 
586: VI. 21. 

Garrulitas, dtis,f., a prating, prat- 
tling ; loquacity, garrulity : from 

Garrulus, a, um, adj. (garrio, to 



GAUDIUM—GRAMEN. 



183 



prate), garrulous, talkative, lo- 
quacious. 

Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeoy to rejoice), 
joy, gladness, pleasure, delight. 

Gaza, a;,/.,the treasure of a prince ; 
wealth, riches, treasure. 

Gemindtus, a, um, part., doubled, 
double, repeated : from 

Gemino, are, avi, dtum, a., to 
double, redouble, repeat : from 

Geminus,a,um, adj., twin, double, 
two. Gemini, drum, m.pl., twins. 

Gemma^ <e, /., a gem, precious 
stone, jewel, pearl, &c. ; the 
stoue of a ring. 

Gemo., ere, ui, itum, a. ^ n., to 
groan, moan, sigh ; to lament. 

Gener, eri, m., a son-in-law, daugh- 
ter's husband. 

Genitus, a, um, part, (gigno), born. 

Gens, tis,f., a clan among the Ro- 
mans ; a nation, tribe. 

Genu, n., ind. in sing., a knee, 

Genui. See Gigno. 

Genus, eris, n., a race, family, line- 
age ; a species, kind, sort. 

Germania, ce, f, Germany, a large 
country of Europe. 

Germdnus, i, m. {Germania), Ger- 
man. Germdni, drum, m. pi., 
the Germans. 

Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, a., to pro- 
duce, bear; to carry, have; to 
manifest. Gerere se, to act as ; 
carry or conduct one's self as ; 
behave as; also, conduct one's 
self, act. Gerere helium, to wage 
or carry on war; — to conduct, 
administer, hold, manage. Oc- 
casio rei bene gtrendce, — of en- 
gaging successfully : — to do, 
effect, accomplish, achieve, per- 
form ; to manifest, show, exhibit. 

Gessi. See Gero 

Gesto,dre,dvi, dtum,a.freq. (gero), 
to carry, bear ; to have ; to wear. 



Gestus, us, m. {gero), a carrying, 
bearing ; a gesture. 

Gestus, a, um, part, (gfro,) admin- 
istered, conducted, done. Re 
male or bene gesta, the war hav- 
ing been conducted unsuccess- 
fully or successfully, in case of 
failure or success. Res gestce, ex- 
ploits, actions, warlike achieve^ 
ments, things done. 

Gigno, ere, genui, genitum, a., to 
beget, produce, bring forth. 

Gladius, i, m., a sword. 

Gloria, ce,f, glory, renown, fame. 
Gloria belli, military renown. 

Glorior, dri, dtus sum, dep. (gloria), 
to praise ; to glory, boast, brag, 
vaunt, pride one's self. 

Gloriosus, a, um, adj. (gloria)., 
glorious, renowned, illustrious, 
honorable. 

Gracchus, i, m., Gracchus, a Ro- 
man cognomen in the Sempro- 
nian gens. Titus Sempronius 
Gracchus, a Roman consul, A. U, 
C. 537 & 539 : V. 13. Tiberius 
Sempronius Gracchus, a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 575 & 589 : VI. 
2, father of Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchus. C. Gracchus and Tibe- 
rius Gracchus, sons of Tiberius 
Sempronius Gracchus, and Corne- 
lia, daughter of Scipio Jlfricanus, 
icere put to death for espousing 
the cause of the people in a fac- 
tious manner, and passing laws 
odious to the nobility : VII. 9. 

Groicia, (B,f., Greece, a large coun- 
try in the south-eastern part of 
Europe: II. 18. 

Grceculus, a, um, adj., Grecian. 
Grceculus, i, m., an insignificant 
or paltry Grecian : from 

GrcBcv^, a, um, adj., Grecian. GrcB- 
ci, drum, m. pi., the Grecians. 

Gramen, inis, n., a plant, herb. 



184 



GRAMINEUS— HABEO. 



Gramineus, a, um, adj. (gramen), 
of grass, grassy. Corona grami- 
nea, the same as a Corona ob- 
sidionalis. 

Grandis^ e, adj.^ large, very large, 
great, grand, lofty. 

Granum, i, n., a grain of corn, 
grain, kernel, seed. 

Graphiuin, i, n., an iron pen or 
style, with which the Romans 
wrote on tablets covered with 
wax. 

Grassor, dri^ dtus sum, dep. (gra- 
dior, to go), to go, proceed; to 
aspire to. 

Gratia, (B,f. (gratus), pleasantness, 
grace, favor, good-will, kindness ; 
thanks, grati tude . Agere gr alias, 
to give thanks, thank. Ingentes 
graticB, many or hearty thanks. 
Redder e in gratia-m, to be or be- 
come reconciled. Gratid, abl., 
for the sake of, for the purpose of. 
Eloquentice gratid, in order to 
acquire eloquence, in order to 
become eloquent. Refcrre gra- 
tiam, to manifest gratitude, rec- 
ompense, make requital. Malam 
gratiam rependere, to make a 
poor return. 

Gratulatio, dnis,f., congratulation : 
from 

Graiulor, dri, dtus sum, dep., § 223, 
R. 2, to congratulate, wish one 
joy : from 

Gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, ac- 
ceptable, agreeable; grateful. 

Gravdtd, or Gravdtim, adv. (gra- 
vdtus, laden), unwillingly, hard- 
ly, with reluctance, grudgingly. 
Hand gravate, willingly, cheer- 
fully. 

Gravis, e, adj., ior, issimus ; heavy, 
weighty. Fig-, important, of 
weight or importance ; grievous, 
rigorous, severe, sore, oppres- 



sive, burdensome ; violent, great, 
powerful, vehement ; loaded, 
laden ; of authority, eminence ; 
eminent, great. 

Gravitas, diis, f (gravis), heavi- 
ness, weightiness. Fig., impor- 
tance, dignity ; firmness. 

Gravtter, adv. {gravis), heavily ; 
greatly, very much, grievously, 
severely, vehemently ; attentive- 
ly; with dignity, with strength, 
forcibly. Gravlterfcrre, to grieve 
for, take to heart, be affected by. 
Graviter agrotare, to be very 
sick. 

Gravo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {gravis), 
to burden, load, weigh down. 
Fig., to oppress, distress, burden ; 
pass., to be weighed down; to 
grudge, refuse, be reluctant, 
doubt, hesitate. 

Gremium, i, n., the lap, bosom. 

Grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, 
drove ; a company, assembly, 
band. 

Guberndtor, oris, m. {guberno, to 
guide), a pilot, steersman. 

Guttus, i, m. {gutta, a drop), an oil- 
cruet; a narrow-necked bottle. 

Gymnasium, i, n., a place of exer- 
cise ; a gymnasium, school. 

H. 

Habeo, ere, ui, itum, a. <^ n., to 
have, hold, entertain, enjoy, 
possess; to make ;- to obtain, 
get, occupy ; to keep, detain ; 
to bear, tolerate, endure, support ; 
to treat ; to pass, spend ; to ac- 
count, judge, esteem, think, 
reckon, consider ; to use, wear ; 
to deliver, pronounce, utter, 
speak ; to occupy, inhabit ; to 
give, bestow upon.. It is often 
translated by a verb correspond- 



HABILTS— HERCULES. 



185 



ing to the noun, adjective, or par- 
ticiple, following it; as, habere 
curam, to attend to, take care of: 
habere familiarem, to be inti- 
mate with. Auspicia habere, to 
consult the auspices. Mabere 
castra, to hold a camp, be en- 
camped. Habere in mente, to 
have in mind, purpose. Habere 
potiorem, to prefer. Se habere, 
to be. Prmclare se habere, to be 
in fine order. Deliberatum ha- 
bere, to deliberate, resolve, § 274, 
R. 4. Habere annos triginta, to 
be thirty years old. 

Habilis, e, adj. (habeo), fit or prop- 
er to have, wear, handle, &c. ; 
apt, fit, proper, suitable. 

Habitatio, onis, /., an inhabiting; 
a place of abode, dwelling : 
froTn 

Habllo, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
(habeo), to have, hold ; to dwell, 
abide, live in, inhabit. 

Habitus, us, m. (habeo), habit, 
plight, condition, state, manner, 
fashion ; dress. Habituf cor- 
poris, dress ; persona^ appear- 
ance. 

Habitus, a, urn, part, (habeo). 

Habui. See Habeo. 

Hac, adv. (hie), by this place ; this 
way. 

Hcedmus, a, urn, adj. (hadus, a 
kid), of a kid. 

Hcpreo, ere, hcBsi, hcesum, n., to be 
fixed, adhere, stick. Hcerere in 
complexu alicvjus, to cling to 
one's embrace. 

HcBsitatio, dnis,f., hesitation, doubt, 
perplexity, embarrassment -.from 

HcEsito, are, dvi, dtum, n. freq. 
(hcereo), to hesitate, be at a loss 
or perplexed ; to doubt. 

Halitus, Us, m. (halo, to breathe), 
breath ; a vapor, exhalation. 
16* 



Hamilcar, dris, m., Hamilcar, a 
Carthaginian general, father of 
Hannibal : V. 13. 

Hamus, i,m., a fish-hook ; a hook. 

Hannibal, dlis, m., Hannibal, a 
Carthaginian general : IV. 3. 

Hanno, onis, m., Hanno, the name 
of several distinguished Cartha- 
ginians : IV. 1. 

Hasdrubal, dlis, m., Hasdrubal, a 
Carthaginian general, the broth- 
er of Hannibal: V. 17. The 
son of Gisgo, a Carthaginian 
general, vanquished by Scipio in 
Spain, A. U. C 546 : V. 23. A 
Carthaginian general in the 
third Punic war : VII. 2. 

Haruspex, ids, m., one who fore- 
told future events by inspecting 
the entrails of victims ; a sooth- 
sayer, diviner. 

Jlasta, (£, f., a spear, lance, pike, 
javelin ; a spear set up to give 
notice of an auction. HastcR 
subjicere, to sell at auction. 

Haud, adv., not. 

Haudqudquam, adv. (haud S^ qua- 
quam, any way), by no means, 
not at all. 

Haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, a., to 
draw, draw forth or out ; to 
drink, swallow; to derive, ac- 
quire, receive. 

Haustus, a, um, part, (haurio)^ 
swallowed, devoured ; swallowed 
up, destroyed. 

Hcbeto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (hebes^ 
dull), to make blunt or dull. 

Hellespontus, i, m., the Hellespont, 
a strait separating Europe from 
Asia: VIII. 10. 

Hera, oe, f, (herus, a master), a 
mistress of a family. 

Herba, (R,f., an herb ; grass, herb- 
age. 

Hercules, is, m., Hercules, a The- 



186 



HEREDITAS— HOSPES. 



ban hero, son of Jupiter and 
Alcmene : III. 15. 

HeredUas,dtis,f. (heres), an inher- 
itance, heritage. 

'Herennius^ i, m., Herennius, father 
of Pontius Thelesinus, who in- 
snared the Romans at the Cau- 
dine Forks: III. 12. 

Heres, edis, m. S/- f., an heir or 
heiress. 

Heri, adv., yesterday. 

Hiberna, drum, n. pi. (Jiiems), 
winter quarters. 

Hibernacula, drum, n. pi. (hiher- 
no, to winter), a winter apart- 
ment; winter quarters. 

Hie, hcec, hoc, pro. dem.^ this, this 
man, &c. ; he, she; hie — ille, 
the latter — the former, § 207, 
R. 23. Hoc est, that is. 

Hic, adv. (hie), here, in this pUce. 

Hiems, emis,f., winter. 

Hiero, onis, m., Hiero, a king of 
Syracuse, a disciple of Pindar 
and Simonides: IV. 1. 

Hildrd, adv., ius, cheerfully, mer- 
rily, joyfully : /row 

.Hilaris, e, adj., cheerful, merry, 
gay, blithe. 

Hilar itas, dtis, f. (hilaris), cheer- 
fulness, mirth, gayety, joyful- 
ness, alacrity, merriment, hi- 
larity. 

Hilariter, adv. (hilaris), cheerinWy, 
merrily. 

Hinc, adv. (hic), § 191, I. R. 1, & 
R. 2, hence, from this place ; on 
this side. Hine — i7ide, on this 
side — on that or the other 
side. 

Hircus, i, m., a he-goat, buck. 

Hirundo, inis,f., a swallow. 

Hispania, (B,f., Spain : V. 27. 

Hispdnus, a, um, adj. (Hispania), 
Spanish. Hispdnus, i, m., a 
Spaniard. 



Historia, a, f., a history, narration 
of past things. 

Hodie, adv., (hie ^ dies), to-day. 

Homo, inis, m. ^ /., a man or wo- 
man. 

Honestas, dtis, /., respectability, 
honor, character, probity, hones- 
ty : from 

Honestus, a, um, adj., honorable, 
dignified, respectable. 

Honor, oris, m., honor, respect; a 
public office, magistracy, dignity; 
a reward : also, the name of a de- 
ity. Honor. Honoris causd, out 
of respect, as a mark of respect. 

Honordtus, a, um, part. Sf adj. 
(honoro), honored, respected, 
honorable ; honored, distin- 
guished ; ornamented, adorned. 

Honorific^, adv., honorably, re- 
spectfully : from 

Honoriflcus, a, um, adj. (honor &/- 
faeio), causing or bringing hon- 
or, honorable, laudatory. 

Honoro, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to hon- 
or, reverence. 

flom, (E,/., anhour. 

Hordtiu», (^ m., Horatius, or Hor- 
ace : pL, the Horatii, three Ro- 
man brothers,- 1.11—14. 

Horrendus, a, vm, part., dreadful, 
terrible, terrific, horrible, fright- 
ful : from 

Horreo, ere, ui, n. ^ a., to be 
rough ; to look terrible. 

Horreum, i, n., a barn, granary, 
storehouse. 

Horror, oris, m. (horreo), a shiver- 
ing, trembling ; fear, dread, 
terror, horror. 

Hortor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to ex- 
hort, encourage, excite, cheer, 
urge. 

Hortus, i,m., a garden or orchard. 

Hospes, ttis, m. <^ f, one who is 
entertained or lodged in one's 



HOSPITA— IDTJS. 



187 



house; a guest, stranger, for- 
eigner; a host. 

Hospita, (B, f. (hospes), a hostess; 
a female stranger or guest. 

Hospitium, i, n. (hospes), a receiv- 
ing or entertaining of strangers; 
hospitality ; a place where stran- 
gers are entertained, lodgings. 
In hospitiiim invitare, to invite 
to stay with one. 

Hostllis, e, adj. (Jiostis), of or be- 
longing to an enemy, hostile. 

Hostiliter, adv. (hostUis), in a hos- 
tile manner, like an enemy. 

Hostilius, a, um, adj., belonging 
to Hostilius. Hostiiia, sc. curia, 
the senate-house built by Tul- 
lus Hostilius, the Hostiiia. 

Hostilius, i, m., Hostilius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Hostilian 
gens. Hostus Hostilius, a brave 
Roman in the time of Romulus : 
1. 7. Tullus Hostilius, the third 
king of Rome : I. 11 — 16. 

Hostis, is, m. <^ /., a stranger; 
an enemy ; a public enemy. 
Hastes, pL, enemies, the en- 
emy. 

Hue, adv. (hie), hither, to this 
place. Hue illuc, hither and 
thither, this way and that. 

Hujus. See Hie. 

Hujusmodi, (hie S/- modits), § 134, 
R. 5, of this kind or sort, of the 
following kind. 

Humanitas, dtis,/., human nature, 
humanity; benevolence, gentle- 
ness, kindness ; learning, edu- 
cation, liberal knowledge ; good- 
breeding, politeness : from 

Humdnus, a, um, adj. (homo), hu- 
man ; humane, kind. 

Humerus, i, m., the shoulder. Hu- 
meris subire, to take upon one's 
shoulders. 

Humilis, e, adj., low, near the 



earth ; humble, mean, obscure ; 
humble, submissive. 

Humor, oris, m. (humeo, to be 
moist), moisture. 

Hydra, cB,f., a water serpent, hy- 
dra. Also, the Lernean hydra, 
a many-headed serpent, fabled to 
have lived in the Lernean Lake, 
near Argos. Hercules attempt- 
ed to kill it, but found that, as 
often as one head was cut off, its 
place was supplied by two others ; 
this he at length prevented by 
searing the wound, and by this 
means succeeded in destroying 
the serpent. 



I. 



I, imperative of eo. 

larhas, ce, m., larbas, a king of Nu- 
midia, and attached to the party 
ofMarius: VHL 20. 

Ibam, imp. of eo. 

Ibi, adv. (is), there, in that place ; 
on that. 

Ico, ere, ici, ictum, a., to strike, 
smite, stab, hit. leere foedus, to 
make a league or compact. 

Ictus, us, m. (ico), a stroke, blow, 
thrust. 

Ictus, a, um, part. (ico). 

IdxBus, a, um, adj. (Ida), o? or per- 
taining to Ida. Idcca mater, Cy- 
bele, a Phrygian goddess : VI. 4. 

Idem, eddem, idem, adj. pro. (is ^ 
dem), the same, the same person 
or thing. 

Ideo, adv. (id &f- eo), therefore, for 
that cause, on that account; for 
this reason. 

Idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, meet, 
proper, suitable, convenient, ad- 
vantageous ; sufficient. 

Idus, uum, f. pi., the ides of a 
month, & 326, 1. 



188 



lENS— IMO. 



lens, euntis, part. (eo). 

IgUur, conj., therefore, then, ac- 
cordingly. 

Igndrus, a, um, adj. (in 8/- gnarvs, 
skilful), ignorant, unacquainted 
with. 

Ignavia, cb, f. (igndvus, idle), in- 
activity, sluggishness, idleness; 
cowardice. 

Ignis., is, m., fire. 

Ignobilis, e, adj. (in <^ nobilis), un- 
known, undistinguished, ob- 
scure, humble. 

Ignominia, ce,f. (in ^ nomen), ig- 
nominy, disgrace, dishonor. 

Jgnorantia, <b, f. (ignorans, igno- 
rant), ignorance. 

Ignoro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. 
(ignarus), to be ignorant of, not 
to know. 

Ignosco, ere, novi, notum, a. &/- n., 
§ 223, R. 2, (in 8^ gnosco, to 
know), to pardon, forgive, ex- 
cuse, overlook. Ignoscitur ali- 
ctd, one is excused or pardoned. 

Ignotus, a, utn, part. <^ adj. (ignos- 
co), unknown. 

Illdtus, a, um, part, (infero). 

J/le, a, ud, adj. pro., gen. illfus, 
§ 134, that, that man; he, she, 
it. lile — hie, that — this, the 
former — the latter. 

Illic, adv., there, in that place. 

lilico, adv. (in S^ locus), there, in 
that place ; straightway, instant- 
ly, immediately. 

Rluc, adv. (illic), to that place, 
thither. 

Illucesco, ere, illuxi, n. inc., to be- 
gin to shine; to dawn; imp.,\i 
dawns, it begins to be light. 

Elvdo, ere, si, sum, n. (^ a. (in <^ 
ludo), to play with; to make 
sport of, ridicule, mock, jeer at. 

Illustris, e, adj., ior, issimus (in 
S^ lustro), light, clear, bright; 



manifest, evident ; illustrious, 
famous, notable, remarkable. 

Imago, mis,f., an image, likeness, 
form, statue. 

Imbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, fee- 
ble, imbecile. 

Imbellis, e, adj. (in 4^ helium), un- 
warlike, peaceful; weak, cow- 
ardly, dastardly. 

Imber, bris, m., rain ; a shower. 

Imbuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to wet, 
dip, saturate; to imbue, infect; 
to fill. 

Imttor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to imi- 
tate, copy after. 

Immaturus, a, um, adj. (in ^ ma- 
turus), unripe ; untimely, un- 
seasonable, premature. 

Immemor, oris, adj. (in <^ memor^ 
mindful), forgetful, unmindful, 
regardless, 

Immensus, a, um, adj. (in 8f 'men- 
sus), unmeasured, boundless, 
vast, immense. 

Immineo, ere, ui, n. (in 8/- mineo, to 
hang over), to impend, overhang, 
be imminent, be at hand ; to 
threaten. 

Imminuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in ^ 
minuo), to lessen, diminish. 

Immitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (in ^ 
mitto), to send in, introduce ; to 
throw, hurl, shoot. Immittere 
se, to throw one's self, rush, 
plunge. 

Immobilis, e, adj. (in S^ mobilis)^ 
immovable, steadfast, fixed. 

Immolo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in ^ 
mola, grains of corn, mixed with 
salt, which were strewed on the 
victim), to sprinkle with mola; 
to sacrifice, immolate. 
Immotus, a, urn, adj., (in ^ motus), 
unmoved ; unshaken, firm. 

Imo, adv., yes, yea, yes indeed ; 
nay rather, on the contrary, nay. 



IMPAR— IMPONO. 



189 



Impar, aris, adj. (in S,- par), un- 
equal, inferior; unable to face, 
insufficient, dissimilar, different. 

ImpaticTis, tis, adj. (in ^ patiens), 
impatient. 

Impedimentum^ i, 7i., a shackle, im- 
pediment, hinderance ; the bag- 
gage of an army : from 

Impedio, ire, ivi 4-' ii, Itum, a. {in 
&/" pes), to entangle, shackle; to 
hinder, prevent, embarrass. 

Impedltus, a, um, part. ^- adj. (im- 
pedio), hindered, retarded, ob- 
structed, impeded. 

Jinpegi. See Impingo. 

Impello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (in ^ 
pello), to push, drive, force for- 
ward, impel. 

Impendeo, ere, n. (in ^ pendeo), to 
hang over ; to impend, threaten, 
be near. 

Impensa, ce, f. (impensus, expend- 
ed), expense, charge, cost. 

Imperdtor, oris, m. (impern), a 
commander, chief; the com- 
mander-in-chief of an army, a 
name given by an army or the 
senate to a victorious general, 
and retained by him until he had 
triumphed. 

Jmperatorius, a, um, adj. (impera- 
tor), of or belonging to a com- 
mander ; iraperatorial. 

Imperfectus, a, um, adj. (in &^ per- 
fectus), imperfect, unfinished, in- 
complete. 

Imperium, i, n., an order, com- 
mand; authority, power; gov- 
ernment, rule, empire, dominion, 
supreme power ; the supremacy. 
Esse in imperio, to hold a mili- 
tary office or command ; from 

Jmpero, are, dci, dtum, n. ^ a., to 
enjoin, command, order ; to rule 
over, govern. Aiiquid alicui im- 
perare, to enjoin any thing upon 



any one, require one to do any 
thing. Imp., imperatur, an or- 
der is given. Imperare pecuni- 
am, obsides, etc., to order to be 
furnished or supplied, to de- 
mand — . 

Impetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^- n. (in 
S,~ patro), to bring about, accom- 
plish ; to obtain, get, procure, 
effect. 

Impetus, us, m- (impeto, to assail), 
an attack, assault, onset; im- 
petuosity, vehemence, violence, 
force, spirit, zeal, impulse, de- 
sire, enthusiasm, ardor. 

Impit, adv. (impius), undutifuUy, 
impiously, wickedly. 

Impiger, gra, grum, adj. (in 4^ 
piger, slow), diligent, active, 
prompt, zealous. 

Impingo, ere, pegi, pactum, a. (in 
&f' pango), to hit, dash, strike, or 
throw against ; to inflict. 

Impius, a, um, adj. (in ^ pius, 
pious), undutifal, impious, un- 
principled, abandoned, reprobate, 
wicked, barbarous, cruel. 

Impleo, tre, evi, etum, a. (in S^ 
pleo, ohs.), to fill. Spe implere, 
to inspire with — . 

ImplicUus, a, um, part. : from 

Impllco, are, dvi, dtum, S^ ui, Itum, 
a. (in 4^ jjUco, to weave), to in- 
fold, envelop, involve, entan- 
gle ; to embarrass, perplex. Im- 
plicari morho, to be attacked 
v.'ith a disease. 

Implore, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in if 
ploro, to wail), to implore, in- 
voke, entreat. 

Impono, ere, osui, ostium, a. (in ^ 
pono), to place, put, or lay in or 
into, put in a place; to place 
upon, impose. Imponere in na- 
ves or navibus, to embark, put 
on board. Ultimam imponere 



190 



IMPOSITUS— INCITO. 



manum, to put a finishing hand 
to. Impositus est finis bello, the 
war is terminated, 

Impositus, a, urn, part, (impono). 

Impotens, tis, adj. {in <^ potens, 
powerful), powerless, weak, fee- 
ble; ungovernable, violent, ex- 
cessive ; unable to control. Im- 
potens irce, unable to restrain 
one's passion, of ungovernable 
temper. 

Impressus, a, um, part, (imprimo). 

Imprimis, adv. (in ^ primus), 
especially, above all, eminently, 
particularly, very. 

Imprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
(in 8/- premo), to press into ; to 
impress, imprint, stamp. 

Improbus, a, um, adj. (in S^prohus), 
bad, worthless, wicked, dishon- 
est, knavish, villanous. 

Improvisus, a, um, adj. (in ^ pro- 
. visas, foreseen), unforeseen, un- 
looked for, unexpected, sudden. 

Imputes, eris, ^ Impubis, e, adj. (in 
^ pubes), not having attained 
the years of manhood, beardless, 
youthful. Impubes cBtas, youth, 
tender age. 

Impudens, tis, adj. (in ^ pudens, 
modest), shameless, impudent, 
barefaced. 

Impuli. See Impello. 

Impunltus, a, um, adj. (in 8^ puni- 
tus, punished), unpunished, safe, 
secure. 

In, prep, icith the ace. ^ abl. ; with 
the ace., into, to, unto; denoting 
a purpose, for, for the purpose 
of, as ; towards, against ; over : 
with the abl., among, in, upon, 
on, at, near ; in, in time of. In 
honorem alicujus, out of respect 
to, as a mark of respect to — : — 
concerning, respecting, in the 
case of, for. 



IncEstimabilis, e, adj. (in S^ CBstima,-' 
bilis), that cannot be valued or 
estimated, inestimable, invalua- 
ble, inappreciable. 

Inambulo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (in E^ 
ambulo), to walk up and down. 

Indnis, e, adj., empty, void; vain, 
boastful, proud. 

Inauditus, a, um, adj. (in i^ aitdi' 
tus,) unheard of, strange, un- 
usual. 

Incalesco, ere, lui, n. inc. (in fy ca- 
lesco), to grow warm, be heated. 

Incautus, a, um, adj. (in Sf cautus), 
unwary, incautious, heedless, 
off one's guard. 

Incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (in <^ 
cetZo), to go, walk; to approach, 
advance, march; to arise, pre- 
vail ; to come upon, seize. 

Incendium, i, n., a fire, conflagra- 
tion : from 

Incendo, ere, di, sum, a. (in ^ can- 
deo, to glow), to kindle, set fire 
to ; to burn. Fig., to inflame ; 
to veXjincense, irritate, provoke. 

Inceptum, i, n., (incipio), a begin- 
ning, attempt, enterprise, under- 
taking, design, 

Inceptus, a, um, part, (incipio). 

Incertus, a, um, adj. (in ^ certus), 
uncertain, doubtful, not sure, 

Incessi. See Incedo, 

Incesso, ere, cessivi 8^ cessi, a. (in- 
cedo), to attack, assail, assault. 

Incido, ere, idi, incdsum, n. (in «^ 
cado), to fall into or upon ; to 
chance, happen. Incidit, imp.^ 
it happened, chanced. Incidere 
in morbum, to fall into sickness, 
fall sick, 

Incipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. ^ n. (in 
^ capio), to take in hand; to 
undertake, attempt; to begin, 
commence. 

Incito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. (in- 



INCLAMO— INDO. 



191 



cieo, to excite), to set in rapid 
motion ; to excite, stimulate ; 
to incite, encourage, spur on. 

.Incldmo, dre^ dvi, dtum, a. ^ n. 
{in iSf clamo), to call upon with 
a loud voice, cry out to. 

Indino, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in S/- 
clino, to bend), to incline, bend, 
turn; to give way, fall back : so 
inclinare infugam, to give way, 
begin to give ground. 

Includo, ire, si, sum, a. (in <^ clau- 
do), to shut up, confine, keep in, 
enclose, surround. 

IndptiLS, a, um, adj., illustrious, 
famous, celebrated, renowned, 
remarkable, distinguished. 

Incola, <2, m. S/-f., an inhabitant, a 
native : from 

Incolo, ere, ui, cultum, a. ^ n. (in 
Sf cold), to inhabit, abide, or 
dwell in a place. 

Incolumis, e, adj. (in ^ celumis, 
safe), unimpaired, uninjured : 
safe, whole, entire. 

Incommodus, a, um,, adj. (in Sf com- 
Tnodv^s), inconvenient, trouble- 
some, unsuitable ; unseasonable. 

Inconstantia, a, f. (inconstans, in- 
constant), inconstancy, fickle- 
ness. 

Inconsulth, adv. (inconsultus, not 
consulted), inconsiderately, im- 
prudently, rashly, injudiciously, 
foolishly, indiscreetly. 

Ineredibtlis, e, adj. (inSf credibilis, 
credible), incredible, wonderful. 

Incredibiliter, adv. (incredibilis), 
incredibly, astonishingly. 

Jncrepo, dre, ui, itum, or dvi, dtum, 
a. (in ^ crepo, to sound), to 
sound, resound ; to blame, chide, 
reprove, rebuke, upbraid. 

Incresco, ere, crevi, a. (in ^ cresco), 
to grow to or upon ; to increase, 
grow. 



Incultus, a, um, adj. (in ^ cultus), 
uncultivated, unpolished, rude, 
neglected. 

Incursio, onis, f. (incurro, to run 
to), a running against or upon; 
an attack, assault, incursion, in- 
road. 

Incutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (in &/• 
quatio), to strike or dash upon ; 
to throw or cast. 

Inde, adv., thence, from thence; 
from that; from that time, then, 
next, afterwards, upon this ; on 
that side. 

Index, icis, m. <^ /., a discoverer, 
informer ; a sign, mark, index : 
from 

Indico, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to show, 
discover, disclose, inform, reveal, 
tell. 

Indico, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in <^ dico), 
to show, discover, disclose, make 
known; to announce, declare, 
indicate, proclaim, publish ; to 
appoint, impose. 

Indictus, a, um,, adj. (in S^ dictus), 
not said. Indicia causa, without 
being tried or heard. Also a 
participle from indico. 

Indigeo, ere, ui, n., to want, need, 
stand in need of, require. 

Indignatio, dnis,f. (indignor), in- 
dignation, rage, disdain. 

Indignd, adv. (indignus, unwor- 
thy), unworthily, unjustly, unde- 
servedly ; indignantly. Indigne 
ferre, to take ill, be indignant. 

Indignitas, dtis, f. (indignus), un- 
worthiness, meanness, disgrace. 

Indignor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (in- 
dignus), to scorn, be displeased 
with, be offended, indignant. 

Indiius, a, um, part. : from 

Indo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (in ^ do), 
to put into; to put, place upon ; 
to give, bestow upon. 



192 



INDOCILIS—INFORMO. 



Indocilis, e, adj. (in ^^ docilis), 
indocile, unskilful ; not easy 
to be taught, that cannot be 
taught. 

Indoles, is,/., the natural quality 
of a thing; nature ; natural dis- 
position ; genius, parts, talents. 

Jnduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in <^ 
duco), to lead oi- bring in or into, 
introduce; to resolve; to deter- 
mine ; to induce, move, per- 
suade. 

Indulgeo, ere, si, turn, n. 8f a. (in 
4^ dulcis), to be complaisant; to 
indulge, gratify, humor. 

Induo, ere, i, turn, a., to clothe, 
put on. 

Industria, cc, f. (industrius, indus- 
trious), industry, diligence, ac- 
tivity. De industrid, on purpose, 
purposely, designedly. 

Indutice, drum, f. (induo), a truce, 
or cessation from hostilities. 

Indutus, a, um, part, (induo). 

Indvxi. See Induco. 

Inco, ire, ivi or ii, itum, irr. n. Sf a. 
(in S^ eo), to go into, enter; to 
enter upon, begin. Inire con- 
silium, to form a plan, conceive 
a design. Inire certamen, or 
jtralium, to engage in, com- 
mence — . Inire societatem, to 
form an alliance. 

Inesse. See Insum. 

Infacetl, adv. (infacetus, destitute 
of art), without humor or pleas- 
antry, unwittily. 

Infandus, a, um, adj. (in ^fundus, 
to be spoken), unspeakable ; un- 
fortunate, calamitous; shocking, 
base, abominable, heinous. 

Infa.ns, antis, m. &/• f. (in ^ fans, 
speaking), a little child, infant, 
babe. 

Infeci. See Inficio. 

Infeclus, a, um, adj. (in ^ f actus), 



not done, undone, unaccoui- 
plished. 

Ivfslix, icis, adj. (in &/• felix), un- 
fruitful ; unhappy, miserable, 
wretched, unfortunate, unsuc- 
cessful. 

Infensus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus ; 
exasperated, angry, displeased, 
enraged, hostile, inimical. 

Infcro,ferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. a. 
(in <^ frro), to bring or carry in 
or into, introduce; bring upon, 
offer. Se inferre, to go, repair, 
advance. Inferre terror em, to in- 
spire, produce, occasion, cause — • 
Inferre helium, to wage war 
against, to carry on war. 

Infesto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to trou- 
ble, molest, annoy, infest ; to 
damage, injure, hurt : from 

Infestus, a, um, adj., hostile, inso- 
lent, vexatious, troublesome, un- 
safe, dangerous. 

Inficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (in 8/- 
facio), to stain, dye, color, tinge; 
to infect, taint, corrupt. 

Infimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of infer), 
the lowest ; the poorest ; of the 
lowest rank. Infimus agger, the 
lowest part of the bank or 
mound. § 205, R. 17. 

Infirmus, a, um, adj., weak, feeble, 
infirm. 

Inflammo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in 8^ 
flammo, to burn), to set on fire, 
kindle; to burn; to rouse, ex- 
cite, incite, inflame. 

Infldtus, a, um, part. 8/- adj. (infio), 
swollen, inflated, blown up. 

Infllgo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in <^ 
fligo, to strike against), to inflict, 
deal, strike. 

Infio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in S^flo), 
to blow or breathe into, blow 
upon, swell, inflate. 

Informo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in &^ 



INFRA— INNOTESCO. 



i9a^ 



forino, to form), to form, shape, 
fashion, design; to instruct, in- 
form, guide, lead, train. 

Infra, adv. <^ prep, icith the ace. 
(infer), below, under, beneath, 
underneath. 

Jnfula, ce,f., a fillet, turban, mitre, 
garland ; a woollen bandage tied 
around the head by ribbons, 
worn by priests, 4&c. 

Jnfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. (in <^ 
fundo), to pour in or into, infuse ; 
to spread, diffuse. 

Ingemo, ere, ui, n. (in Sf gevio), to 
groan, lament, mourn, grieve, 
bewail, 

Jngenium, i, n. (in <^ geno, to be- 
get), nature, genius, quality; 
natural disposition, temper, char- 
acter ; genius, understanding, 
talents, intellect ; mind. 

Ingens, tis, adj., great, large, huge, 
vast ; powerful, mighty. 

Ingenuus, a, um, adj. (ingeno, to 
implant by nature), native, natu- 
ral ; liberal, ingenuous, frank, 
candid, sincere ; freeborn, noble, 
liberal, respectable. 

Ingero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. (in ^ 
gero), to carry or put into ; throw 
into or upon ; to give, reach 
forth ; to throw, cast, inflict. 

Ingratus, a,um, adj. (in S,- gratus), 
unpleasant, disagreeable, offen- 
sive ; ungrateful, unthankful. 

Jngravesco, ere, n. (in^gravesco, to 
become heavy), to grow more 
and more heavy ; to increase. 

Ingredior, i,gressussum, dep. (in ^ 
gradior, to go), to enter, go into ; 
to commence, begin. Ingredi itin- 
era, to begin to travel or march. 

Ingressus, a, um, part, (ingredior). 

Inhoneste, adv. (inhonestus, dishon- 
orable), dishonorably, disgrace- 
fully, basely. 

17 



Xnii. See Ineo. 

Inimicitia, m, /., enmity, hostility : 
it is commonly found in the plu- 
ral, with the same signification 
as in the singular. 

Inimicus, a, um, adj. (in (^ amicus), 
at enmity with, hostile, unfriend- 
ly, unkind: subs., an enemy, a 
private, in distinction from hostis. 
a public enemy. 

Inlqu^, adv., unjustly, unfairly : 
from 

Inlquus, a, um, adj. (in 8/" cequus), 
unequal, uneven; unkind, cruel, 
hard ; difficult, disadvantageous, 
unfavorable, dangerous ; unjust, 
unfair. 

Initio, are, dvi, dtum, a., to initiate, 
consecrate, admit to a knowledge 
of the sacred rites : from 

Initium,4,n. (ineo), a commence- 
ment, beginning. Initio, abl., 
in the beginning, at first. 

Imtus, a, um,part. (ineo). 

Injicio, cre,jeci, jectum, a. (in ^ja- 
cio), to throw or cast into or up- 
on; to put on or upon; to cast, 
throw, or put in or into. Injicere 
manum, to lay hands on, take 
hold of 

Injuria, cB,f. (injurius, injurious), 
injury, wrong, injustice, insult: 
damage, harm, hurt, detriment. 

Injussu, abl., § 94 (in Sf jussus, us), 
without leave, without being 
ordered. 

Injustus, a, um, adj. (in ^Justus), 
unjust, wrongful, iniquitous. 

Innitor, i, nixus 8f nisus sum, dep. 
(in <^ nitor), to lean or rest upon, 
recline upon. 

Innixus, a, um, part, (inniior). 

Innocentia, ce, f (innocens, inno- 
cent), innocence, integrity, prob- 
ity. 

Innotesco, ere, tui, n. inc. {in ^ 



194 



INNOXIUS— INSILIO.. 



notesco^ to become known), to 
become noted or knov/n. 

Innoxius, «, urn, adj. (in Sf noxius, 
hurtful), that has done no harm ; 
innocent, inoffensive, blame- 
less. 

InnumerabiUs, e, adj. {in &/• nume- 
rabilis, that may be numbered), 
that cannot be numbered, num- 
berless, infinite, countless. 

Innumerus, a, um, adj. (in 4r nu- 
merus), without number, count- 
less, innumerable. 

Inmio., ere, ui, utum, n. (in ^ nuo, 
to nod), to nod or beckon with 
the head, make signs to one ; to 
intimate. 

Inopia., ce, /. (inops), want, indi- 
gence, need, scarcity, lack. 

Inoplnans, tis, adj. (in ^ ojnnans, 
thinking), unthinking, unex- 
pecting, unawares, 

[nopinatus, a, um., adj. (in Sf opi- 
ndtus, thought of), unexpected, 
unlooked for. 

Inopinvs, a, um, adj. {in &/• opinus 
obs.), not thought of, unexpect- 
ed, sudden. 

Inops, opis, adj. (in ^ ops), poor, 
needy, indigent ; destitute of. 
Inops consilii, at a loss, at a 
stand. 

InqvMm, or Inquio, def., § 183, 5, & 
§ 279, 6, I say. 

InquietuSy a, um, adj. (in <^ quietvs), 
unquiet, restless, troublesome. 

Inquindtus,a, um, part. 4^ a^?.? Pol- 
luted, defiled, contaminated, sul- 
lied : from 

Inquino, are, dvi, dtum, a. to pol- 
lute, defile. 

Inquit. See Inquam. 

Inscendo^ ere, di, sum, n. 8^ a. (in 
8^ scando, to climb), to go up, 
ascend, mount. 

Inscitia, (B^f. (inscitus^ unskilful), 



ignorance, unskilfulness, inex- 
perience. 

Inscius, a, um, adj. (in Sf scio), 
ignorant, unskilful, rude, not 
knowing. Inscio aliquo, with- 
out one's knowledge. 

Inscrlho, ere, psi, plum, a. (in Sf 
scribo), to write in or upon, in- 
scribe, engrave. 

Inscriptus, a, um, part. 4" adj. 
(inscribo). 

Insector, dri, atus sum, dep. (in &/• 
sector, to follow), to pursue 
closely, chase, press upon ; to 
reproach, rail at, inveigh against, 
attack, censure. 

Insequor, i, cutus sum,, dep. (iji <^ se- 
quor), to follow close after, pur- 
sue ; to follow. 

Insero, ere, evi, situm, a. (in 8/- 
sero, to sow), to ingraft, inocu- 
late, implant, impress deeply. 

Insideo, ere, sedi, sesstim, n. ^ a. 
(in &/- sedeo), to sit or rest upon. 

Insidice, drum, f. pi. (insideo), an 
ambush; a place where men are 
lying in ambush, ambuscade; 
snares, treachery. Insidias ali- 
cui parare, to lay snares for, 
form plots against — . 

Insidior. dri, dtus sum, dep. (in- 
sidi(E), to lie in wait, plot against. 

Insido, ere, sedi, sessum, a. 8f n. 
(in (^ sido, to descend), tb sit or 
settle on, rest upon, perch on. 

Insigne, is, n., a badge, mark of 
distinction ; pi. insignia, the 
badges of an office, insignia : 
from, 

Insignis, e, adj. (in <^ signum), 
distinguished by some mark ; 
remarkable, prominent, extraor- 
dinary, distinguished. 

Insilio, Ire, silui, sultum, a. 8f n. 
(in 8/- salio, to leap), to leap into 
or upon ; to assail, attack. 



INSINUO— INTENDO. 



195 



Insinuo, are, dvi^ dtum^ a. (in ^ 
sinuo^ to twist or turn), to intro- 
duce, insinuate. Se insinuare, 
to steal, slip, or glide in. 

Insisto, ere, stiti, a. fy n. (in^-sisto), 
to stand, stand upon; to apply 
one's self to, begin, commence. 

Insitus, a, vm, part. ^ adj. (in- 
sero), ingrafted, implanted ; in- 
bred, natural, inherent, innate : 
deeply rooted, firmly impressed. 

Insolcnter, adv., iiis, issimt, {inso- 
hns, contrary to custom), inso- 
lently, proudly, haughtily. 

Insolcntia, <p,f. (mso/cws), unusual- 
ness ; insolence, arrogance, pride, 
haughtiness. 

Jnsolitus, a, um, adj. (in ^ solitus), 
unaccustomed to ; unusual. 

Inspecto, are, dvi, dtum,a. freq., to 
behold, observe attentively ; to 
be a spectator : from 

Inspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, a. (in 
S/" specio, to see), to look into or 
upon, view, observe, inspect, ex- 
amine. 

Inspuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in 8^ spuo, 
to spit), to spit into or upon. 

Instituo, ere, ui, ututn, a. (in <^ 
statud), to plant, place, appoint, 
declare, institute, establish, in- 
troduce, ordain, arrange ; to 
make, fabricate ; to instruct, 
teach, educate, train. 

Jnstiiutuvi, i, n. (instituo), a pur- 
pose, object, plan, design ; a 
regulation, custom, institution. 

Insto, are, stiti, n. (in <^ sto), to 
stand in, over, or upon any 
thing ; to urge, push, or press 
on; to be near, impend, threat- 
en. 

Jnstructus, a, um, part. 8f adj. 
(instruo), arranged; furnished, 
provided ; drawn up in battle- 
array. 



Instrumentnin, i, n., furniture, 
effects, goods, utensils, im- 
plements, means, assistance : 
from 

Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (in S/- 
struo, to join together), to con- 
struct, build ; to prepare, make 
ready, furnish, equip, provide ; 
to set in order, draw up in 
battle-array, marshal. 

Tnsuesco, ere, evi, etum, a. ^ n. 
(in ^ sueo, to use), to be accus- 
tomed, be in the habit of. 

Insuetiis, a, um, part. 8f adj. (in- 
suesco), unaccustomed ; not ac- 
customed to, not acquainted 
with. It is followed hj the geni- 
tive, the dative, or the accusa- 
tive with ad. 

Insula, a;,f., an island, isle. 

Insum, inesse, infui, irr. n. (in ^ 
sum), to be in. 

Insuper, adv. (in <^ super), upon, 
above, moreover. 

Insusurro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (in ^ 
susurro, to murmur), to whisper 
into the ear, whisper, murmur. 

Intactus, a, um, adj. (in S^ tactus, 
touched), not touched, whole, 
entire ; unhurt, uninjured. 

Integer, gra, grum, adj., ior, erri- 
mus, (in <^ tango, to touch), 
whole, entire ; strong, vigorous, 
fresh ; unhurt, uninjured ; up- 
right, honest, irreproachable. 

Intellectus, a, um., part. : from 

Intelligo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. (inter 
^ ?eo-o), to understand, compre- 
hend, know, perceive. 

Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in ^ tem- 
pestus, seasonable), unseason- 
able. Intempesta nox, midnight, 
the dead of night. 

Intendo, ere, di, tum 8f sum, a. (in 
8f tendo), to bend, stretch; to 
direct, turn. 



196 



INTENTO— INTERRUMPO. 



Intento, are, dvi, dtum, a. frcq. (in- 
tendo), to threaten with, threaten. 

Intentus, a, uvi, part. &^ adj. (in- 
tendo), stretched ; intent upon, 
fixed, attentive. 

Inter, prep, with ace. (in), be- 
tween, betwixt, among, amongst, 
amidst; during. Inter hac, dur- 
ing these things, in the mean 
time, meanwhile. Inter iri- 
uniphandum, during a triumph, 
or whilst celebrating a triumph. 
Inter 5e, with one another. 

Fntcrcedo, ere., cessi, cessvm, n. 
(inter 8f cedo), to come between, 
intervene. 

Intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 
(inter <^ capio), to talce or seize 
by surprise, intercept ; to take 
away, deprive of, usurp. 

Intercus, utis, adj. (inter 8^- cutis)., 
under the skin. 

Interdlco, ere, dixi, dictum, a. (inter 
&/> dico), to forbid judicially, or- 
der, decree, prohibit, interdict. 
Aqud et igni interdicere, to for- 
bid the use of water and fire ; 
to banish. 

Interdiu, adv. (inter <^ diu)., in the 
daytime. 

Inter dum, adv. (inter S,/' dum), 
sometimes, now and then, oc- 
casionally. 

Inter ea, adv. (inter 8f is), in the 
mean time, meanwhile. 

Interemi. See Interimo. 

Inter eo, ire, ii, itum, n. (inter &/• eo), 
to perish, be destroyed; to die. 

Interest. See Intersum. 

Interfector, oris, m. (interjicio), 
one who slays or kills ; a de- 
stroyer, murderer. 

Interfectus, a, um, part. -• fro?n 

Interficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. 
(inter ^ facio), to kill, slay, 
murder, destroy. 



Interfui. See Intersum. 

Interim, adv. (inter), in the mean 
time, meanwhile. 

hiterimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. 
(inter 8/ emo), to take away; to 
kill, slay, destroy. 

Interitus, us, m. (intereo), destruc- 
tion, ruin, death. 

Interjcctus, a, um, j^o-rt., put be- 
tween, interposed; intervening, 
lying between. Faucis inter- 
jectis diebus, a few days after : 
from 

Interjicio, ere, jeci., jectum, a. 
(inter (^ jaciu), to cast, put, set, 
or place between ; to interpose, 
intermix. 

Intermiito, ere, misi, missum, a. 
(inter cf raitto), to give over for 
a time, leave oft", intermit, dis- 
continue. 

Internecio, onis, f. (interneco, to 
kill), a massacre, general slaugh- 
ter, carnage, utter destruction, 
extermination, hiternecione oc- 
cidere, to destroy utterly. 

InterpeUo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (inter 
<^ pello, obs.), to interrupt one 
while speaking ; to interrupt, 
hinder, prevent, stop ; to tr}', 
attempt; to solicit, ask. 

Interpono, ere, osui, ositum, a. 
(inter 8f pono), to interpose, 
insert. 

Intcrpres, etis, m. S^ f., a mediator, 
umpire, arbitrator ; an inter- 
preter. 

Interpretor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (in- 
tcrpres), to interpret, expound, 
explain ; to conclude, infer, 
argue. 

Intcrrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (inter 
S/- rogo), to ask, question, de- 
mand, inquire, interrogate. 

Intp.rrumpo^ ere, rvpi, ruptvm, a. 
(inter &/- rumpo), to break down, 



INTERSUM— INVIDIOSUS. 



m 



break off; to disturb, inter- 
rupt. 
[ntcrsum, esse, fui, irr. n. {inter 8^ 
sum), to be in the midst; to be 
present ; to differ. 

latervallum, i, n. {inter Sf vallus), 
the space between the stakes of 
the rampart of a camp ;. a space, 
interval, distance. Per inter- 
valla, at intervals. 

Intervenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. {in- 
ter S^" vcnio), to come upon ; to 
come in while any thing is doing ; 
to be present; to happen, occur. 

Intervcrto, ere, ti, sum, a. {inter 8f 
verto), to turn aside; to avoid, 
shun; to purloin, embezzle, turn 
aside to one's own use. 

Intolerahilis, e, adj. {in <^» tolerahi- 
lis^ tolerable), not to be borne, 
intolerable. 

Intorqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, a. {in 
SfT torqueo), to twist, writhe, 
bend ; to brandish, throw, cast, 
hurl ; to sprain. 

Intra, adv. ^"prep. icith the ace. {in- 
terus, obs.), within, in ; among. 
Intra quintnm diem,, within five 
days. 

Intro, adv. {interns, obs.), into a 
place, within. 

Intro, are, dvi, atum, a., to enter, 
go into. 

Introduco, ere, duxi, ductum, a. {in- 
tro ^ duco), to bring or lead in, 
introduce, conduct within. 

Introeo, ire, ivi <^ u, itum, irr- n. 
' {intra <^ eo), to enter, go "ito. 

Intromitto, ere, mlsi, mtssum, a. 
{Intro S^ mitto), to send in, let in ; 
to admit. 

Iniueor, eri, tultus sum, dep. {in S^ 
tueor), to gaze upon, behold; to 
observe, contemplate, look at. 

hitiili. See Infero. 

Intumesco, tre, mui, n. inc. {in ^ 
17* 



tumesco, to swell), to swell, be 
inflated, rise. 

hitns, adv., within. 

Inundo, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n- (in 
S/- undo, to rise in waves), § 249, 
I., to overflow, inundate. 

Inusitdtus, a, um, adj. {in Sf usitd- 
tus, usual), unusual, uncommon, 
strange. 

Invddo, ere, si, sum, n. S^ a. {in 8/- 
vado, to go), to enter; to attack, 
invade, assail ; to seize, seize 
upon, take possession of. 

Invalidus, a, um, adj. {in 8^ validus), 
not strong, infirm, feeble, weak. 

Invectus, a, um, part. : from 

Inveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a. {in ^ 
veho), to bring or carry in, intro- 
duce. Pass., to inveigh against, 
upbraid ; to be carried into, ride, 
enter, or advance into. 

Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. {in ^ 
venio), to find, find out, discover ; 
to contrive, devise, invent. 

Inventor, oris, m. (invenio), an in- 
ventor. 

Inventus, a, um, part, {invenio). 

Investigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {in 8^ 
vestlcro, to trace), to track, scent; 
to investigate, discover, find out, 
ascertain. 

Invicem,adv. {inS^vicis), by turns, 
alternately, one after another, in 
turn, mutually, on both sides. 

Jnviclus, a, um, adj. {in 8f victus), 
unconquered, unsubdued ; in- 
vincible, unconquerable. 

Invldeo, ere, idi, isum, a. <^ n. (in 
•^ video), to envy, grudge. 

Invidia, <b, f. {invldus, envious), 
envy, hatred, ill-will, spite, mal- 
ice, odium, unpopularity. Ve- 
nire in invidiam alicvjus, to 
incur the ill-will of — . 

Invidiosus, a, um, adj. {invidia), 
invidious, envious, spiteful, ma- 



198 



INVIOLATUS— IVI. 



dicious; hated, hateful, odious, 
offensive, disliked. 

Inmoldtus, a, um, adj. (in ^ viold- 
tus, injured), inviolate, unhurt, 
uninjured ; irreproachable. 

InvlsuSy a, um, adj. (invideo), 
odious, hateful, detested. 

Invito, are, dvi, dtum, a., to invite, 
ask, bid; to invite to an enter- 
tainment. 

Invltus, a, um, adj., unwilling, re- 
luctant, against one's will. 

Invoco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in &/• vo- 
co), to call, call to; to invoke, 
implore. 

Involvo, ere, volvi, volutum, a. (in 
^ volvo, to roll), to roll upon; 
to wrap up, cover. 

Jnvolutus, a, um, part. 8^ adj. (in- 
volvo). 

Ipse, a, um, adj. pro., himself, her- 
self, itself, or he himself, &c. ; 
he, she, it ; the very. 

Ira, (B, f., anger, wrath, passion, 
rage, resentment. So ir(B, pi., 
anger, angry feelings. 

Iracundia, <b, f. (iracundus, pas- 
sionate), hastiness of temper, 
irascibility ; anger, passion, rage. 

Irascor, i, dep. (ira)^ to be angry 
or enraged. 

Irdtus, a, um, adj. (ira), angry, 
displeased, enraged, furious. 

Ire. See Eo. 

Irrevocabilis, e, adj. (in 8/- revocabl- 
lis, revocable), irrevocable. Ir- 
revocabili impetu, with uncon- 
trollable impetuosity. 

Irrldeo, ere, rlsi, rlsum, n. &^ a. (in 
^f rideo, to laugh), to laugh at; 
to mock, ridicule, scoff. 

Irrisus, us, m. (in S/- risus), mock- 
ery, derision. Ab irrisu, in de- 
rision. 

Irrisus, a, um, part, (irrideo). 

Irritus, a, um, adj. (in &/• ratus), 



not ratified, fruitless, idle, vain. 



Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, n. (in 
<^ rumpo), to break in violently, 
burst or break into. 

Irruo, ere, ui, a. &/" n. (in Sf ruo), 
to rush in or on furiously, rush 
impetuously, force one's way. 

Is, ea, id, dem. pro., this or that 
person or thing, the same ; he, 
she, it; such. £o, a&Z.w., there- 
fore, on that account ; with com- 
paratives, by so much, the. Id 
est, that is, that is to say, used 
in explanation of a preceding 
term. Jld id inopicB, to such a 
degree of want, § 212, R. 3. 

Iste, a, ud, pro., he, this man, «fec., 
this, that. 

Isthmius, a, um, adj., Isthmian : 
from 

Isthmus, i, m., an isthmus ; the 
Isthmus near Corinth, where the 
Isthmian games were celebrated. 

Ita, adv. (is), so, even so, thus, in 
such a manner; so much, to 
such a degree. 

Italia, cB,f., Italy, a country of Eu- 
rope, between the Adriatic and 
Tuscan Seas : III. 17. 

Italicus, &/• Itdlus, a, um, adj. (Ita- 
lia), Italian. lialici, drum, m. 
pi., Italians, inhabitants of Italy. 

Itdque, conj. (ita <^ que), therefore, 
and so. 

Item, adv., also, likewise. 

Iter^itineris, n., a going along; a 
wa}', path, course, passage; a 
journey ; a march. Magjiis iti- 
veribus, bj forced marches, with 
all speed. Iter facer e, to travel. 

Itero, dre, avi, dtum, a., to repeat, 
renew. 

Iterum, adv. (iter), again, a second 
time, anew. 

Ivi. See Eo. 



JACENS— JUNO. 



199 



Jacens, tis^part. ^- adj., lying down ; 
sick, indisposed; lying dead, 
dead : from 

Jaceo, ere^ id, iturn^ 7i., to lie down, 
recline ; to lie ; to lie dead, to 
have fallen. 

JaciOj ere, jeci, jactuni, a., to throw, 
cast, fling, hurl. 

Jactatto, 6nis,f. (jacto), a tossing, 
shaking ; a casting, throwing. 

Jactito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq., to 
throw or give out, utter ; to 
boast: from 

Jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. (ja- 
cio), to throw, cast, hurl ; to ex- 
tol, display, make a boast of. 

Jaculum, i, n. (jacio), a javelin, 
dart. 

Jam, adv., now, immediately, pres- 
ently, already, forthwith. Jam 
turn, even then. Ja.m nunc, even 
now. Jam jam, now, instantly, 
forthwith. Jam dudum, 4^^ jam 
diu, long, long since, for a long 
while. Jam anf^, already, before. 

Janiculum, i, n., Janiculum, one 
of the seven hills of Rome, on 
the right bank of the Tiber. 

Janua, <z,f., a gate, door, entrance. 

Janus, i, m., Janus, a god of the 
Latins, having two faces looking 
in opposite directions. The gates 
of his temple were open in time 
of war, and shut in time of peace. 
The temple of Janus : I. 9, & 
IX. 37. 

Jocor, dri, dtus sum, de/p., to speak 
in jest, joke, jest : from 

Jocus, i, m., § 92, 2, a joke, jest ; wit, 
humor, pleasantry. Per jocum, 
jestingly, sportively, jokingly. 

Jovis. See Jupiter. 

Juba, <E, m., Juba, a king of Nu- 
midia: IX. 10. 



Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a., to or- 
der, bid, command. 
Judex, lets, m. ^f. (jttrfico), ajudge. 
Judicium, i, n. {judex), judgment; 
a trial, sentence ; judgment, 
opinion, belief, estimation. 
Judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. {jus <^ 
dlco), to judge, give judgment; 
determine, decide ; to think, 
judge. 
Jugeris, gen., n., § 94, an acre of 

land. 
Jugulum, i, n. {jungo), the throat 

or neck. 
Jugum, i, n., a yoke. Vanquished 
soldiers loere often compelled to 
go under a yoke, m,ade of two 
spears placed erect, and a third 
laid transversely upon these : — 
the summit of a mountain. 
Jugurtha, a, m., Jugurtha, a king 
of Numidia, who obtained the 
kingdom by mui'dering the sons 
of Micipsa, who had adopted 
him. He was conquered by 
Marius, and perished in prison 
at Rome : VII. 20. 
Jugurtklnus, a, um, adj. {Jugur- 
tha), Jugurthan, of or pertaining 
to Jugurtha. 
Julia, (B,f., Julia, a name belong- 
ing to females of the Julian ^ens'. 
Julia, a sister of Julius Cesar ■ 
IX. 30. 
Julius, i, m., Julius, a Roman name 

belonging to the Julian gens. 
Jumentum, i, n. (jungo), a beast 

of burden, pack-horse. 
Junctus, a, um, part. : from 
Jungo, ere, junxi, junctum, a., to 
join, couple, yoke, unite ; to 
marry. 
Junior. See Juvenis. 
Junius, i,m.,J[jinins, a Roman name 

belonging to the Junian gens. 
Juno, onis, f, Juno, daughter of 



200 



JUNxi— lj:lius. 



Saturn, and wife of Jupiter : 
II. 23. 

Junxi. See Jungo. 

Jupiter, Jovis, in. § 85, Jupiter or 
Jove, a son of Saturn, and chief 
of the Greek and Roman deities : 
1.7. 

Juramentum, i, n. (juro), an oath. 

Jurgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {jus &/• 
ago), to quarrel, brawl, chide, 
scold. 

Juro, are, dvi, dtiim, n. Sf a., to 
swear, take an oath. In legem 
jurare, to swear to observe — : 
from 

Jus, juris, n., right, law, reason, 
justice ; a court of justice ; power, 
authority, leave. Jure, justlj, 
lawfully. Jus est, it is right or 
lawful. Jus dicer e, to adminis- 
ter justice, pronounce sentence. 

Jusjurandum, jzirisjurandi, n., §91, 
(jus 4' jurandum, an oath), an 
oath. 

Jussi. See Jubeo. 

Jussus, a, um,part. (jubeo). 

Jussus, lis, m., <^ Jussiim, i, n. (ju- 
beo), a command, order. 

Justh, adv. ills, issime, (Justus), 
justly, impartially, lawfully. 

Justitia, cB,f., justice, impartiality: 
from 

Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, up- 
right, virtuous ; regular, full, 
complete, perfect. 

Juvenis, is, m. <^ /, subs. ^ adj. 
(juvo), a youth, a young man; 
young, youthful : comp. junior, 
younger. 

Juventa, CE,f. (juvenis), youth, the 
age of youth. 

Juventus, utis,f. (juvenis), a body 
of young men; the youth. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a., to help, 
aid, assist, profit; to please, de- 
light. 



Juxta, adv. 8^^ prep, with the ace, 
nigh, near to, by. 

L. 

L., an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Lucius. 

Labor, or Labos, oris, m., labor, 
toil, fatigue. 

Laboro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 8^ a. (la- 
bor), to labor, be oppressed with 
toil or fatigue ; to exert one's 
self, strive ; to be in difficulty, in 
trouble, hard pressed. Laborare 
morbo quartance,, to be sick 
with — . 

Lac, luctis, n., milk. 

Lacedxmonius, a, um, adj. (Lace- 
dcemon), Lacedemonian, belong- 
ing to Lacedemon, a city of 
Laconia, Spartan. Lacedcemonii, 
drum, m.pL, the Lacedemonians, 
Spartans: IV. 9. 

Lacesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. intensive, 
(hicio, to allure), to provoke, 
challenge, irritate, exasperate, 
incite, stimulate ; to attack, as- 
sail. 

Lacryma, cB,f., a tear. 

Lacrymabundus, a, um, adj., full 
of tears, weeping much ; ready 
to weep, tearful : from 

Lacrymo, are. dvi, dtum, n. (lacry- 
ma), to weep, shed tears. 

Laco, onis, m., a Spartan ; a Lace- 
demonian. 

Lacus, us, m., a lake. 

Lcedo, ere, Icesi, loesum, a., to hurt, 
harm, injure, oflfend, annoy, 
trouble. 

Lailius, i, m., Laelius, a Roman 
name. C. Lcelius Sapiens, a 
Roman consul, A. U. C. 612, 
the intimate friend of Scipio 
Africanus : VII. 5. C. Lcelius, 
a consul, A. U. C. 562 : V. 33. 



LiENAS— LAUREA. 



201 



Lccnas^ dtis, m. 8/-f., a Roman cog- 
nomen in the Popilian gens. C. 
Popilius LcBnas, a Roman con- 
sul, A. U. C. 580: VI. 30. 

Lccsi. See Liedo. 

LcEsus, a, um, part. (Iccdo). 

Lcetitm, ce,/., joy, gladness, mirth, 
joy fulness : from 

Lcctiis, a, um^ ddji g^^-d? joy- 
ful, cheerful; pleased, satisfied, 
content ; pleasing, acceptable, 
grateful, welcome : favorable,^ 
lucky. 

J.,fEra, <E, /., {Imrus. left), the left 
hand. 

LcBvlnus, i, m. (IcEva), J.aRvinus, a 
Roman cognomen in the Valerian 
gens. P. Valerius LcBvinus, a 
Roman consul, A. U. 472: III. 
14—18. 

Lambo, ere, i, a., to hck, lap with 
the tongue. Ore lamhere, to lick 
with the tongue, lick. 

Lamentor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
lament, bewail, bemoan, weep 
or mourn for. 

Lamentum, i, n., a lamentation, la- 
ment. 

Lamina, (B,f., a plate or thin piece 
of metal, wood, &c. 

Lana, (B,f., avooI. 

Lancea, «,/., a lance, spear, jave- 
lin, pike, dart. 

Lanificium, i, n. (lanificus, work- 
ing in wool), the working of 
wool, art of making wool into 
cloth, carding, spinning. 

Lanio, are, dm, dtum, q,., to tear or 
cut in pieces, cut up, lacerate, 
luttiigle. 

Lanista, cb, 7?i.. a teacher or trainer 
of gladiators, fencing-master. 

Lanius, i, m., a butcher. 

Lapideus, a, um, adj., of stone, 
stony : from 

Lapis, idis, m., a stone ; a mile 



stone. Ad quarium lapidem, four 
miles from the city. 

Laqueus, i, m., a noose, halter, 
snare, trap. 

Lar, laris, m., a household god-, a 
house, home. 

Larentia, (£,f. See Acca. 

Lnrgior, iri, itus sum, dep. (largus, 
abundant), to give in abundance, 
give or grant liberally, bestow 
largely, lavish. 

Lnrgitiu, 6n's,f. (largior), a giving 
freely; bountifulness, liberality; 
largesses. 

TM^bra, ce, f., a hiding-place, cov- 
ert, shelter, rptrent : frnm 

Lateo, ere, vi^ v., to lurk, lie hid, 
be concealed. 

Lateritius, a, um, adj. (later, a 
brick), of bricks, made of brick. 

Latinus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to Latium, Latin. Latinus, 
i, m., a Latin; pi., the Latins. 
Bellum Latinum, the Latin war, 
carried on by the Romans against 
the Latins, in which the latter 
were defeated : /rom 

Latium, i, n. (lateo), Latium, a 
country of Italy, on the left bank 
of the Tiber : II. 8. 

Latro, onis, m., a robber. 

Lotus, a, um, part. (fcro). 

Latus, eris, n., the side, flank ; the 
lungs. 

Laudabilis, e, adj. (l.audo), lauda- 
ble, commendable, praisevvortJiy. 

Lmidandus, a, um, part. 8^ adj. 
(laudo), laudable, worthy of 
praise. 

Lauddtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
praised ; praiseworthy, excel- 
lent : from 

Laudo, dre, dxi, dtum, a. (laus), 
to praise, commend, extol, laud. 

Laurea, <b, f, the foliage of the 
laurel-tree ; the laurel-tree, lau- 



202 



LAUS— LIBERO. 



rel ; a crown of laurel, garland 
of laurel. 

Laus, laudis,/., praise, commenda- 
tion; glory, fame, renown, esti- 
mation, repute, reputation. 

Lautus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (lavo, 
to wash), elegant, splendid, no- 
ble. 

Laxe, adv. (laxus, loose), loosely, 
slack ly. 

Laxitas, dtis,f. (laxus), largeness, 
capacity, spaciousness. 

LcLxo, are., dvi, dtum., a. (laxus), 
to enlarge, widen, expand ; to 
relax, relieve, recreate, refresh. 

Lectlca,ai.,f. (Icctus), a litter, couch, 
sedan. 

Lector, oris., m. (lego)., a reader. 

Lectulus, z, m. dim.., a small couch ; 
a couch or bed : from 

Lectus^ i, m., a bed or couch. Lec- 
tusfunebris, a bier. 

Lectus, a, um, part. 8,^ adj. (lego), 
collected, gathered ; read, pe- 
rused ; chosen, selected. 

Legatio, dnis,f. (lego), an embas- 
sy, legation, lieutenancy; the 
office of an ambassador. 

Legdtus, i, m. (lego), an ambassa- 
dor, envoy, legate ; a lieutenant, 
deputy. 

Legio, onis, f. (lego), a legion, a 
body of soldiers consisting of ten 
cohorts, and containing, at differ- 
ent times, from three to six 

thoueand snldiers, exclusivC of 

cavalry. 

T.effinm^ts^^ n^ iion ^ adj. (lex) , ac- 
cording to law ; lawful, required 
by law, right, just, legitimate. 

Lego, ere, legi, ledum, a., to col- 
lect, gather, pick, pluck ; to read, 
peruse; to choose, select, elect. 

Lenio, ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, a., to soft- 
en, mitigate, alleviate, appease ; 
to extenuate : from 



Lenis, e, adj., soft, gentle, easy. 

Leniter, adv. (lenis, mild), gently, 
softly, mildly, gradually ; pa- 
tiently, calmly. 

Lentulus, i, m., a Roman cognomen. 
Lentulus, a son-in-law of Cicero : 
IX. 26. 

Letdlis, e, adj. (!etum, death), mor- 
tal, fatal, deadly. 

Levis, e, adj., liglit, of little weight; 
small, slight, trivial, inconsider- 
able. 

Levis, e, adj., smooth. 

Leviter, adv. (le.vis)^ lightly, slight- 

T.PVO, arc, dvi, atum, a. (levis), 
§ 251, to make lighter, lighten, 
ease, relieve ; to raise, lift up. 

Lex, legis, f. (lego), a law, ordi- 
nance, statute ; a condition. Le- 
gum doctor, an instructor in law. 

Libellus, i, m., dim. (liber), a little 
book, writing. Libellus supplex, 
a memorial, petition, request. 

Libens, tis, adj. (libet, it pleases), 
willing, contented, with pleas- 
ure, of one's own accord. 

Libenter, adv., tins, tissimt, (libens), 
willingly, gladly. 

Liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a 
tree ; a book ; a register, ac- 
count-book. 

Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet, it 
pleases), free; open, bold. 

Liberdlis, e, adj. (liber, free), re- - 
lating to a free man, befitting a 
free man, noble, decorous, lib- 
eral, bountiful, generous. 

Liber alitas, dtis,f. (liberalis), treat- 
ment or conduct befitting a 
freeman; nobleness of spirit; 
liberality, generosity, bounty, 
munificence. 

Liberi, drum, m. pi. (liber, free), 
children freeborn. 

Libera, are, dvi, dtum, a. (liber) ^ 



LIBERTAS— LONGE. 



203 



§ 251, to set at liberty, free, make 
free, deliver, release, extricate, 

Libertas, dtis, f. (liber), liberty, 
freedom ; boldness of speech, 
independence, fearlessness. 

Libertinus, «, wm, adj., belonging 
to the rank of freedmen ; subs., 
a freednian : from 

Libertus, i, m., a freedman, slave 
made free. 

Libido, inis, f. (libet, it pleases), 
lust, desire, inclination, will ; 
appetite, passion, pleasure, wan- 
.tonness, recklessness. 

Libra, (B,f., a pound, twelve ounces. 

Lihro, are, dvi, alum, a. (libra), to 
level ; to weigh, poise, balance ; 
to throw, hurl. 

Licentia, a, f. (licens, free), free- 
dom, liberty ; licentiousness ; 
license, freedom from restraint, 
allowance, permission. 

Licet, uit Sf cUum est, imp., it is 
lawful, allowed, permitted ; one 
may, can. 

Lic^t, conj., though, although, al- 
beit. 

Licinius, i, m., Licinius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Licinian 
gens. 

Lictor, oris, m., a lictor, sergeant; 
an officer icho attended the princi- 
pal Roman magistrates. The 
lictors preceded the magistrates 
in single file, and the one next the 
magistrate teas called proximus 
lictor. 

Ligneus, a, um, adj. (lignum,w ood), 
of wood, wooden. 

Lineamentum, i, n. (lineo, to de- 
lineate), a line, lineament; a 
feature, outline. 

Lingua, cb, /., the tongue ; lan- 
guage, speech. 

Lis, litis,/., strife ; a dispute, con- 
troversy. 



Liternlnus, a, um, adj., belonging 
to Liternum, Litem ian : from 

Liternum, i, n., Liternum, a town 
of Campania : V. 37. 

Litigator, oris, m. (litigo, to strive), 
a litigant, one engaged in a law- 
suit. 

Litiera, <B,f., a letter of the alpha- 
bet \ a writing : pi., letters ; a 
letter, epistle ; letters, learning, 
literature. Grcecce litterce, Gre- 
cian literature. 

Litterarius, a, um, adj. (littera), re- 
lating to letters, literary. 

Litter dtus, a, um, adj. (littera), let- 
tered, learned, educated. 

Litus, oris, n., the shore, sea-side, 
coast. 

Livius, i, m., Livius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Livian 
gens. 

Livor, oris, m. (liveo, to be livid), 
blackness or blueness, lividness ; 
envy, spite, ill-will, malice. 

Loco, die, dvi, dtum, a. (locus), to 
place, set, dispose, arrange ; to 
let or hire out; to bargain or 
contract for any thing. Castra 
locare, to pitch — . 

Locuples, etis, adj., ior, issimus; 
rich in lands ; rich, wealthy, 
opulent. 

Locus, i, m. (pi. loci, m., loca, n.), 
a place, region, part; stead, 
room, place ; rank, station, fam- 
ily, post, position. Illustri loco 
natus, of illustrious birth ; a 
place, office, post. Locofilii ali- 
quern habere, to regard as a son, 
look upon as a son. 

Locutus, a, um, part, (loquor). 

Longh, adv., ius, issimt, (longus), 
long ; far, at a distance ; very 
much, very far, quite. Longe 
aliud, quite another or different 
thing. 



204 



LONGINQUUS— MACEDO. 



Longinquus, a, um^ «4/-» ^^"^ ^^> 
remote, distant : from 

Longus, a, ura, adj., ior, issimus ; 
long. 

Loquor, i, cuius sum,, dep., to speak, 
say, tell, declare. 

Lorlca, (B^f., a coat of mail, breast- 
plate, cuirass, corselet : from 

Lorum, i, w., a leathern thong, 
strap. 

Luceria, ce, /., Luceria, a town of 
Apulia: III. 11. 

Lucerlnus, a, um, adj. (Luceria), 
belonging to Luceria, Lucerian. 

Lucerini, drum, m. pL, the inhab- 
itants of Luceria, Lucerians. 

Lucius, i, VI., Lucius, a Roman 
pranomeu. 

Lucretia, (E,,f., Lucretia, the wife 
ofTarquinius Collatinus : I. 26. 

Lucrum, i, n. (Ivo, to pay), gain, 
profit, advantage. 

Lucta, «,/., wrestling. 

Luctatio, dnis,f. (luctor, to wrestle), 
a wrestling; a struggle, contest, 
fight. 

Luctus, us, m. Qugeo), mourning, 
lamentation, sorrow, affliction, 
grief. 

Lucullus, i, m., Luc alius, a Roman 
cognomen in the Licinian ge?is. 
L. Licinius Lucullus, a Roman 
consul, A. U. 678 : VIII. 9. L. 
Lucullus, a consul, A. U. 601 : 
VI. 33. 

Lucus, i, m., a wood, sacred grove. 

Ludibrium., i, n., a mocking, de- 
rision, jest, sport; mockery. Ha- 
bere ludibrio, to mock, make a 
mock of, make game of. 

Ludicer, era, cruin, adj. (ludus), 
pertaining to play or sport, spor- 
tive, jocular, ludicrous. 

Ludimagister, tri, m. (ludus «^ 
magister), a schoolmaster, peda- 
gogue. 



Ludo, ere, lusi, lusuin, ?i. <^ a., to 
play ; to sport, trifle. Liidere 
alea, to play at dice. Ludere 
talis, to play at cockal or huckle- 
bone. 

Ludus, i, m., play, sport, diver- 
sion, pastime : jA., games, shows, 
exhibitions. Ludus litterarius, 
school for literature, grammar- 
school. 

Lugeo, ere, luxi, n, S/" a., to mourn, 
lament, bewail, weep for. 

Lugfibris, e, adj. (Jugeo), mourn- 
ful, dismal, doleful. 

Luna, (B,f., the moon. 

Lupa, (B,f. (lupus, a wolf), a she- 
wolf. 

Luscinus, i, m., Luscinus, a Roman 
cognomen. C. Fabricius Lusci- 
nus, a Roman consul, renowned 
for his frugality and integrity, 
A. U. 383 : III. 19— 22. 

Lustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (lustrum, 
a purifying sacrifice), to expiate, 
purify; to review. 

Lutatius, i, m., Lutatius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Lutatian 
gens. 

Lux, lucis, f, the light. Prima 
luce, at daybreak. 

Luxi. See Lugeo. 

Luxuria, ce, /., rankness, luxury, 
excess, profusion, extravagance, 
dissipation : from 

Luxus, us, m., luxury, excess, riot, 
revelling. 

Lydia, ce, /., Lydia, a country of 
Asia Minor: VI. 1. 

M. 

M., an abbreviation of the prceno- 
men Marcus. 

Macedo, onis, m., a Macedonian. 
Macedones, um, m. pi., the Mace- 
donians. 



MACEDONIA— MALUS. 



205 



Macedonia^ «, /., Macedonia, or 
Macedon, a large country of 
Europe, on the north of Thessa- 
ly and Epirus : VI. 21. 

Macedomcus, a, urn, adj., Mace- 
donian. Macedoriicus, z, m., a 
Roman agnomen. 

Machltia, a, /., a frame, fabric, 
work ; an instrument, machine ; 
a military machine, warlike en- 
gine, battering-ram, &c. 

Macilentus, a, um, adj. (macies, 
leanness), lean, lank, meagre. 

Macto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to aug- 
ment; to slay, kill, destroy; to 
sacrifice. 

Mactus, a, um, adj. (macto), aug- 
mented, increased. Made vir- 
tute esto, increase in virtue, go 
on and prosper. In this phrase, 
the vocative, macte, is used in- 
stead of mactus, the nominative. 

Mcecenas, dtis, m., a Roman name. 
C. Cilnius Mcecenas, a Roman 
knight of royal birth, renowned 
for his intimacy with Augustus, 
and his love of literature : IX. 45. 

Magis, adv., more, rather. Sup. 
maxime . 

Magister, tri, m., a. master, ruler, 
chief. Magister equitum, master 
of the horse, and dictator's lieu- 
tenant — ; a master, tutor, in- 
structor. 

Magistrdtus, {is, m. (magistro, to 
rule), a magistracy, civil office; 
a magistrate. 

Magnified, adv. (magnificus), mdig- 
nificently, splendidly, grandly; 
proudly, haughtily. 

Magnificentia, ce, /., magnificence, 
grandeur : from 

MagnifUus, a, urn, adj., entior, 
entisstmus, § 125, 3, (magnus <^ 
facio), glorious, great, splendid, 
magnificent; respectable. 
18 



Magnitfido, ims, f., greatness, 
magnitude, size; plenty, abun- 
dance. Animi magnitudo, great- 
ness of mind, magnanimity. 

Magnopere, adv. {magnus S^ opus), 
much, greatly, exceedingly. 

Magnus, a, um, adj., major, maxl- 
mus; great, large; great, illus- 
trious, distinguished; loud, high. 
Magna vox, a loud voice. Mag- 
na spes, high hope. Magnus, 
i, m., an agnomen of Cn. Pom- 
peius and Alexander. 

Maharbal, dlis, m., Maharbal, one 
of Hannibal's officers : V, 9. 

Majestas, dtis, f. (major), great- 
ness, majesty, dignity. 

Major, oris, adj. (comp. of mag~- 
m»s), more, higher, superior to, 
greater. Major natu, or major, 
elder. Majores natu, one's el-- 
ders. 

Male, adv., pejus, pessimt, (malus), 
badly, ill, wickedly; unsuccess-- 
fully ; scarcely, hardly. 

Maledlco, ere, dixi, dictum, a. 
(male S/- dico), § 225, to speak 
ill of, rail at, slander, abuse,, 
revile, scold at. 

Maledictio, 6nis,f (maledico), rail- 
ing, slander, detraction. 

Maledictum, i, n. (maledico), a 
reproach ; abusive language ; an 
imprecation, curse. 

Malevolus, a, um, adj. (male ^ 
volo), malevolent, invidious, en- 
vious, spiteful, ill-disposed, ill- 
natured, malicious. 

Malitia, ce,f. (malus), bad quality; 
wickedness, vice, malice. 

Malo, malle, malui, irr. n. (magis 
S/- volo), to choose rather, prefer 

Malum, i, n., an evil, misfortune, 
calamity ; punishment ; injury : 
from 

Malus, a, um, adj., pejor, pesst- 



206 



MAMILIUS— MARS. 



mus ; bad, evil, wicked ; bad, 
miserable ; unsuccessful. 

Mamilhis^ i, m., Mamilius, a Ro- 
man cognomen. Octavius Ma- 
milius Tusculanus, a son-in-law 
of Tarquinius Superhus : 11. 8. 

Mancipiiim, i, n. (manceps, a pur- 
chaser), property } a slave. 

Manddtum, ^, w., a commission, 
order, command ; a message, 
errand : from 

Mando, are, dvi, dtuvi^ a., to com- 
mit to one's charge, commission, 
enjoin, order, command, consign, 
intrust. 

Mando^ ere, di^ sum., a., to chew, 
masticate, eat. 

Mane, n., ind., the morning, morn ; 
in the morning. Prim,o mane, 
early in the morning, at early 
dawn. 

Maneo, ere, mansi, Tuansum, n. <^ 
a., to remain, stay; to endure, 
continue, last. 

Manes, ium, in. pi., the ghosts or 
shades of the dead ; the place 
of abode of the dead. Dii 
Manes, the infernal gods, gods 
of the lower world. 

Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
clear, evident, plain, apparent. 

Manipulus, i, m., a handful ; a 
band of soldiers, company, man- 
iple, the third part of a cohort. 

Manius, i, m., Manius, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Manlius, i, m., Manlius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Manlian 
gens. See Capitolinus, and Tor- 
quatus. 

Mano, are, dvi, dtum, n., to flow, 
drop, distil; to spread. 

Mansi. See Maneo. 

Mansuetudo, mis, f, tameness ; 
gentleness, mildness, lenity, 
clemency : from 



Mansuetus, a, um, adj. (mansues, 
tame), tame, gentle, mild, do- 
mestic, tractable. 

Manuhice, drum, f pi., money 
arising 'from the sale of spoils 
taken in war ; plunder, pillage. 

Manumitto, ere, misi, missum, a. 
(manus S^ Tnitto), to set at lib- 
erty, make free, emancipate, 
manumit. 

Manus, us, f, a hand ; a claw, 
hook ; an army, armed force, 
band of men. 

Marcellus, i, m., Marcellus, a Ro- 
man cognomen in the Claudian 
gens. M. Claudius Marcellus, 
a distinguished Roman general, 
who was five times consul, be- 
tv/een A. U. 530 & 544 : V. 12. 

Marcius, i, m., Marcius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Marcian 
gens. Ancus Marcius, the fourtii 
king of Rome : I. 17, 18. 

Marcus, i, m., Marcus, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Mare, is, n., the sea. 

Maridnus, a, um, adj. (Marius), 
of or pertaining to Marius, Ma- 
rian. 

Maritimus, a, um, adj. (mare), of 
the sea, relating to the sea, mar- 
itime ; naval. 

Maritus, i, m., a husband. 

Marius, i, m., Marius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Marian 
gens. C. Marius, a very dis- 
tinguished Roman, born at Ar- 
pinum, in Latium. He was 
seven times consul, and died in 
his 70th year, A. U. 666 : VII. 
31—35, & Vin. 1—8. 

Marmor, oris, n., marble. 

Marmoreus, a, um, adj. (marmor), 
made of marble, marble. 

Mars, tis, m., Mars, the god of 
war: I. 9. 



MARTIUS— MERGO. 



207 



Martitts, a, ttm, adj. {Mars), re- 
lating to Mars, Mensis Martius, 
the month of March, because this 
month icas sacred to Mars. Idi- 
hus Martiis, on the ides of 
March, the fifteenth of March. 

Masifiissa, <e, m.,Masinissa, a king 
of Numidia: V. 23. 

Mussiva^ CE., m., Massiva, a Numid- 
ian prince taken captive by 
Scipio : V. 23. 

Mater, f?-z5,/., a mother. 

Materhus, a, M7n, adj. (jnater), per- 
taining to a mother, maternal. 

Matrona, (S, f. (mater), a married 
woman, wife, matron. 

Mature, adv., ius, turrlmt <^ tu- 
rissimt, seasonably, quickly, 
soon, speedily, early : from 

Maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature, 
seasonable. 

Maurus, i, m., a Moor, or inhabit- 
ant of Mauritania, a large coun- 
try in the western part of Africa : 
V. 25. 

Maxime, adv. (sup. ofmagis), espe- 
cially, principally, chiefly, very 
much, most of all. 

Maximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mao-- 
WMs), very great, greatest 5 high- 
est. 

Maximus, i, m., Maximus, a Ro- 
man coghomen in the Fabian 
gens. Q. Fahius Maximus Cunc- 
tator was appointed dictator in 
the war against Hannibal: V. 1. 
Q. Fahius Maximus Rullianus, a 
master of horse under the dicta- 
tor Papirius : III. 9. 

Medicamen, tuis, n. (medicor, to 
heal), a medicine, drug. 

Medlcus, i, m. (medeor, to cure), a 
physician, surgeon, apothecary. 

.editor, dri,dtus sum, dep., to muse 
or think upon, meditate, con- 
Si J'j , weigh ; to purpose, design. 



Medium, i, n., tlie middle, the 
midst, in the middle, jiuferre de 
medio, to take away, remove — . 
In medio, in the middle, between. 
In medium proferre, to bring for- 
ward, before the people; — for 
the public good, or for public use. 

Medius, a, um, adj., being in the 
middle or midst; mid, middle, 
in the midst, intervening. 

Melior, adj. (comp. of bonus), § 125, 
5, better, superior. Bella melior, 
braver. 

Melius, adv. (comp. of bene), heiter ; 
more favorably, more success- 
fully. 

Membrum, i, n., a member, limb. 

Memorabilis, e, adj. (jnemoro), wor- 
thy of being mentioned, memo- 
rable, remarkable. 

Memoria, ce, f. (memor, mindful), 
memory, remembrance, recol- 
lection. 

Memdro, are, dvi, dtum,a. (memor), 
to mention, recount, tell, relate. 

Menenius, i, m., Menenius, a Ro- 
man name belonging to the Me- 
nenian gens. See Agrippa. 

Mens, mentis, f., mind ; heart, 
soul; feelings, disposition, pur- 
pose, design, object. 

Mensa, m, f. (metior), a table or 
board to eat on, 

Mensis, is, m., a. month. 

Mentio, onis, f. (memini, to men- 
tion), a mention, a making men- 
tion of. 

Mentior, iri, Itus sum, dep., to lie ; 
to deceive ; to feign, pretend, 
counterfeit. 

Merces, edis, f., hire, wages, pay, 
reward : from 

Mereo, ere, ui, itum, a. «^ n., 8^- Me- 
reor, eri, itus sum, dep., to de- 
serve, merit. 

Mergo, ere, mcrsi, mersum, a., to 



208 



MERIDIES— MINOR. 



put under water, dip, plunge, 
immerse, sink. 

Meridies, ei, m. (medius <^ dies), 
midday, noon. 

Merito, adv. (meritus)^ deservedly, 
with reason. 

Meritum, i, n. {mereo), a desert, 
merit; a benefit, kindness, favor, 
good turn ; a reward. 

Meritus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (me- 
reo), deserved; deserving well; 
just, due, proper. 

Mersus^ «, um, part, (mergo). 

Merits, a, um, adj., lonely, solitary ; 
pure, unmixed. 

Messdna,cB,f., Messana, now Mes- 
sina, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
opposite to Calabria, in Italy : 
IV. 1. 

Metellus, i, m., Metellus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Cecilian gens. 
Q. Ccecilius Metellus Macedom- 
cus, a Roman consul, A. U. 629 : 
VII. 16. Q,. Ccecilius Metellus 
JYumidicus, a Roman consul, A. 
U. 643 : VII. 20. L. Ccecilius 
Metellus, an officer under An- 
tony : IX. 36. L. Ccecilius Me- 
tellus, a noble, who, with others, 
after the battle of CannsB, pro- 
posed that the Romans should 
abandon Italy : V. 20. 

Metior, iri, uiensus sum, dep., to 
mete, measure, take measure of; 
to estimate, judge. 

Metor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (meta, a 
boundary), to measure, mete ; to 
bound, limit. Caslra metari, to 
pitch a camp, encamp. 

Metuo, ere, ui, n. 8^ a., to fear, be 
afraid ; to apprehend : from 

Metus, us, m., fear, dread, appre- 
hension, anxiety, consternation. 

Mens, a, um, adj. pro., § 139, (mei, 
gen. of ego), my, mine, my own. 

Micipsa, ce, m., Micipsa, a king of 



Numidia ; he was the son of 
Masinissa and uncle of Jugur- 
tha : VIL 30. 

Mico, are, micui, n., to move quick- 
ly ; to quiver, palpitate ; to glis- 
ten, sparkle, shine, flash. 

Migro, arc, dvi, dtum, n., to remove 
from one place to another, emi- 
grate, depart from. 

Mihi. See Ego. 

Miles, itis, m.S^f. (mille), a soldier ; 
the soldiery, army. 

Miletus, i, m., Miletus, the capital 
of Ionia, in Asia Minor : IX. 5. 

Militdris, e, adj. (miles), of or be- 
longing to a soldier, military, 
warlike, martial, soldierlike. Res 
militaris, the art of war, warfare. 

Militia, ce, f. {miles), military ser- 
vice, warfare. Militice, gen., sig- 
nifies, in war or abroad, especially 
when joined with domi, § 221, 
R. 3. 

Milito, are, dvi, dtum, n. {miles), 
to serve as a soldier ; to serve. 

Mille, num. adj. ind., § 118, R. 6, 
a thousand. Mille, n., a thou- 
sand. Mille passuum, a thousand 
paces, or one mile ; passuum in 
this construction is often omitted. 

Millies, adv. {mille), a thousand 
times; very often. 

Mivius, i, m., a mimic, buffoon; a 
farce. Vitce mimus, the play of 
life. 

MincB, drum, f. pi., threats, men- 
aces. 

Minimi, adv. (sup. ofparum), least, 
least of all ; in negation, not at 
all, by no means. 

Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of par- 
vus), very little, the least. 

Ministerium, i, n. {minister, a ser- 
vant), service, attendance, office, 
ministry. 

Minor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to pro- 



MINOR— MODIUS. 



209 



ject ', to threaten, menace. Ulti- 
onem alicui minari^ to threaten 
to take revenge upon one. 

Minor ^ oris, adj. (comp. of parvus), 
smaller, less, inferior, less im- 
portant. Minor natu, or minor, 
younger. 

Minucius, i, m , Minucius, a Ro- 
man name belonging to the Mi- 
nucian gens. L. Minucius, a 
consul, A. U. C. 296 : II. 16. 

Minuo, ere, ui, utum, a. ^ n., to 
make smaller, lessen, diminish, 
abate, decrease. 

Minus, adv. (comp. of parum), 
less ; not. 

Minutus, a, um, part. Sf adj. (min- 
uo), diminished, lessened 5 mi- 
nute, small. 

Mirabilis, e, adj. (miror), wonder- 
ful, marvellous, strange, aston- 
ishing, extraordinary. 

Miraculum, i, n., a wonder, mira- 
cle, prodigy, wonderful event. 

Mlrandus, a, um, adj. {miror), ad- 
mirable, amazing, marvellous, 
v/onderful. 

MirifUus, a, um, adj. (mirus Sffa- 
cio), marvellous, strange, ex- 
traordinary, amazing. 

Miror, dri, dtus sum, dep., to won- 
der, be amazed or astonished at, 
admire ; to manifest admiration. 

Mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, 
strange. 

Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum &/- mix- 
turn, a., to mix, mingle, blend. 

Miser, a, um, adj.,ior, errimus; mis- 
erable, wretched, unfortunate. 

Miserabilis, e, adj. (miseror, to de- 
plore), pitiable, deplorable, mis- 
erable. 

Miserabiliter, adv. (miser aUlis) , piti- 
ably, deplorably, sadly, wretch- 
edly. 

M/sereor, ereri, ertus i/- eritv^ sum, 
18* 



dep. (miser), to pity, commis- 
erate, compassionate. 

Misericordia, cB,f. (mis ericors, mer- 
ciful), mercy, compassion, pity. 

Misi. See Mitto. 

MissUis, e, adj. (mitto), that may 
be thrown, missile, missive. 
Missile, is, n., a missile weapon. 

Missus, a, um, part, (mitto). 

Mitesco, ere, n. (mitis), to grovf 
ripe or mellow ; to grow milder, 
moderate. 

Mithridates, is, m., Mithridates, a 
king of Pontus : VIII. 1. 

Mithridaticus, a, um, adj. (Mithri- 
dates), Mithridatic, of or relating 
to Mithridates. 

Mitis, e, adj., mild, soft, tender, 
gentle. 

Mitto, ere, misi, miss am, a. (meo, 
to go), to let go; to dismiss; to 
send, despatch, depute ; to throw, 
cast, hurl, discharge. 

MitylencB, drum, f. pi., Mitylene, 
the capital of the Island Lesbos: 
VII. 27. 

Mohllis, e, adj. (moveo), easy to be 
moved, movable. 

Moderatio, dnis,f. (moderor), mod- 
eration, discretion ; temperate- 
ness, moderateness. 

Moderdtus, a, um, part. ^ adj., 
moderate, discreet, temperate, 
forbearing : from 

Moderor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (mo- 
dus) , to fix a measure ; to mod- 
erate, restrain. 

Modestia, (B,f. (modestus, modest), 
moderation, modesty, humility, 
discretion, 

Modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), mod- 
erate, modest, temperate ; mean, 
ordinary, scanty. 

Modius, i, m., a raodius, a measure 
containing somewhat more than 
a peck. 



210 



MODO— MOVEO. 



Modo, adv., only, but, merely ; just 
now, now, lately, but just before. 
Modo — modo, now — now, some- 
times — sometimes, at one time 
— at another : frojn 

Modus, i, m., a measure ; a man- 
ner, way, method. In modum, 
after the manner of, like ; — a 
tune, air. 

Mania, ium, n. pi., walls, the walls 
of a city. 

.Mazreo, ere, ui, n. 8^ a., to grieve, 
be afflicted, lament, mourn. 

.Moeror, oris, m. (mcereo), a mourn- 
ing, sadness, grief, sorrow. 

.Moestus, a, um, adj. {mcereo), sad, 
sorrowful, afflicted. 

JHoles, is, f., a mass, heap; bulk, 
size, hugeness; a dike, pier. 

.Molestd,adv.{molestus),oWens\vely, 
in a troublesome manner. Ferre 
moleste, to be displeased, take a 
thing ill, be sorry or grieved. 

.Molestia, «,/., trouble, uneasiness, 
annoyance. MolesticB esse, to 
trouble, annoy : from 

Molestus, a, um, adj., troublesome, 
painful, irksome. 

.Molior, iri, itus sum, dep. (moles), 
to attempt something difficult, 
struggle, strive. Moliri portam, 
to break down, burst open — ; 
to contrive, meditate, prepare ; 
to endeavor, attempt, undertake. 

Mollio, ire, ivi ^ ii, Uum, a., to 
soften, make soft or tender ; to 
check, restrain; to tame, civ- 
ilize : from 

Mollis, e, adj. (moved), easily mova- 
ble, flexible ; soft, tender ; ef- 
feminate, womanly, voluptuous. 

Molliter, adv. (mollis), pliantly ; 
softly ; effeminately, voluptu- 
ously. 

Molo, onis, m., Molo. See Apol- 
lonius. 



Momentum, i, n. (moveo), a motion 
or impulse ; weight, influence, 
importance. 

Moneo, ere, ui, Uum, a., to re- 
mind ; to admonish, caution, 
advise, instruct, warn; to in- 
form, tell. 

Monitus, a, um, part, (moneo). 

Monitus, us, m. (moneo), advice, 
admonition. 

Mons, tis, m., a mountain, mount, 
high hill. 

Monstrum, i, n. (moneo), a prodigy, 
monster. 

Mora, (E, /., a delay, stay, stop, 
hinderance. 

Morbus, i, m., a disease, disorder, 
malady, sickness. 

Mordeo, ere, momordi, morsum, a., 
to bite. 

Morior, i ^ iri, mortuus sum, dep. 
(mors), to die, expire. 

Moror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (mora), 
to delay, tarry , linger ; to detain, 
hinder, delay. 

Mors, tis,f., death. 

Morsus, us, m. (mordeo), a bite, 
biting; torment, anguish. 

Mortdlis, e, adj. (mors), mortal, 
perishable. Mortdlis, is, m., a 
mortal ; pi., men, mankind, mor- 
tals. 

Mortuus, a, um, part, (morior), 
dead ; being dead. 

Mos, moris, m., a manner, custom, 
usage, practice. More, abl., after 
the manner of, like. Mores, pi., 
character, manners. Morem ali- 
cui gerere, to comply with, hu- 
mor, gratify — . 

Motus, us, m., a motion, move- 
ment; a commotion, tumult, se- 
dition, disturbance : from 

Motus, a, um, part. : from 

Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. <^ n. 
(meo, to go), to move, stir; to 



MOX— MUTINENSIS. 



211 



excite, rouse, provoke; to re- 
move; to affect, touch, influ- 
ence. Trihu mover e, § 251, to 
remove from a higher to a lower 
tribe, to degrade. 

Mox^ adv., by and by, presently, 
soon, quickly, immediately, af- 
terward, in the next place, then. 

Mucins, i, to.. Mucins, a Roman 
name belonging to the Mucian 
gens. 

Mucro, onis, m., the sharp point 
of any thing ; a sword. 

Mulceo, ere., mulsi, mulsum, a., to 
soothe, soften, mitigate. 

Mulgeo, ere, mulsi, ^mulctum, a., to 
milk. 

MuUebris., e, adj. {mulier), of or 
pertaining to a woman, feminine. 

Muliebrlttr, adv. (rriulicbris), like a 
woman, womanly, effeminately ; 
after the manner of women. 

Mulier, eris,f., a woman. 

Muliercula, ce, f. dim. (mulier), a 
little woman, maid, girl. 

Mulio, d7iis, m. (mulus), a mule- 
driver, muleteer. 

Multa, (B, f., a fine. Dicere mul- 
tam., to impose a fine. 

Multiplex, icis, adj. (multus ^ pli- 
co, to weave), manifold, various, 
numerous. 

Multitudo, inis,f. (multus), a mul- 
titude, great number ; the popu- 
lace, rahble, multitude, many. 

Multo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (multa), 
to impose a fine, fine; to punish. 
^iliqucm pecunid multare, to fine 
one a sum of money, § 249. 

Multiim, adv., much, far, greatly : 
from 

Multus, a, um, adj., plus, pht.rtmus ; 
many, much, frequent. Multi, 
many, many persons. Multo, 
abl., joined often with compara- 
tives, by much, much, far, by 



far ; long. Multo plurcs, many 
more. 

Mummius, i, m., Mummius, a Ro- 
man name. L. Mummius Achai- 
cus, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 
606 : VII. 14. 

Munditia, ce, f. (inundus, clean), 
cleanness ; neatness in dress, 
furniture, &c. 

Munia, ium, n. pi., public offices, 
places of trust, functions of one's 
office, duties. 

Municipium, i, n. (municeps, a citi- 
zen), a free town. 

Munio, ire, ivi <^ ii, Hum, n. <^ a., 
to make a wall; to fortify, de- 
fend, secure, strengthen. 

Mnnitus, a, um, part. Sf adj., tor, 
issimus, (munio), fortified, se- 
cured. 

Munus, eris, n., an office, part, 
duty, charge, post; a present, 
gift, reward, service, favor. 

Murana, «,/-, a lamprey, a sort of 
eel. 

Murdlis, e, adj. (murus), of a wall, 
mural. Muralis corona, a mu- 
ral crown, given to him who first 
ascended the walls of a besieged 
city. 

Muria, (B,f., salt liquor, a kind of 
sauce or pickle, made of the 
tunny or other fish. Muria de 
turdis, fish-sauce. 

Murus, i, TO., a wall, generally of 
a town or city. 

Mus, Maris, m., a Roman cogno- 
men. See Decius. 

Mus, muris, to. 4'/., a mouse. 

Mutatio, 6nis,f. (muto), a changing, 
altering, change. 

Mutina, ce,f., Mutina, now Mode- 
na, a city of Cisalpine Gaul : 
IX. 30. 

Mntinensis, e, adj. (Mutina), o^ or 
belonging to Modena. Muti- 



^12 



MUTO— NECO. 



nenses, ium, m. pL, inhabitants 
of Modena. 

Muto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to move; 
to alter, change. 

Mutuus, a, um, (idj.^ that is bor- 
rowed ; mutual, reciprocal. 



N. 



JYactus, a, um^ part, (nanciscor). 

JVam., ^ J^amque, conj., § 198, 5, 
for ; but. 

Mmciscor, i, nactus sum, dep., to 
meet with, find, find by chance ; 
to get, gain, obtain. 

JYaris, is,f., a nostril ; pi., the nos- 
trils, the nose. 

JVarro, are, dvi, dtum, a., to tell, re- 
count, relate, report, recite, speak 
of, set forth, declare, narrate. 

JVascor, i, natus sum, dep., to be 
born, spring, arise, grow. 

jYasica, ce, m., Nasica, a surname 
of some of the Scipios : from 

JVasus, i, m.., the nose. 

A^tdlis, is, m. (natus), a birthday. 

Mutio, onis, f. (nascor), a being 
born, birth ; a stock, race, breed, 
kind ; a race of people, nation, 
people, country, tribe. 

JVatu, ahl. of the def. noun natus, us, 
m. (nascor), § 94, by birth, in age. 
Major naiu, older, the elder, 
§ ^'lo, 4. Maxirnus natu, e\des\,. 

Kattira, (B,f. (nascor), nature ; the 
universe ; the natural property, 
cliaracter, or constitution ; in- 
clination, disposition, genius. 
Ka.tura, ahl., by nature, nat- 
urally. 

Katurdlis, e, adj. (natura), natural, 
implanted by nature. 

JVatus, a, vm, part, (nascor), born. 
Annas tres et viginti natus, when 
twenty-three years old. 

J\l'avfragium,i, n. (navis S^frango), 



shipwreck. Fig.., ruin, loss, de» 
struction. 

JYavdlis, e, adj. (navis), of or be- 
longing to ships, naval. 

Navicula, (b, f. dim. (navis)^ a lit- 
tle ship, skiflT, boat. 

JVavigium, i, n., a ship, vessel, 
boat : from 

JYavigo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 4' n. 
(navis ^ ago), to navigate a ship ; 
to sail, set sail, 

JVavis, is, /., a ship, bark, vessel, 
galley, boat. 

JVavius, i, m., Navius, a Roman 
name. See Attus. 

JYavo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (navus, ac- 
tive), to perform vigorously or 
diligently. JVavare operam all' 
cui, to serve, assist — . JVavare 
operam strcnuam or bonam, to 
perform good service. 

Jfe, adv. 8/- conj., not, that not ; 
after verbs of fearing, lest ; that, 
§ 2G2, R. 7. JVe quis. See Nequis. 
JVe — quidem. See Quidem, & 
§ 279, 3, last clause. 

JVe, an enclitic conj., § 198, R. 2 j in 
direct questions, it is commonly 
omitted in translating ; in indi- 
rect questions, whether. 

JVebula, CB,f., a mist, fog, vapor; a 
cloud. 

JVec, or JVeque, conj. «^ adv. (ne &/- 
5'wc), neither, nor,and not,butnot, 
not. Kec — nee, neither — nor. 
JVeque tamen, but not, still not. 

JVecessarius, a, um, adj. (neces- 
se, necessary), necessary, need- 
ful, unavoidable, indispensable ; 
friendly, favorable. 

JVtcessitas, dtis,f. (necesse), neces- 
sity, needfulness, force, compul- 
sion, constraint, fate ; needinesa, 
want. 

JVecis. See Nex. 

JVeco, dre, dvi, dtum, ^ ui, nectum^ 



NEFARIUS— NISI. 



213 



a. (nex), to put to death, slay, 
kill, destroy, murder. 

Nefarius^ o, %im, adj. (nefas^ un- 
lawful), wicked, impious, base, 
heinous, abominable, execrable, 
nefarious. 

J^efastus, a, um, adj. (jie ^'fastus)^ 
not allowed by the laws or by 
religion, unlawful; inauspicious, 
unlucky, unfortunate. Dies ne- 
fastus., a day on which it was 
not lawful to administer justice 
or hold assemblies of the people. 

J^'egligo, ere, lexi, ledum, a. (?iec 
4^ ^^S^)i to neglect, disregard, 
slight ; to scorn, contemn, de- 
spise. 

JVego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 4- n., to 
say no or not, deny, refuse. 
With an infinitive, it is trans- 
lated affirmatively, to say, de- 
clare ; and the negation is ap- 
plied to the ivfinitize, as, JVego 
me vidisse, I say that 1 have not 
seen. 

JVegotium, i, n. (nee 8/- otium), a 
business, office, employment, 
part, occupation, trade, profes- 
sion, pursuit ; an affair, transac- 
tion, enterprise, measure; diffi- 
culty, trouble, burden, task ; a 
matter, thing, fact. 

JSfemo, inis, m. ^^ /. (ne ^- homo), 
no one, nobody, no man. 

JVempe, adv., to wit, namely, truly ; 
for. 

JVemus, oris, n., a grove or wood. 

JVepos, Otis, m., a grandson. 

JVeptis, is, f. (nepos), a grand- 
daughter. 

JVeque. See Nee. 

JVequeo, Ire, ivi <^' ii, itum, irr. n. 
{ne (^" quco, I can), not to be 
able ; I cannot. 

JS'equis, or J\'e quis, qua, quod or 
quid, adj. pro., § 138, (ne 4' 



quis), lest any one, that no one, 
that no, that no person or thing. 

Aero, onis, in., Nero, a Roman 
cognomen in the Claudian gens. 
C. Claudius JVero, a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 545 : V. 17. 

JVescio, Ire, ivi 4-' ii, itum, a. (ne 
4^ scio), to be ignorant, not to 
know. IVith an infinitive, to 
know not how ; to be unable. 

A''eu, conj., nor, neither, and not. 

JVcuter, tra, trum, (ne 8^^ uter), gen. 
neutrius, § 107, neither the one 
nor the other, neither. 

Xex, necis, /., a violent death; 
slaughter, murder. 

J\'i, conj., if not, unless; lest, not. 
Quid ni ? why not 1 

JViger, gra, grum, adj., black, dark. 

Kihil, n. ind., nothing. With a 
genitive, no ; nihil auxilii, no 
help. In the accusative, § 232, 
(2,) it is often used instead of 
non, not, in no respect, no, not 
at all. Kihil dum, nothing yet, 
nothing hitherto. 

JVihilomuius, adv., no less, not- 
withstanding, nevertheless. 

Mhiluin, i, n. (ne <^ hilum, the 
least), nothing. A'ihilo, all., 
icith comparatives, in nothing, 
not a whit, no. 

JVilus, i, m., the Nile, a river of 
Egypt. 

JVimis, adv., too much, too, ex- 
ceedingly. 

JVimiiim, adv., too much, too : 
from 

JVimius, a, xcm, adj. (nimis), too 
much, too great, excessive. 
JViinium hominum, too many 
men, § 212, R. 3. 

J\'isi, conj. (ne <^ si), if not, unless, 
except, save, only, besides. 
yisi post, except after, until 
after. JVon discedere, nisi salu- 



214 



NITOR— NUBO. 



tatis vestris fratribus, — without 
saluting — , 

JVitor, i, sus <^ xus sum, dep., 
§ 245, II., to strive, labor, at- 
tempt; to lean upon, rest upon. 

JVixus, a, um,part. (nitor), leaning 
or resting upon. Genu nixus, 
kneeling, on one's knees. 

JVb, nare, navi, n., to swim. 

JVobiUs, e, adj., nohilior, nobilissi- 
mus ; known, well-known ; fa- 
mous, illustrious, noble, glo- 
rious, renowned, celebrated, dis- 
tinguished; of high birth. Subs., 
a nobleman, noble. 

JVobilttas, dtis, f. (nobilis), fame, 
reputation, renown ; high birth, 
nobility ; the nobles, nobility, 
patricians ; excellence, worth. 

JVubilUo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (nobi- 
lis), to make famous; to make 
known, ennoble. 

JYobis. See Ego. 

JVoceo, ere, ui, itum, a., to hurt, 
injure, do harm or mischief. 

JVoctu,f. abl. (nox), § 94, by night, 
in the night time. 

JVoctua, CB,f. (jioctu), an owl. 

JVocturnus, a, um, adj. (noctu), of 
night, nocturnal. 

JVola, (B, /., Nola, a town of Cam- 
pania: V. 12. 

JVolo, nolle, nolui, irr. (non 8^ 
volo), to be unwilling. JVolui, 
I was unwilling; I would not. 

JYomen, inis, n., a name, appella- 
tion ; a race, nation ; fame, repu- 
tation. Fig., a person. JYomen 
dare, to enlist. JYomine, by 
name ; in the name, on account 
of, by reason of. Facer e nomen 
alicui, to procure for one a name. 

JVomino, are, dvi, dtum, a. (nomen), 
to name, call by name. 

JVbn, adv., not. 

J^once, drum, f. pi. (norms, ninth), 



the fifth day of the month, ex- 
cept in March, May, July, and 
October, when it was the sev- 
enth ; the nones, the ninth day 
before the ides, § 326. 

JYondum, adv. (non ^^ dum), not 
yet, not as yet. 

JYonne, adv. (non <^ ne), whether 
or not ; not. 

JYonnullus, a, um, adj. (non ^ 
nullus), some. JVonnulli, drum, 
m. pi., some, some persons. 

Koyiniinquam, adv. (non 8^ nun- 
quam), sometimes, now and 
then, occasionally. 

JYos. See Ego. 

JYosco, ere, novi, notum, a., to know. 

JVoster, tra, trum, adj. (nos), our, 
ours, our own. 

JYoto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (nota, a 
mark), to mark, note ; to ob- 
serve, remark, notice ; to repri- 
mand, censure, brand with in- 
famy, disgrace ; to show, indi- 
cate, designate. 

JVotus, a, um, adj. (nosco), known, 
well-known. 

JYovacula, a, f. (novo, to invent), 
any sharp knife ; a razor. 

JYovem, ind. adj., nine. 

Noverca, «,/., a step- mother. 

Novi. See Nosco. 

Novitas, dtis,f., newness, novelty 
from 

JVovus, a, um, adj., new, fresh 
recent ; novel, unusual, uncom 
mon, unheard of. 

Kox, noctis, /., night, night time. 
JYocte, abl., in the night, by night 

JYubes, is,f., a cloud. 

JYuho, ere, nupsi S^ nupta sum 
nuptum, a. S^ n., § 223, R. 2, to 
cover, veil. Hence, as brides 
in ancient times, were accustomed 
to put on a veil, to marry, be 
married, spoken of the bride only. 



NUDO— OBJICIO. 



215 



JVudo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
naked, strip, spoil : from 

Kudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, 
uncovered. Tke word nudus is 
used also in speaking of those 
who are toithout the toga, al- 
though wearing a tunic. 

JYullus, a, um, adj., gen. nullius, 
§ 107, (we <^ ulliis) , not any, none, 
nobody, no. 

JVum, adv., whether. 

jYuma, (E, m., Numa Pompilius, the 
second king of Rome : I. 9, 10. 

Numantia, cB,f., Numantia, a city 
of Spain, near the Duero, de- 
stroyed by Scipio Africanus the 
younger, A. U. C. 621 : VII. 3. 

JVumantinus, a, um, adj. (JSuman- 
tia), Numantine. Jfumantinus, 
i, m., an inhabitant of Numantia, 
a Numantine. 

JSumero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to count, 
number, reckon ; to pay in ready 
money, pay. from 

humerus, i, m., a number, quanti- 
ty, multitude. 

Numida, ce, m., a Numidian, in- 
habitant of Numidia. 

JVumidce, drum, m. pi., the Numid- 
ians. 

Mimidia, (S,f., Numidia, a country 
in the northern part of Africa, 
comprehending the modern ter- 
ritories of Algiers, Tunis, and 
part of Tripoli: V. 23. 

Kumidicus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to Numidia, Numidian. 

JVumidtcus, i, m. {Numidia), an 
agnomen of Q. Csecilius Metel- 
lus, on account of his victory 
over the Numidians. 

Mtmitor, oris, m., Numitor, a king 
of Alba, the grandfather of Rom- 
ulus and Remus : I. 1. 

JVummus, i, m., a piece of money, 
coin; a sesterce. 



Nunc, adv., now, at present. 

Nuncius. See Nuntius. 

jYunquam, adv., never, at no time. 

JVuntio, <^ Nuncio, are, dvi, dtum, 
a., to announce, bear tidings, re- 
port, declare, tell : from 

Nuntius, 8^ Nuncius, i, m., news, 
tidings ; a messenger. 

Nuper, adv., not long ago, lately, 
recently. 

Nupsi. See Nubo. 

Nupta, CE,f. (nubo), a spouse, wife. 

Nuptus, a, um, part. (nubo). 

Nurus, us,f., a daughter-in-law. 

Nusquam, adv. (ne <^ usquavi), no- 
where, in no place. 

Nuto, are, dvi, dtum, n., to nod or 
make signs with the head; to be 
uncertain or doubtful, waver. 

Nutrix,icis,f. (nutrio), a nurse. 

Nutus, us, m., a nod, beck. 

Nux, nucisjf, a nut. 

o. 

O, interjection, oh ! 

Ob, prep, with the ace, for, on ac- 
count of. Ob oculos po7tere, — 
before the eyes. 

Obedio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. {oh <^ au- 
dio), to listen to, obey. 

Obeo, ire, ivi 8/- ii, itum, irr. n. 8f 
a. {oh <^ eo), to go to and fro; to 
attend upon, be present at; to 
attend to, discharge, perform. 
Ohire diem supremum, or ohire, 
to die. 

Obesus, a, um, adj., fat, gross. 

Obitus, XLS, m., death, decease. 

Objectus, Us, m. {ohjicio), an oppo- 
sition, interposition. 

Objectus, a, um, part. <^ adj., thrown 
before ; opposed, lying before or 
opposite to : from 

Ohjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. {oh 4' 
jacio), to throw or place before, 



216 



OBJURGO— OBSTRIK GO. 



expose ; to throw, cast ; to ob- 
ject, charge with; to place in 
the way, oppose : to offer, 
proffer. 

Ohjurgo^ drCy dvi., dtum^ a. (oh 8f 
jurgo), to reprove, rebuke, rep- 
rimand. 

Obldtus, a, um, part, (offero). 

Oblecto, dre, dvi, dlum, a. {oh Sf 
lacto, to allure), to delight, 
amuse, entertain, please. 

Obllgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (oh c^" 
ligo, to bind), to tie round, bind; 
to oblige, put under obligation, 
bind. 

Ohlvno, ere, evi, itum, a. (oh ^ lino, 
to smear), to daub or smear over, 
bedaub. 

Ohlitus, a, um, part, (ohliviscor), 
having forgotten ; forgetful, un- 
mindful, heedless. 

Ohlitus, a, vm, part, (oblino) . 

Oblivio, 6nis,f., oblivion, forgetful- 
ness. Oblivio me cepit, I forgot : 
from 

Ohliviscor, i, ohlitus sum, dep., 
§ 216, to forget. 

Obnoxius, a, um, adj. (oh 8/ nox- 
ius, hurtful), punishable, guilty; 
liable, obnoxious, subject, ex- 
posed. 

Obrepo, ere, psi, ptum, n. (ob S^ re- 
po, to creep), to creep on; to 
steal upon, overtake. 

Obruo, ere, ui, utum, a. (ob <^ ruo), 
to cover over, bury ; to oppress, 
load, overwhelm. 

Ohscuro, dre, dvi, dtum,.a., to ob- 
scure, darken ; to cover, conceal : 
from 

Obscurus, a, um, adj., dark, shady, 
obscure. 

Obsecuturus, a, um, part, (pbse- 
quor). 

Ohsedi. See Obsideo. 

Ohsepio, ire, psi, ptum, a., (ob ^ 



sepio), to hedge in, enclose, block 
or stop up. 

Oh.';equens, tis, adj. <^ part., ior, 
issimus ; pliant, obedient : from 

Ohsequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (ob ^ 
sequor), to comply with, oblige, 
humor; to yield to, submit to, 
obey, serve. 

Observans, tis, part. 8^ cbdj., ior, 
issimus, (observe, to watch), 
observant, watchful, mindful ; 
regardful, respectful. 

Obses, idis, m. 8ff. (ob 8^ seded), a 
hostage, a surety. 

Obsessus, a, um, part. : from 

Ohsideo, ere, edi, essum, n. ^ a. 
(ob 8/- seded), to sit or stay any 
where ; to invest, besiege ; to 
fill, occupy. 

Obsidio, 6nis,f. (ohsideo), a siege, 
blockade. Obsidionem relinquere 
or solvere, to raise — . 

Obsidiondlis, e, adj. (obsidio), per- 
taining to a blockade. Corona 
ohsidionalis, a crown given to 
him who had raised a siege. It 
loas usually made of the grass 
growing in the place besieged. 

Obsisto, ere, stiti, stitum, n. (ob 8f 
sisto), to stand ; to oppose, ob- 
struct, withstand, 

Obstindtus, a, um, adj., firmly 
resolved, fixed, obstinate, in- 
flexible, resolute, determined : 
from 

Obsflno, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to re- 
solve firmly, determine. 

Obsto, dre, sttti, n. (ob ^ sto), to 
stand in the way, withstand, op- 
pose, hinder, obstruct. 

Obstrepo, ere, ui, n. «^ a. (ob ^ 
strepo, to make a noise), to make 
a noise against, interrupt by 
noise, be obstreperous, disturb, 
annoy. 

Ohstringo, ere, nxi, ctum, a. (ob 8^ 



OBSTUPEFACIO— OCTAVIA. 



2r 



stringo), to bind fast, bind, en- 
gage. 

Obstupefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
(oh, stupeo, 8^ faciei), to astonish, 
amaze, confound, bewilder. 

Obstupesco, ere, pui, n. {pb 8^ 
slupesco), to be astonished or 
amazed 3 to be stupefied. 

Obtempero, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ob <^ 
temper o), to obey, comply with, 
conform to, yield to. 

Obtestntio, onis, /., a calling sol- 
emnly to witness, conjuring, en- 
treating, supplication : from 

Obtestor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (ob <^ 
testor, to testify), to call solemn- 
ly to witness, adjure, conjure. 

Obtlneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. «^ n. 
(ob ^ teneo), to hold, have, pos- 
sess ; to keep, retain ; to obtain, 
get, acquire, take possession of. 

Obtingo, ere, tlgi, a. S^ n. (ob Sf 
tango, to touch), to touch; to 
happen, occur; to fall by lot, 
happen to be ; to befall one, fall 
to one. 

Obtorqueo, ere, or si, ortum, a. (ob 
S/- torqueo),io wrest, twist, writhe, 
wrench. 

Obtrecto, are, dvi, dtum, n. <^ a. (ob 
fytracto, to handle), to disparage, 
slander, calumniate, speak light- 
ly or contemptuously of. 

Obtrunco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ob S/- 
trunco, to maim), to cut off; to 
cut down, cut in pieces, slaugh- 
ter, slay. 

Obtidi. See Offero. 

Ohvenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (o6 8f 
venio), to befall, happen, occur ; 
to fall to, fall to one's lot. Mi- 
cui somnio obvenire, to appear to 
one in a dream. 

Obvihm, adv. (ob 8f via), in the 
way. Obviam ire, progredi, etc., 
to go or advance to meet; to 

19 



resist, encounter. Obviam ali- 
cui ab aliquo itur, one goes to 
meet — . 

Obvius, a, um, adj. (ob S^ via), in 
the way, meeting, Obvius esse, 
to meet. 

Obvolvo, ere, vi, volutum, a. (ob <^ 
volvo), to wrap round, muffle up, 
cover. 

Occasio, 6nis,f. (occldo), a happen- 
ing, accident, chance, opportu- 
nity, occasion. 

Occdsus, us, m. (occtdo), a going 
down or setting of the heavenly 
bodies ; sunset. 

Occidens, tis, m,., the west, 4^ Occi- 
dens, tis, part., setting, going - 
down : from 

Occido, ere, cidi, cdsum, n. (ob <^ 
cado), to fall; to go down, set; 
to perish, die. 

Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob &/- 
ccedo), to beat; to kill, slay, cut 
down. 

Occisus, a, um, part. 8/- adj. (occi- 
do), killed, slain ; ruined, lost, 
undone. 

Occultus, a, um, adj. (occulo, to 
hide), hidden, secret, concealed. 

Occumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, n 
(ob 8f cumbo, obs.), to fall, set ; 
to die. 

Occupatio, onis, f, a seizing vio- 
lently ; occupation, business, en- 
gagement : from 

Occiipo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ob &f- 
capio), to seize, take possession 
of; to occupy, fill. 

Occurro, ere, ri <^ occucurri, sum, . 
n. (ob 8f curro), to go, come, or 
run up to meet ; to meet. 

Occurso, dre, dvi, dtum, n. freq. 
(occurro), to go to meet, meet. 

Octavia, ce, f., Octavia, a Roman 
name belonging to females of 
the Octavian gens. Octavia, the ' 



^18 



OCTAViUS— OPPIDANUS. 



sister of Octavius Cesar, and 
wife of Mark Antony : iX. 34. 

Octavius^ i, m., Octavius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Octavian 
gens. Octavius Ca.sar. SeeCoesar. 

Octo^ ind. num. adj., eight. 

Octogesimus, a, um, adj.., the eigh- 
tieth : from 

Octoginta., ind. num. adj. {octo), 
eighty. 

Oculus., i, m., tlie eye ; pL, the 
eyes, the sight. Sub oculis, be- 
fore the eyes, in presence of. 

Odium, i, ?i., hatred, ill-will, en- 
mity. Esse odio alictd, to be 
hated by — ; to be odious to — . 

Odor, oris, m., a scent, smell, odor : 
pL, odors, perfumes, spices. 

Offendo, ere, di., sum., n. 8f a. {oh 4^ 
fcndo, obs.), to hit against; to be 
offensive, give offence, displease; 
to hit upon, find. 

Offensa, a, f. (offendo), a striking 
against ; a dislike, hatred, enmi- 
ty, offence ; displeasure. 

Offensus, a, um, part, (offendo). 

Off^ro, ferre, obtuli, obldtum, irr. 
a. (oh S/- fero), to bring before, 
present; to offer. 

Officiosus, a, um, adj., ready to 
serve, kind, obliging, courteous, 
officious : from 

Officium, i, w., kindness, service; 
attention, duty, pa.rt, office. 
Officium humanitatis, an act 
of kindness or benevolence-, — 
courteousness, deference, honor 
paid to one. 

Olea, (B,f, an olive-tree. 

Olim, adv.\ once upon a time, for- 
merly, long since. 
Omen, inis, n., an augury, omen. 
Accipere omen, to accept an 
omen, to draw a favorable omen 
from some incidental remark. 
Omissus, a, um, part. : from 



Omitto, ere, vilsi, missum, a. (oh 
4' mitto), to let go; to pass by, 
omit, give up, give over, relin- 
quish, pass over, say nothing of. 
Omnlno, adv., wholly, entirely, al- 
together; at all; in all, in the 
whole, but, only : from 

Omnis, e, adj , all, every, of every 
kind, the whole. Omnia, § 205, 
R. 7, (2,) all things, every thing. 
Omnes, all, all men, § 205, R. 7, 
(1,) &.N.I. 

Onero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to load, 
lade, freight : from 

Onus, eris, n., a burden, load. 

Onustus, a, um, adj. (onus), laden, 
loaded. 

Opera, ce, f. (opus), work, labor, 
pains, exertion. Dare operam, 
to attend to, strive, give atten- 
tion to, devote one's self; con- 
trive, bring about, effect ; — 
means, services, assistance, aid. 

Operio, ire, end, ertum, a., to cov- 
er, close ; to conceal, hide. 

Opertus, a, um,, part, (operio), cov- 
ered, concealed, loaded. 

Opifex, ids, m. <^/. (opus ^^ facia), 
a maker, artificer ; an artist, me- 
chanic, artisan. 

Opimius, i, m., Opimius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Opimian 
gens. L. Opimius, a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 631 : VII. 12. 

Opinio, 6nis,f., opinion, conjecture, 
belief, expectation. 

Oportet, ehat,uit, imp., it is reason- 
able, it ought, it behoves, it is 
necessary. 

Oppeto^ ere, ivi S/- ii, itum, a. 4- 
n. (ob &f peto), to encounter, un- 
dergo, suffer. 

Oppiddnus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to a town; subs., oppi- 
dani, drum, m. pi., inhabitants 
of a town, townsmen : from 



OPPIDUM— ORIOR. 



219 



Opp1,dum, i, w., a walled town, 
town, city. 

Oppius, t, 7n. Oppius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Oppian 
gens. C. Oppius, a tribune of 
the people, A. U. C. 557 : VI. 8. 

Oppius, a, um, adj., Oppian, of or 
pertaining to Oppius. 

Oppleo, ere, evi, etum, a. {oh 8^ pled), 
to fill completely ; to cover 
over. 

Oppletus, a, um,part. (oppleo). 

Oppono, ere, osui, osltum, a. {oh <^ 
pono), to place against, oppose. 
Opponere se, to set one's self 
against, to oppose. 

Opportunitas, dtis, f., fitness, con- 
venience, opportunity ; advan- 
tage, favorable circumstance : 
from 

Opportunus, a, um, adj., commo- 
dious, fit, suitable, seasonable, 
opportune, at the proper time. 

Oppositus, a, um, part. S^ adj. {op- 
pono), set up against, opposed, 
opposite. 

Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
{oh ^ premo), to press down ; to 
oppress, load ; to overpower, 
overthrow, subdue, crush, ruin. 

Oppugnatio, onis, /., a fighting 
against ; an attack, assault : 
frora 

Oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. {oh <^ 
pugno), to fight against, attack, 
beleaguer, assault. 

Ops, opis, /., § 94, power, forces, 
resources; riches, wealth; help, 
assistance, aid. Opem ferre, to 
bring aid, assist, help. 

Optimdtes^ um Sf ium, m. pi. {ops), 
the leading men, the aristocracy, 
the nobles. 

Optimus, a, ura, adj. (sup. of ho- 
nus), best, very good, excellent, 
choice. 



Optio, onis, /., free-will, choice, 
option : from 

Opto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 4^ n., to 
wish, desire. 

Opulentus, a, um, adj., ior, issX- 
mus, {ops), rich, wealthy, opu- 
lent ; fruitful, productive ; pow- 
erful. 

Opus, eris, n. ind., work, labor, 
toil; a work ; a fortification. 

Opvs, ind. noun 8^ adj., § 243, need, 
occasion, necessity ; needful, 
necessary. 

Oraculum, i, n. {oro), the response 
of an inspired priest or priestess ; 
an oracle. 

Oratlo, onis, f. {oro), speaking, 
speech, language, words ; a 
speech, oration. 

Ordtor, oris, m. {oro), a speaker, 
orator ; an ambassador, deputy. 

Orhis, is, m., a circle, ring, orb, 
disk ; the earth ; so, orhis terra- 
rum, the earth. 

Oi'ho, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to deprive 
or bereave of : from 

Orhus, a, um, adj., deprived or 
destitute of parents or children ; 
orphan, fatherless, childless ; be- 
reft, destitute, without. 

Ordino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {ordo)^ 
to set or place in order, arrange, 
dispose. 

Ordior, iri, orsus sum, dep., to be- 
gin to weave ; to begin, com- 
mence. 

Ordo, inis, m., order, arrangement, 
regularity, method ; rank ; class, 
order. Extra ordinem, contrary 
to rule or law ; also, out of one's 
rank or place ; a company or 
band of soldiers, battalion. 

Oriens, tis, m. {orior), the east. 

Origo, inis,f., the origin, source; 
birth, descent : from 

Orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep., § 177, 



220 



ORIUNDUS— PALATIUM. 



to rise, appear ; to arise, spring, 
spring up ; to commence, begin, 
appear, become visible. 

Oriundus, a, wm, adj. (orior)^ 
springing from, descended from. 

Ornamentuni,iy n. (orno)^ an orna- 
ment, decoration. 

Ornate, adv., its, isslnid ; ele- 
gantly, gracefully, eloquently : 
from 

Orndtus^a, urn, part, ^z- adj. {orno), 
ior, issvmus ; adorned, equipped, 
caparisoned ; excellent, distin- 
guished, illustrious, eminent. 

Ornatus, us, m., a preparation ; 
ornament, decoration ; dress, 
attire : from 

Orno, are, dvi, dtum, a., to furnish, 
provide ; to adorn, ornament, 
embellish ; to equip, set off, 
dress, deck ; to honor, show 
honor to. 

Oro, are, dvi, dtum, n. S^ a. (os), to 
speak ; to beg, entreat, beseech, 
pray for. 

Ortus, us, m. {prior), a rising. 

Ortus, a, um, part, (orior), risen, 
sprung up, proceeding from, 
born, descended. 

Os, oris, n., the mouth ; speech, 
language ; the face, countenance. 
Or a converter e, to turn the eyes : 
— impudence, audacity, effront- 
ery. Aliquid in ore habere, to 
have continually in one's mouth, 
be constantly repeating. 

Os, ossis, n., a bone. 

Osculor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
kiss : from 

Osculum, i, n. dim. (os), a little 
mouth ; a kiss. 

Ostendo, ere, di, sum S/- tum, a. {oh 
^ tendo), to show, display, mani- 
fest, discover. 

Ostento, dre, dvi, dtum, a. frcq. 
{ostendo), to show, display, point 



out ; to promise ; to make a boast 
of, vaunt. 

Ostium, i, n., a door, gate. 

Otiose, adv., at leisure, leisurely, 
idly, in idleness : from 

Otiosus, a, um, adj., at leisure, dis- 
engaged, quiet, unoccupied, hav- 
ing nothing to do : from 

Otium, i, n., leisure, inactivity ; 
quiet, repose, idleness, tranquil- 
lity, peace. Per otium, at lei- 
sure. 

Ovo, dre, dvi, dtum,, n., to tri- 
umph in the ovation, to enjoy 
the lesser triumph; in the ova- 
tion, the general entered the citij 
on foot or on horseback, crowned 
icith myrtle; to exult, shout for 

joy- 

P. 

P., an abbreviation of the proeno- 
mcn Publius. 

Pacdtus, fL, um, part. Sf adj. {paco, 
to pacify), peaceful, peaceable, 
tranquil ; conquered, subdued ; 
at peace. 

Paciscor, i, pactus sum, dep., to 
bargain, covenan-t, agree, stipu- 
late, promise. 

Pactio, onis, f. {paciscor, to bar- 
gain), an agreement, bargain, 
contract, condition. 

Pactus, a, um, part, {paciscor). 

Pcedagogus, i, m., a person who 
conducted boys to and from 
school, guide, preceptor. 

PalcEstra, ce,f, a wrestling, a place 
for wrestling, gymnasium; the 
exercises of the gymnasium, such 
as wrestling, running, 8fC. 

Palam, adv., openly, publicly. 

Palans, antis, part, {palor), wan- 
dering; subs., a straggler. 

Pulaiium, i, n., the Palatium, or 
Palatine Hill; a palace. 



PALATUS— PATELLA. 



221 



Paldtus^ a, um,part. (palor). 

Pallium, i, n., the outer robe of the 
Greeks ; a cloak, mantle. 

Palo, arc, dvi, dtum, a. (palus, a 
stake), to support with stakes or 
props. 

Palor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to wan- 
der to and fro, wander up and 
down, be dispersed. 

Palpsbra, ce.f., the eyelid. 

Paludamentum, i, n., a military 
cloak or cassock. 

Palus, udis, /., a marsh, morass, 
bog, swamp; a lake. 

Palu^, i,m., a. stake. 

Pando, ere, pandi, pansum 8/- pas- 
sum, a., to open ; to open wide ; 
to spread out, expand, unfold. 

Panis, is, m., bread, 

Papdver, eris, m. <^ n., the poppy. 

Papirius, i, m., Papirius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Papirian 
gens. 

Par, parts, adj., equal ; like, simi- 
lar. Par pari referre, to return 
like for like. Par, paris, m., an 
equal ; a competitor, adversary. 

ParabUis, e, adj. (paro), to be pro- 
cured, easily procured ; ordinary, 
cheap. 

Parco, ere, peperci S^ parsi, a., 
§ 223, R. 2, to cease, give over ; 
to spare, keep, preserve. Alicui 
parcitur, a favor is shown to one, 
one is spared : from 

Parens, a, um, adj., ior, issttnus ; 
sparing, frugal, economical, mod- 
erate. 

Parens, tis, m. S^f. (pario), a pa- 
rent, father or mother. 

Pareo, ere, ui, itum, n., to appear; 
to obey, submit to. 

Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a., to 
bear or bring forth ; to occasion, 
cause, make ; to acquire, procure, 
obtain. 

19* 



Pariter, adv. (par), equally, alike, 
in like manner. Pariter ac, at- 
que, etc., equally as, as much as, 
as well as. 

Paro, are, dvi, dtum, a., to make 
ready, provide, prepare. 

Pars, tis, /., a part, division, por- 
tion ; some ; a part, quarter, 
place : pi., a part, duty, office ; 
a party, faction. Ulla ex parte, 
in any wise, in any degree. 

Parsimonia, m, f. {parco), frugali- 
ty, parsimony, thrift. 

Partim, adv., (pars), partly, in 
part, some. 

Partior, xri, itus sum, (pars), to 
part, share, distribute. 

Partus, a, um,part. (pario). 

Partus, its, m. (pario), a birth. 

Parum, adv., minus, minimi; lit- 
tle; too little, not enough; not 
very, not. Parum seems som,e-' 
times to he a noun or adjective. 

Parumper, adv., for a short time, a 
little while. 

Parvulus, a, um, adj. dim., very 
small, very little, little : from 

Parvus, a, um, adj., minor, mini- 
mus ; little, small. 

Pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, a., to feed, 
graze, eat, pasture. 

Passim, adv., here and there, at 
random, hither and thither, ev- 
ery way, every where : from 

Passus, Us, m. (pando), a pace, 
step ; a pace, measure of five 
Roman feet. 

Passus, a, um, part, (pando). 
Crinibus passis, with loose or 
disheveled hair. 

Passus, a, um, part, (potior). 

Passurus, a, um, part, (patior). 

Pastor, oris, m. (pasco) , a shepherd, 
herdsman. 

Patella, (B,f., a dish, plate, platter, 
porringer. 



222 



PATENS— PEDICULARIS. 



Patens^ tis, part. 4- «<^-5 open, ly- 
ing open, accessible : from 

Pateo, ere, ui, n., to be open, ac- 
cessible ; to extend, stretch. 

Pater, tris, m., a father. Patres, 
Fathers, a term of respect often 
given to the Roman senate; sen- 
ators. 

Paterfamilias, patrisfamilias, in. 
{pater S^familia), the father or 
master of a family. 

Taternus, a, um, adj. (^pater), of or 
belonging to a father, paternal. 

Patiens, tis, adj., ior, issimus ; <^ 
part., enduring, capable of en- 
during, patient: from 

:Patior, i, passus sum, dep., to bear, 
undergo, suffer, endure ; to per- 
mit, allow, suffer, let. 

J*atria, ce,f. (patrius), one's native 
country or city ; a region, coun- 
try. Patrid Hispanus, a native 
of Spain. 

I*atricius, a, um, adj. {paier), of 
or belonging to a patrician, pa- 
trician, noble. Patricii, drum, 
m. pi., the patricians. The Ro- 
mans loere divided into three 
ranks or orders : the patricians 
or nobles, the equites or knights, 
and the plebs or common people. 

.Patrimonium, i, n. ( patei-), a pater- 
nal estate, inheritance, patrimo- 
ny ; an estate. 

-Patrius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or 
belonging to a father, paternal. 

Patro, are, dvi, atum, a., to per- 
form, execute, achieve, finish. 

.Patrocinium, i, n. (patronus, a 
patron), protection, patronage, 
support. 

Patruus, i, m. {pater), an uncle by 
the father's side. 

Pauci, (B, a, adj., few, a few. 

Pauldtim, adv. (paulus), by little 
and little, by degrees, gradually. 



Paululus, a, um, adj. dim. (pau- 
lus), little, very little, small. 
Subs., paululum, i, 71., a little. 

Paulum, adv., a little. 

Paulus, a, um, adj., a little. Ahl., 
paulo, by a little, a little, some- 
what. 

Paulus, i, m., Paulus, a Roman 
cognomen. L. ^milius Paulus, 
a Roman consul, A. U. 536 : V. 
8. L. ^milius Paulus Mace- 
donicus, a Roman consul, A. U. 
584: VT. 21. 

Pauper, eris, adj., poor. Pauper 
crumena, a lean purse. 

Pauperculus, a, um, adj. dim. (pau 
per), poor, sorry. 

Paupertas, dtis,f. (pauper), pover- 
ty, need, indigence. 

Pavens, tis, part. ^ adj., afraid, 
alarmed : from 

Paveo, ere, i, a. S^ n., to fear, be 
afraid. 

Pavidus, a,um, adj. (paveo), timid, 
fearful, alarmed, terrified. 

Pavor, oris, m. (paveo), a trem- 
bling ; fear, dread, consternation. 

Pax, pads, f, peace, tranquillity, 
concord. 

Peccdtum, i, n., a fault, error : fi'om 

Pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. 8/- a., to 
do wrong, commit a fault, trans- 
gress, sin ; to err, mistake. 

Pectus, oris, n., the breast; the 
heart, the mind, soul. 

Pecunia, <b, f, property, wealth, 
riches, money ; a sum of money. 
Magna pecunia, a great sum of 
money. Darepecuniam,iohx\he. 
PI., money, wealth : from 

Pecus, oris, n., sheep; cattle; a 
herd. 

Pedes, itis, m. (pes), on foot; a 
foot-soldier : pi., infantry. 

Pediculdris, e, adj. (pediculus), of 
or belonging to lice. Morbus 



PEDICULUS— PERENNIS. 



223 



pedicu'aris, the phthiriasis, or 
lousy disease. 

Pedicutus, i, m. dim. (pes), a little 
foot; a louse. 

Pedis. See Pes. 

Pejor, adj. (conip. ofmalus), worse. 

Pelllcio, ere, lezi, lectum, a. (per 8/- 
lacioy to entice), to deceive by 
flattery, entice, allure, seduce. 

Pellis, is, /., the skin or hide of a 
beast. 

Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, a., to 
drive or chase away, repulse ; 
to expel, dispossess, remove. 

Penates, ium, m. pL, household 
gods. 

Pendeo, ere, pependi, a., to hang 
from ; to be suspended. Pender e, 
so. se, to hang one's self: from 

Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, a., to 
weigh; to deliberate on, consid- 
er ; to pay. 

Pene, adv., almost, nearly. 

Penes, prep, icilh the ace, near, 
with ; in the power of. 

Penitus, adv., inwardly, internal- 
ly ; fully, utterly, entirely ; far 
within. 

Penuria, ce,f., want, need, scarcity. 

Pependi. See Pendo. 

Peperci. See Parco. 

Pcperi. See Pario. 

Per, prep, with the ace, through, 
daring, for, throughout ; by, at, 
through; by means of,, on ac- 
count of; over, along ; in. Per 
speciem, under color or pretence. 
Per me, as far as I am concerned. 
Per singulas nodes, every night. 
Quum per cBtatem posset, when 
age should permit one. 

Perdgo, ere, egi, actum, a. (per 8/- 
ago), to drive ; to accomplish, 
perfect, complete, perform, fin- 
ish, make. 

Perdgro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (per 



S^ ager), to wander through or 
over, traverse, survey. 

Peramoznus, a, um, adj. (per <^' 
amcenus), very pleasant. 

Per cello, ere, culi, culsum, a. (per 
Sf cello, obs.), to thrust or strike 
aside, move, overthrow, strike, 
hit. 

Percipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (per 
<^ capio), to take up wholly, pos- 
sess, invade ; to acquire, receive; 
to perceive, comprehend. 

Percontor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (per 
8f contor, to ask), to ask, inquire, 
demand. 

Perculsus, a, um, part, (per cello), 
struck down ; struck, disquieted, 
alarmed. 

Percunctor, dri, dtus sutn, dep. (per 
4^ cunctor, to ask), to ask, in- 
quire, demand, question, interro- 
gate. Percunctari ah aliquo, to 
question one. 

Percussor, oris, m., a striker; a 
murderer, hired assassin : from 

Percutio, ere, cussi, cussum, a. (j}er 
<^ qiiatio), to strike, hit, knock, 
smite. Fcedus percutere, to con- 
clude a treaty ; to pierce, kill, 
slay. Humerum alicujus leniter 
percutere, to tap — . 

Perditus, a, um, part. &/• adj., lost, 
ruined, spoiled ; desperate, aban- 
doned, profligate : from 

Perdo, ere, didi, ditum, a., (per S^ 
do), to destroy, ruin; to lose. 

Perduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (per 4- 
duco), to conduct, lead, convey, 
accompany, bring. Perducere 
ad exitum, to accomplish — . 

Peregrinor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
go abroad ; to live in a foreign 
country : from 

Peregrlmis, a, um, adj. (peregre, 
abroad), foreign, strange. 

Perennis, e, adj. (per 8f annus), 



224 



PEREO— PERPELLO. 



that lasts the whole year ; con- 
tinual, perpetual, perennial, ev- 
erlasting, never-failing. 

Pereo, Ire, ii, n. (per S/- eo), to per- 
ish, be destroyed ; to die ; to be 
lost, spent in vain, thrown away. 

Perfectus, a, wm, part. S^ adj. (per- 
ficio), perfect, complete. 

Perfero, fe?-re, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
(per 4" foro), to bear or carry 
through ; to bring, carry, con- 
vey ; to suffer, bear patiently. 

Perficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (per 
<^/«c«o), to finish, complete; to 
perform, execute, accomplish. 

Pcrfidia, «, /., perfidy, treachery, 
falsehood : from 

Perfidus, a, um, adj. (per Sf fides), 
faithless, perfidious, false. 

Perfodio, ere, odi, ossum, a. (per <^ 
fodio), to dig through; to trans- 
fix, pierce or thrust through. 

Perforo, are, dvi, atum, a. (per 8f 
foro, to bore), to bore through, 
pierce, perforate. 

Perfruor, i, fructus sum, dcp. (per 
S/fruor), § 245, 1., and 3d clause, 
to enjoy fully or thoroughly. 

Perfuga, a, m., a runaway, fugi- 
tive ; a deserter : from, 

Perfugio, ere, fngi, vgitum, n. (per 
4^ f^S^o)-) to fly ''^ fl^^ for suc- 
cor or shelter; to take refuge. 

Pergdmum, i, n., Pergamum, 7loxd 
Pergamo, a city of Mysia, in 
Asia Minor: VI. 4. 

Per go, ere, perrexi, n. 8f a. (per 8^ 
rego), to go, proceed, pass on, 
continue. 

Periditor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (pe- 
riculum), to try, prove ; to en- 
counter danger, be in danger or 
peril. 

Periculosus, a, um, adj., ior, issi- 
mus ; dangerous, hazardous, per- 
ilous : from 



Periculum, i, n., a trial, experi- 
ment; risk, danger. 

Perii. See Perec. 

Perinde, adv. (per S/- inde), just so, 
in the same manner. Perinde 
ac, atque, or ut, just as, as, just 
as if. 

Peritia, cb, f, knowledge, experi- 
ence, acquaintance, skilfulness, 
skill. 

Periturus, a, um, part, (pereo). 

Perltus, a, um, adj., ior, isslmus, 
§ 213, R. 1, (3,) experienced in, 
expert, skilful, experienced. 

Pcrldtus, a, um, part, (perfero). 

Perlego, ere, legi, lectum, a. (per 
^ ^eo-o), to read through. 

Perlino, ere, levi, litum, a. (per &^ 
lino, to smear), to smear, cover 
over. 

Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. 
(per 4» maneo), to remain, en- 
dure, continue. 

Permitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. 
(per <^ mitto), to let pass ; to 
commit, intrust ; to permit, suf- 
fer, allow. 

Permulceo, ere, si, sum, a. (per ^ 
mulceo), to stroke; to soothe, 
allay. 

Permuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (per fy 
muto), to change, alter; to ex- 
change. 

Pernicies, ei, f. (per «^ nez), de- 
struction, ruin. 

Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (pernicies), 
destructive, ruinous, deadly, per- 
nicious, hurtful, injurious. 

Pernicitas,dtis,f. (pernix, nimble), 
swiftness, fleetness. 

Peroro, dre, dvi, dtum., a. <^ n. (per 
&/- oro), to conclude an oration; 
to speak ; to plead, argue. 

Perpello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (per 
^ pello), to push, thrust; to in- 
duce, persuade. 



PERPETUO— PETITIO. 



225 



Perpetud^ adv., continually, per- 
petually, always : from 
Perpetuus, a, um^ adj. (per ^ peto), 
perpetual, continual 5 continued, 
uninterrupted. Ln perpetuum, 
forever, always. 
PerpuU. See Perpello. 

Perrexi. See Pergo. 

• Perrumpo, ere, rfipi, ruptum, a. S^ 
n. [j^er ^ rumpo), to break 
through; to break into, pene- 
trate. 

Persa, ce, m., the same as Perses or 
Perseus; also, Persa, the fiame 
of a dog: VI. 21. 

Persa, ce, m., a Persian. 

PerscBpe, adv. (per ^ scBpe), very 
often, very frequently. 

Persequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (per 
^ sequor), to follow, go after ; to 
pursue ; to avenge, punish. Bel- 
la per sequi, to make war upon. 

Persevere, are, dvi, dtum, n. S^ a. 
(per (^ severus), to persevere, 
persist, hold out, 

Perseus, i, S^ Perses, ce, m., Per- 
seus, a king of Macedonia : VI. 
21. 

Persia, ce,f., Persia. 

Persolvo, ere, solvi, solutuni, a. 8f 
n. (per <^ solve), to solve, ex- 
plain ; to pay. 

PersolHtiLS, a, um, part, (persolve). 

Perspicio, ere, spezi, spectum, a. <^ 
n. (per i^ specie), to see through ; 
to perceive, observe. 

Perstringo, ere, strinxi, strictwm, 
a. (per 8f stringo), to bind; to 
graze. Fig., to seize on, thrill 
through. 

Perste, are, stlti, n. (per 8/" sto), to 
stand fast, persist, continue, re- 
main steadfast. 

Persuddeo, ere, sudsi, sudsum, a. 
(per 4^ suadeo), to convince, per- 
suade. Persuadetur mihi, etc., I 



am persuaded, I believe. Per- 
suadere alicui aliquid, to con- 
vince one of any thing, make 
one believe. 

Pertinacia, a, f. (pcrtinux, obsti- 
nate), obstinacy, stubbornness. 

Pertinaciter, adv. (pertinar), ob- 
stinately, stubbornly ; firmly, 
resolutely, constantly. 

Peri.ineo, ere, ui, n. (per 8^ tenee), 
to reach, extend, stretch ; to per- 
tain, belong, fall to. 

Pertractus, a, um, part. : from 

Pertrdho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. 
(per <^ jtraho), to draw, bring', 
or conduct by force, drag, con- 
duct. 

Perturbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (per 8/- 
turbo), to disturb greatly, con- 
fuse, trouble, disquiet, disorder. 

Pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (per 
<^ venio), to come to, arrive at, 
reach : to come. 

Pervicacia, ce, f (pervtcax, obsti- 
nate), obstinacy, wilfulness. 

Pervolo, velle, irr. (per 8^ vole), to 
desire greatly, wish earnestly, 
long. 

Pes, pedis, rii., the foot. Pedem 
referre, to retire, retreat ; — a 
foot, as a measure. Pcdibus ire 
or inccdere, on foot — . 

Pcsslmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ?M.a- 
lus), the worst; very ill, very 
bad. 

Pessinus, untis, f, Pessinus, a 
town of Asia Minor, where toas 
a temjjle of the goddess Cybele : 
VI. 4. 

PestUens, tis, adj. (pestis), pesti- 
lent, unhealthy, deadly. 

Pestilentia, <e, /. (pcstilens), a 
plague, pestilence. 

Pestis, is, f., a pest, evil, mischief, 
ruin, destruction. 

Pctliio, onisjf., a requesting, ask- 



226 



PETO— PLECTO. 



ing, petition, solicitation ; a can- 
vassing or soliciting for an office : 
from 

Peto, ere, ivi ^ ii, Itum, a., to 
ask, seek, request; to seek to 
procure, seek after, sue for, ask 
for, be a candidate for ; to go or 
repair to, direct one's course to 
or towards. Peter e ab aliquo, 
to ask of one; to ask or re- 
quest one; — to aim at, assail; 
to attack. 

Phalerce, drum, f. pL, ornaments 
of horses, trappings. 

Pharhra, (B,f., a quiver. 

Pharnaces, is, m., Pharnaces, a 
son of Mithridates, who rebelled 
against his father, in favor of 
the Romans : VIII. 23. 

Pharsalia, «,/., Pharsalia, a region 
in Thessaly, near the city Phar- 
salus : IX. 1. 

Pharsalicus, a, um, adj. (Phar- 
salia), Pharsalian. 

Philippi, drum, m. pi., Philippi, a 
city in Macedonia : IX. 29. 

Philippus, i, m., Philip, a king of 
Macedon : VI. 17. L. Marcius 
Philippus, a consul, A. U. C. 
661: VII. 28. 

Philosophia, <£,f., philosophy. 

Philosophus, i, m.. Si philosopher. 

Pictor, oris, m. (pingo), a painter. 

Pietas, dtis, f. (pius), piety, re- 
spect, affection, love ; devotion ; 
duty, dutifulness, loyalty. 

Pignus, oris, n., a pawn, pledge, 
assurance, security ; a proof, 
testimony. 

Pila, (B,f., a ball. 

Pileus, i, m., a hat. 

Pilum, i, n., the javelin or dart of 
the Roman -infantry. 

Pilus, i,m., a. hair. 

Pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, a., to 
paint, 



Pinguis, e, adj., ior, issimus; fat. 

Pirdta, cb, m., a pirate, corsair. 

Piratlcus, a, um, adj., piratical. 

Piscatorius, a, tim, adj. (piscdtor, 
a fisherman), belonging to fishers 
or fishing. Piscatoria navis, a 
fishing smack. 

Pisciculus, i, m. dim. (piscis), a 
little fish. 

Piscina, ce,f., a fish-pond : from 

Piscis, is, m., a fish. 

Piscor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (piscis), 
to fish. 

Piso, onis, m., Piso, a Roman cog- 
nomen in the Calpurnian geiis. 
L. Calpurnius Piso Frvgi, a 
Roman consul, A. U. C. 619: 
VII. 11. 

Placabilis, e, adj. (placo), easy to 
be appeased, mild, gentle. 

Placenta, (B,f., a cake. 

Placeo, ere, cut, citum, n., to 
please, give satisfaction. Placet, 
imp., it pleases ; placet mihi, 
tibi, etc.,\i is my pleasure, I like, 
choose, determine, resolve, de- 
cide. 

Plactdus, a, um, adj. (placeo), 
quiet, gentle, mild, calm, com- 
posed, undisturbed. 

Placo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to ap- 
pease, pacify. 

Plaga, CB, f-, a stroke, blow; a 
wound. 

Plaustrum, i, n., a wagon, heavy 
cart. 

Plausus, us, m. (plaudo, to clap), 
a clapping ; applause. 

Plebecula, cb, f dim. (plebs), the 
rabble, mob. 

Plebeius, a, um, adj., of the com- 
mon people, plebeian. Plebeius, 
i, m., a plebeian : from 

Plebs, plebis, f, the common peo- 
ple, plebeians. 

Plecto, ere, plexi fy xui, plexum^ o., 



PLENUS— POPILICS. 



to strike or beat ; to punish ; to 
plait, braid. 

PlemMS^ c, •tw, adj., § 213, R. 5, (3,) 
foil, filkd ; entire, complete, 
perfect. 

Pltrusquey aqve, umquA, adj. (plerus 
^ que), most, the most Pleri- 
qne, many, very many, most, 
the most, most men. 

Plwmbeus, a, um^ adj., leaden, of 
lead : from 

PlumJmmL, i, »., lead. 

Plurimum. adr. (sup. of multum), 
very much, most. 

Plurimms, a, urn., adj. (sup. of mul- 
lus), Terr many or much, most. 

Plus, piuris, adj. (comp. of muUus), 
more. PL, plures, piura, ^ 110, 
more ; many, very many. 

Poculum, i, n., a cup, bowl. Fig., 
drink, wine, &-c. 

Poddgra, tB, /., the gout in the 
feet. 

Popita^ (B, f., punishment. Dart 
pcenas, to suffer punishment, 
give satisfaction. 

Ptmltet, imp. (me, etc.), § 215 & 
§ 229, R. 6, it repents (me, &c.), 
I repent, I regret. 

Pcenus, i, m., a Carthaginian. 
Pceni, drum, m. pi., the Car- 
thaffinians, inhabitants of Car- 
thage : Vi\ 1. 

PoetOy «E, m., a poet, bard. 

PoUiceor, tri, Uus sum, dep., to 
promise. 

Pollio, onis, m., Pollio, a Roman 
c-ognom^n. Vedius PoUio, a 
Roman who used to feed his 
fishes on human flesh : IX. 43. 

Polybius, r, m., Polybius, an Ar- 
cadian, the preceptor of Scipio 
Aftjcanus the younger : VI. 32. 

Pompa, €t,f., a solemn procession, 
procession ; pomp, show, osten- 
tation. 



I Pampeiaxus, a, urn, adj., of or 
j lelatiiig to Pompey : from, 
\ PompoMSy i, m^ a Roman name. 
I Cn. Pompeius Magnus, f ompej 

j the Great, the riTal of Julius 

I CcBsar : Vm. 17. 

! PompQius, i, to., Pompilius, a 

Roman name. See Numa. 
Pompamius, i, m., PomponiuB, a 
Roman name. M. PomponhtSj 
a tribune of the people : HI. 2. 
Pondo, abL, § 94, {peudo), in 
weight. It is eftat used as an, 
iudediHoble lunm, a pound. 
Pondtis, eris, n., weight, heavi- 
ness ; a load, burden ; a weight ; 
I quantity, sum. 
Pont, adv. 4- prep, with dke ace., 

behind, after. 
Pono, ere, posuL, postftoR, a., to 
put, place, set ; to think, esteem. 
Pouere. castra, to pitch a camp, 
encamp; to spend, passj to lay 
aside, put off. Pomere miUtim 
tirocinium,, to pass one's mili- 
tary novitiate; to learn the ru- 
diments of war; to begin to 
perform military service ; to 
enter upon one's fii^t campaign : 
— to serve up, set before. 
Pons, tis, m., a bridge ; a plank or 
bridge, used for embarking, dis- 
embarking, and p€issing from 
ship to ship. 
Pontius; i, m.. Pontius, a Rcnnan 
name. Pontius Uidesinus, a 
general of the Samnites : III. 
11, 12, 
Pontus, i, TO., a region of Asia 
Minor, on the Black Sea : 

vm. 1. 

Popedius, i, m., Popedius, a chief 

of the Latins : IX. 13. 
PopiUus, i, m., Popilius, a Roman 

name belonging to the Popilian 

gens. 



228 



POPOSCI— POSTUMiUS. 



Poposci. See Posco. 

Pop'uldris^ e, adj. (pojjulvs), of or 

belonging to tlie people, popular. 

Subs., a fellow-countryman. 
Popular., dri, dtus su7n, dep.., to 

depopulate, lay waste, destroy, 

ravage : from 
Populus, i, rn.., a people, state, 

nation, community ; the people. 

Populi, nations, states. 
Porcia, a, /., Porcia, the wife of 

Brutus : IX. 28. 
Porcius, i, m., Porcius, a Roman 

name belonging to the Porcian 

gens. 
Porrigo., ere., rexi, rectum, a. 

(porro S/- rego), to stretcli or 

spread forth, extend ; to hold 

forth or out, offer. 
Porro, adv., afar off, farther. In 

continuing a discourse, more- 
over, besides, next, then, now. 
Porseyina, ce, m., Porsenna, a king 

of the Etrurians : II. 4. 
Porta, CB, f., a gate ; the gate of a 

city. 
Portendo, ere, di, turn, a., to 

stretch forth; to presage, por- 
tend, betoken. 
Portentum, i, n. {portendo), an 

omen, prodigy ; an ill omen. 
Porticus, lis, f. (porta), a portico, 

piazza, porch. 
Porto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to carry, 

bear, convey. 
Partus, us, m., a port, harbor. 
Posco, ere, poposci, a., to ask, call 

for, demand, pray earnestly. 
Posidonius, i, m., Posidonius, a 

distinguished Stoic philosopher, 

born at Apamea, in Syria : IX. 3. 
Positus, a, um, part, (pono) , placed, 

put ; lying, situate. 
Possessor, oris, m. (possideOj to 

possess), a possessor, owner. 
Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. (potis 



S," sum), to be able, have power; 
I can ; to be able to do or effect. 
Plurimum posse, to be most 
powerful. Mon potui, I was 
unable. 

Post, adv. &/• prep, with the ace, 
after, afterwards ; behind, in the 
rear of; after, since. 

Poslea, adv. (post 8/- is), after- 
ward, after that, hereafter, sub- 
sequently. 

Postcritas, dtis, f. (posterus), pos- 
terity, succeeding generations. 

Posterus, a, vm, adj., posterior, 
postremus, (post), following 
next, ensuing. Posteri, drum, 
on. pi., posterity, descendants. 
In posterum, sc. tempiis, for the 
time to come, for the future. 

Posthdbeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (post 
8/- habeo), to postpone, neglect, 
esteem or regard less, set less by. 

Posthac, adv. (post ^ hac), in 
future, after this. 

Posticum, i, n., a back door. 

Postis, is, m., a door-post. 

Postquam, conj. (post <^ guam)., 
after, after that, when, as soon as. 

Postremo, adv. (posterus), at last, 
finally. 

Postremus. See Posterus. 

Postridie, adv. (posterus <^ dies), 
the day after, the day following, 
the next day. Postridie quam, 
the same as postridie. 

Postuldtum, i, n., a demand, re- 
quest : from 

Postulo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to de- 
mand, ask, desire, request. 

Postumius, i, m., Postumius, a 
Roman name. Aulus Postu- 
mius, a Roman dictator : II. 8. 
Postumi'us Cominius, a consul, 
A. U. C. 262: II. 12. Sp. 
Postumius, a consul, who com- 
manded the Roman army in 



POSUI— PR^FECTUS. 



229 



the war against the Samnites: 
III. 11. 

Posui. See Pono. 

Putentia, cb, f. (poie/is, powerful), 
power; authority, influence. 

Potestas, dtis, f. (possum), power, 
ability ; leave, permission, liber- 
ty ; dominion, rule, authority, 
magistracy, office. 

Potior, iri, itus sum, dep., § 245, 1., 
to become master of, gain pos- 
session of, acquire ; to possess : 
from 

Potior, us, gen. oris, adj. comp., 
preferable, better, more excel- 
lent, of more importance : from 

Potis, adv.,potius,potissimt ; able, 
possible. 

Potitus, a, um, part, (potior). 

Potius, adv. (comp. ofpotis), rather. 

Poto, are, dvi, dtum S^ potum, n. <^ 
a., to drink. 

Potui. See Possum. 

Proi, prep, with the ace, before ; 
for, by reason of, on account of, 
through. 

Prceacuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (prce. Sf 
acuo), to sharpen, make pointed. 

Prcebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. (prcB 8/- 
habeo), to hold out, offer, present, 
proffer ; to furnish, give, afford ; 
to show, exhibit. 

PrcEcedo, ere, cessi, cessum, a. S^ n. 
(prcB ^ cedo), to go before, pre- 
cede. 

Prceceps, cipitis, adj. {prce 4^ caput), 
headlong; hasty, precipitate. 

Pracepf.or, oris, m. {prcecipio), a 
commander, preceptor. 

PrcBcldo, ere, cldi, clsum, a. (prce 
^ ccedo), to cut off"; to shorten. 

Prcecino, ere, cinui, a. &/- n. (prce 8f 
cano), to sing, play, or sound 
before. 

PrcBcipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 
(prce (^ capio), to take or receive 

30 



before ; to admonish, advise ; to 
order, command. 

PrcecipUo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prcB- 
ceps), to precipitate, throw head- 
long. 

PrcBcipu^, adv., particularly, chief- 
ly, especially : from 

Pracipuus, a, um, adj. (pracipio)^ 
particular, peculiar, remarkable, 
singular. 

Prceclsus, a, um, part, (prcecido). 

Prcecldrd, adv., very clearly ; brave- 
ly, nobly, gloriously ; very well . 
from 

PrcBcldrus, a, um, adj., very clear; 
celebrated, noble, renowned, dis- 
tinguished, illustrious. 

PrcBco, onis, m., a public crier, 
herald. 

Prcecox, dcis, adj., early, ripening 
early. 

Prceda, ce,f. (prces, a surety), prey, 
booty, plunder, pillage. Facere 
prcBdam, to take plunder, to 
plunder. 

Prcedico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (pr<s 8/- 
dico, are), to spread abroad, pro- 
claim, report, publish, declare ; 
to say, tell, affirm, give out. 

Prcedico, ere, dixi, dictum, a. {prce. 
&/- dico), to tell before, foretell, 
predict, premise ; to publish, 
make known, say, tell, give out, 
declare. 

Prcedium, i, n., a farm, estate. 

Prcedo, onis, m., a robber, pillager ; 
a pirate, corsair. 

Prcedor, dri, dtussum, dep. (prmda)^ 
to rob, plunder, pillage. 

Prceesse. See Prassum. 

Prcefectura, cB,f., the office of any 
president ; superintendence, pre- 
fecture : from 

Prcefectus, i, m. (praficio), a super- 
intendent, overseer, commander, 
prefect, captain. 



5230 



PR^FERO— PRiETOK. 



Prosfero^ferrc, tuli, latum ^ a. (pro; 
Sffero), to bear or carry before ; 
to prefer. 

Prcefldo, e,re,fe,ciyfectum, a. (prce 
^facio), to set over, appoint to 
the command of. 

Prcefigo, ere^ Jixi, Jizum, a. (prce ^ 
figo)^ to fix or fasten before ; to 
fix on the end or extremity of. 

Prmfui. See Praesum. 

Praldtus, a, um, part, (prcefero). 

PrceluceOy ere, hixi, n. (prce <^ lu- 
ceo)y to give light before, shine 
before j to surpass, excel. 

Prcemitto, ere, misi^ missum, a. 
(prcB S/- mitto), to send or de- 
spatch before, send forward. 

PrcEmium, i, n., a reward, recom- 
pense. 

Praneste^ is^ w., Prosneste, a town 
of Latiuni. 

Pr^nestinus, a, um, o,(lj-, of or be- 
longing to Preneste. 

PrcepdrOf are, dvi, dtum, a., (pr(B <^ 
paro), to prepare, make ready, 
provide. 

Prcereptus, a, um, part. : from 

Prcerlpio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. 
(prcB <^ rapio), to snatch or hur- 
ry away beforehand ; to prevent, 
forestall, take or snatch away. 

PrcBsdgio, ire, ivi, itum, a. {prceS/- 
sagio, to perceive), to perceive 
beforehand ; to presage, divine, 
predict, foresee. 

Prcescio, Ire, ivi, Uum, a. (prce 4^ 
scio), to know beforehand, fore- 
know, foresee. 

Prcesens, tis, adj. (prce ^ ens, 
§ 154, 1), present, propitious, 
favorable. 

PrcBsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. (prce. 
&f sedeo), to guard, protect, de- 
fend. 

Prcesidium, i, n., defence, protec- 
tion ; a guard, escort, garrison ; 



a post, station ; aid, succor^ 
help. 

PrcEstans, tis, part. ^ adj., ior, is- 
simus ; extraordinary, superior, 
distinguished : from 

Prcesto, are, stiti, a. S/- n. (prce Sf 
sto), to stand before; to excel, 
surpass, be superior ; to shoWy 
exhibit, evince, prove, manifest; 
to do, make, perform, cause, ef- 
fect ; to give, offer, show. 

PrcBsum, esse, fui, irr. n. (prce &/> 
sum), to be before, preside over, 
have the charge or command of, 
govern. Potestati prceesse, to 
fill or exercise an office. 

Prcesumo, ere, sump si, sumpium, 
a. (prce ^ sumo), to take be- 
fore, anticipate ; to presume, im- 
agine. 

Prcetego, ere, texi, tectum,, a. (prce 
^ tego), to cover. 

Prceter, adv. ^ prep, with the ace, 
close by, near ; before ; except, 
besides ; contrary to, against. 

Probterea, adv. (prceter (^ ea), be- 
sides, moreover. 

Prcetereo, ire, ivi &/• ii, Uum, irr. n. 
(prceter «^ eo), to pass by ; to ex- 
cel, surpass. 

Prceterltus, a, um, part, (prcetereo)^ 
past, gone by. 

PrcBtermitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. 
(prceter ^ mitto), to let pass, 
omit, neglect. 

Prcetexta, ce,f. (prcetege), the prse- 
texta, an upper garment, bor- 
dered with purple, worn by free- 
born youth, magistrates, and 
priests. 

Prcetcxtdtus, a, um, adj. (prcetexta), 
wearing the praetexta or toga, 
which icas worn by children until 
they were seventeen years of age ; 
also by magistrates. 

Prcetor, oris, m., any leader.; a 



PRiETORIUM— PROBO. 



231 



pretor, a magistrate next in au- 
thority to the consuls. 

PrcEtorium^ i, n. (prcBtor), the gen- 
eral's tent. 

PrcBtuli. See Praefero. 

PrcBtura, (e, f. (prcetor)^ the pre- 
torship. 

PrcEvatldus, a, um, adj. {-prcB S^ 
validus), very able or strong, 
very stout or powerful. 

Prcevcnio, ire, veni^ ventiim, a. 
(prcE ^-venio), to come before; 
to anticipate, prevent. 

PrcBverto, ere, ti, sum, a. ( prce <^- 
verto)^ to outstrip ; to anticipate, 
be beforehand with. 

PrcBvideo, ere, vidi, visum, a. (prce 
<^' video), to foresee. 

Prandeo, ere, prandi, pransum, a., 
to eat before the principal meal ; 
to breakfast : from 

Prandium, i, n., a breakfast, lun- 
cheon, 

Pravus, a, um, adj.^ crooked, dis- 
torted ; wrong, bad, unprinci- 
pled, vicious, wicked, depraved. 

Precario, adv. {precarius, obtained 
by entreaty), by entreaty or re- 
quest; at another's will or pleas- 
ure. 

Preces. See Prex. 

Precor, drl, dtus sv.m, dep. (prex), 
to pray, entreat, beseech. 

Prehendo, ere, di, sum, a., to take, 
catch, seize. 

Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, n.,'to 
press ; to oppress, overwhelm ; 
to press upon, incommode. 

Pretiosus, a, um, adj., ior, issi- 
mus ; costly, precious, valuable: 
from 

Pretiuvi, i, n., worth, price ; mon- 
ey, reward, ransom. 

Prex,f, § 94, a prayer, supplica- 
tion, entreaty. 

Pridie, adv. {prior S^- dies), on the 



day before. So pridie quarn, the 
day before. 

Primd, adv. (primus), at the first, 
at first, in the first place. 

Primoris, e, adj. (primus), the first. 
Primores, um, m. pi., the nobles, 
chief men, most eminent, dis- 
tinguished, principal. 

Primiim, adv., first, in the first 
place; for the first time. Ubi 
primum, as soon as : from 

Primus, a, um, adj. (sup. ofpnor)^ 
first. 

Princeps, ipis, adj. (primtis 8/- ca- 
pio), first, foremost. Princnps-, 
ipis, m. 8f f, a superior, chief, 
head, director, leader ; prince, 
emperor; pL, the most distin- 
guished men, leading men. 

Prior, oris, adj., sup. primus, § 226, 
1, former, first, preceding, pre- 
vious; before. 

Principium, i,n., (princeps), a be- 
ginning, commencement, origin. 

Prisons, a, um, adj., ancient, old, 
former. Priscus, i, w., Priscus, 
a Roman surname. 

Pristinus, a, um,, adj., ancient, old ; 
former, previous, pristine. 

Priiis, adv (prior), before, sooner, 
previously, first, formerly. 

Priusquam, adv. (prius <^ quarn), 
before that. 

Privdtus, a, um, part. &/• adj., pri- 
vate, of a private person ; subs., 
a private person : from 

Privo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (privus, 
single), §251, to deprive, be- 
reave. 

Pro, prep, tcith the abl., before, in 
front of; according to; for, on 
account of; for, in the place of, 
instead of; as, for, considering, 

Probo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (probus), 
to make to appear right or best ; 
to approve, praise, commend. 



232 



PROBOSCIS— PROFUGIO. 



Id non mihi proLattir, it is not 
made to appear to me best, I am 
not persuaded that it is best, it 
is not approved by me. 

Proboscis^ idls,f., the trunk, snout, 
proboscis. 

Probrum, i, n., a shameful act; 
disgrace, dishonor, reproach, 
shame; abuse, reproachful lan- 
guage, insult. 

Probus, a, um, adj., good, proper; 
honest, upright. 

Proca, ffi, m., Proca, a king of 
Alba: I. 1. 

Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. {pro 
4^ cedo), to go before, go forth ; 
to proceed, advance; to go or 
come forward. 

Procella, ce, /., a violent wind, 
storm, tempest, hurricane. 

Proceritas,dtis,f., length; height, 
stature : fi-om 

Procerus, a, um, adj., tor, issimus ; 
long; high in stature, tall. 

Processi. See Procedo. 

Procldmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. {fro 
fy clamo), to cry out, proclaim, 
exclaim. 

Proconsul, ulis, m. {pro <^ consul), 
a proconsul, one invested with 
the authority of a consul. 

Procubui. See Procumbo. 

Procul, adv., at a distance, far, far 
off. 

Proculus, i, m., Proculus, a Roman 
senator : I. 8. 

Procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitum, n. 
{pro 8/- cumbo, obs.), to lean for- 
ward ; to fall down, prostrate 
one's self 

Prodeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. {pro &/- 
eo), to go or come forth ; to ad- 
vance, proceed. 

Prodesse. See Prosura. 

Prodigium, i, n., a strange occur- 
rence ; a prodigy, miracle. 



Proditlo, 6nis,f. {prodo),a. discov- 
ery ; treachery, treason. 

ProdUor, oris, m., a betrayer, trai- 
tor : from 

Prodo, ere, didi, ditum, a. {pro ^ 
do), to bring forth; to make 
known, publish, disclose, betray. 

Produco, ere, duxi, ductum, a. {pro 
Sf duco), to lead out, bring forth. 

Prcelium, i, n., a fight, battle, en- 
gagement, contest, combat. Leve 
prcelium, a skirmish. Prcelium 
committere, to join, give, com- 
mence — . 

Profectio, onis, f. {projiciscor), a 
setting out, departure, journey. 

Profecto, adv. {pro Sf facto), cer- 
tainly, surely, truly, in truth, 
indeed, assuredly. 

Profectus, a, um, part, {proficis- 
cor). 

Profero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. {pro 
^fero), to bring forth or out; to 
make known, reveal ; to exhibit, 
show, produce ; to hold out, pre- 
sent. Proferre manum, to stretch 
or hold out — : to pronounce, 
express. 

Professus, a, um, part, {prqfiteor). 

Proficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. {pro 
S^facio), to advance, make prog- 
ress, effect. 

Proficiscor, i,fectus sum, dep. {pro 
Sffacio), to set out, go, depart. 

Profiteor, eri, essus sum, dep. {pro 
^ fateor), to profess, declare 
openly, acknowledge. J\'o7aen 
profiteri, to give in one's name, 
to make application for an ofRce. 

Prqfligo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {pro 
^ /«ig"o), to cast down, over- 
throw, conquer, defeat, over- 
come. 

Profugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, n. ^ 
a. {pro Sf fugio), to flee, fly, 
escape. Profugere ad aliquem, 



PROFUGUS— PROPONO. 



233 



to take refuge with, flee for suc- 
cor to — . 

Profdgus^ a, uin, adj. (profugio), 
fleeing, escaping by flight. Pro- 
fugus, i, TO., a runaway, fugitive. 

Profui. See Prosum. 

Profunda, ere.,fudi,fusum,a. (pro 
a^fundo), to pour forth; to lav- 
ish, waste, consume. 

Prqfusus, a, um, part. ^ adj. {pro- 
/tt/tf/o) , immoderate, extravagant, 
wasteful, profuse. 

Progredior, i, gressus sum, dcp. 
(pro 8^ gradior, to go), to go 
forth, advance, proceed. 

Progressus.) a, ura, part, (progre- 
dior). 

Proh, int., oh ! ah ! 

Prohiheo, ere, hibui, hihitum, a. 
(pro (^ habeo), to keep off, hin- 
der, prevent, prohibit. JVon pot- 
uit prohihere, quin traduceret, 
could not prevent from — . 

Proinde, adv. (pro S/- inde), hence, 
therefore. 

Projectus, a, um, part. 8^- adj., pro- 
jecting, extending- from 

Projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (pro 
&/• jacio), to throw forth; to cast, 
throw ; to expel. 

Proldbor, i, lapsus sum, dep., (pro 
^labor), to run or move forward ; 
to fall down, fall. 

Prolapsus, a, um, part, (prolabor). 

Proldtus, a, um, part, (profero). 

Promineo, ere, ui, n. (pro (^ mineo), 
to stand or jut out, be prominent, 
project; to lean out, bend for- 
ward. 

Promisi. See Promitto. 

Promissus,a,um,part.^ adj., Tprom- 
ised ; growing long, long : from 

Promitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. 
(pro (^ mitto), to let go forward ; 
to promise ; to raise an expecta- 
tion, bid fair. 

20* 



Prompt^, adv., ius, issime ; prompt- 
ly, quickly, readily : from 
Promptus, a, um,, adj. (promo), 

ior, issimus ; visible, manifest; 

prompt, vigorous, quick. 
Pronuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (pro 

S^ nuntio), to pronounce, utter, 

speak. 
Pronus, a, um, adj., bending for- 
ward ; disposed, prone, inclined. 
Propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to 

propagate; to increase, extend; 

to prolong, continue. 
Proph, adv. 8^ prep, with ace, near; 

nearly; almost; comp. prop ius, 

sup. proxime. Prope ab aliquo 

esse, to be near to, to be a short 

distance from — . 
Propediem, adv. (prope <^ dies), 

within a few days, shortly, very 

soon. 
Propello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (pro 

S/- pello), to drive before one's 

self; to ward off*, repel. 
Propemodum, adv. (prope ^ mo- 

dus), nearly, almost. 
Propendeo, ere, di, sum, n. (pro Sf 

pendeo), to hang down. 
Propen.sus, a, um, adj. (propendeo)^ 

hanging down. Pig-, inclined, 

disposed, favorable. 
Propere, adv. (propSrus, quick), 

in haste, hastily, speedily. 
Propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ 

a. (properus), to make haste, 

hasten ; to accelerate. 
Propinquus, a, um, adj. (prope)^ 

neighboring, near, at hand ; near 

of kin, allied. Propinquus, i, 

TO. <^'/-, a kinsman, kinswoman, 

relation. 
Propior, oris, adj. (prope), nearer, 

nigher, closer : sup. prozimus. 
Propius, adv. (comp. of prope)^ 

nearer, very near. 
ProponOf lire, osui, osUutti, a. (jwo 



234 



PROPOSITUM— PROXIMUS. 



4^ pono)^ to set out or expose to 
view ; to present, offer ; to set 
before, propose ; to publish, make 
known ; to propose, offer. 

Propositum, i, n. (propono)^ a de- 
sign, intention, purpose, object. 

Proprius, a, um, o-dj.., peculiar, 
particular, proper ; also for a 
possessive pronoun, as mens, 
tuus, suus, etc., one's own. 

Propter, adv. S/- prep, with the ace. 
(prope), near, close by; on ac- 
count of, by reason of, owing to. 

Propter ea, adv. (propter ^ ea), 
therefore, on that account. 

Propulso, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
(propello), to drive back, repel, 
avert, ward off. 

Proripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (pro 
^ rapio), to drag forth, Se pro- 
riper e, to hasten forth or away, 
rush out, run away, escape. 

Prorogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (pro cf 
Togo), to prolong, continue. 

Proscindo, ere, soldi, scissum, a. 
(pro (^ scindo), to tear; to re- 
vile, censure, taunt. Contume- 
liis proscindere, to revile. 

Proscrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a. 
(pro S^ scriho), to advertise; to 
proscribe or outlaw. 

Proscriptio, onis, f. (proscribo), a 
publishing in writing ; a pro- 
scription of one's effects, a pro- 
scription or outlawry. 

Proscriptus, a, um, part, (pro- 
scribo). 

Prosecntus, a, um, part. : from 

Prosequor, qui, cutus sum, dep. 
(pro ^ sequor), to follow after, 
follow, attend, accompany. 

Prosilio, ire, ui 8^ lvi,n. (pro <^ 
salio), to leap or jump forth, 
spring up. 

Prospectus, us, m. (prospicio, to 
look forward), a view, prospect. 



Prosper, eris, adj., favorable, pros- 
perous, fortunate. 

Prospere, adv. (prosper), happily, 
prosperously, fortunately, suc- 
cessfully. 

Prosterno, ere, strdvi, strdtum, a. 
(pro 4" sterno), to strew under ; 
to overturn, prostrate, overthrow, 
destroy. 

Prostrdtus, a, um, part, (prosterno). 

Prosum, desse, fui, irr. n. (pro ^ 
sum), to do good, profit, benefit; 
to avail, conduce. 

Protendo, ere, di, tum &/• sum, a. 
(pro Sf tendo), to stretch forth, 
extend. 

Protervh, adv., petulantly, inso- 
lently, impudently : from 

Protervus, a, um, adj. (protero, to 
tread down), shameless, impu- 
dent, bold. 

Protinus, adv. (pro ^ tenus), for- 
ward, onward; immediately, di- 
rectly, instantly. 

Protuli. See Profero. 

Provectus, a, um, part. : from 

Proveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a. (pro 
^ veho), to carry forth. Provehi^ 
to go forward, advance, sail for- 
ward. Provehi in altum, to put 
out to sea. 

Providus, a, um, adj. (provideo, to 
foresee), foreseeing, cautious, 
prudent, wise, considerate. 

Provincia, CB,f., a province, a for- 
eign country, subject to Roman 
authority, and governed by a pro- 
consul or propretor sent annually 
from Rome. 

Provdco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (pro <^ 
voco), to call forth; to appeal; 
to incite, provoke ; to challenge. 

Proximt, adv. (sup. of pr ope), next, 
very near, near, near to. 

Proximus, a, um, adj. (sup. ofpro- 
pior), very near, nearest, next 



PRUDENS— PULSUS. 



235 



following ; last : in proximo, sc. 
loco, in the neighborhood. Morti 
proximus, at the point of death ; 
— nearly related, intimate. Subs., 
proximi, drum, m. pi., relations, 
kinsmen. 

Prudeyis, lis, adj., foreseeing ; pru- 
dent, wise, discreet. 

Prudentia, ce, f. (prudens), a fore- 
seeing ; prudence, discretion ; 
understanding, capacity, genius, 
knowledge, science, skill. 

Prusias, ce, m., Prusias, a king of 
Bithynia: VI. 20. 

Pseudophiiippus, i, m., a false or 
pretended Philip, a name given 
to Andriscus, a man of humble 
birth, who pretended to be the 
son of Perseus : VII. 16. 

Psittdcus, i, m., a parrot. 

Psijlli, drum, m. pi., the Psylli, a 
people of Libya, celebrated for 
their skill in curing the bite of 
venomous serpents : IX. 35. 

PtolevKSu.'?, i, m., Ptolemy, the 
name of several kings of Egypt : 
VI. 30. 

Pubcr, eris, adj., of ripe years. 
Puber (Bias, mature age, age of 
puberty. 

Publicd, adv. (publicus), by public 
authority ; publicly ; at public 
expense, at the expense of the 
state. 

Pubiic5la, a;, m. (populus 4" cola), 
Publicola, a Roman cognomen in 
the Valerian gens. P. Valerius 
Publicola, a Roman consuJ, dur- 
ing the fir.-^t year of the expul- 
sion of Tarquin : II. 7. 

Pub'icus, a, um, adj. (populvs), 
of or belonging to the state, pub- 
lic, common. Publicum, i, n., 
any public place. Prodire or 
progredi in pub'icum, to appear 
in public. Publicd pecunid, at 



public expense, at the expense 
of the state. 

Publius, i, m., Publius, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Pudor, oris, m. (pudeo), shame 
modesty ; respect, reverence. 

Puella, (B,f., a girl. 

Puer, eri, m., a boy, lad. 

Puerllis, e, adj. (puer), boyish 
childish. Puerilis cetas, boy 
hood, childhood. 

Pueritia, <b, f. {puer), boyhood 
childhood, youth. 

Pugio, onis, m. (pungo), a dagger, 
dirk. 

Pugna, ce, f. (pugnus, a fist), a 
battle, fight, engagement, com 
bat, contest. 

Pugno, are, dvi, dtum, n. {pugna) 
to fight, engage, contend. Imp. 
pugnatur, a battle is fought, they 
fight. 

Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., rior 
errimus ; fair, beautiful ; honor 
able, glorious. 

Pulcher, chri, m., Pulcher, a Roman 
cognomen in the Claudian and 
C\od.'\?iX\ gentes. Appius Claudius 
Pulcher, a consul during the first 
Punic war: IV. 12. P. Clodius 
Pulcher, a tribune, and an enemy 
of Cicero : IX. 24. 

Pulchritudo, inis, f. (pulcher), 
beauty, fairness. 

Pullarius, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to young animals. Pullari- 
us, i, m., one who predicted 
future events by observing the 
feeding of chickens, a soothsay- 
er : fiirVl 

Pullus, i, m., a young animal j a 
chicken. 

Pullus, a, um, adj., blackish, dun. 
Pulla vestis, a mean dress, icorn 
by the poorer sort of people. 

Pulsus, a, um, part, (pello), ex- 



^'36 



PULVIS— QUAMVIS. 



pelled, driven away, banished ; 
repulsed, beaten. 

Pulvis, eris, m. 4^/., dust. 

Pungo^ ere, piipugi, punctum, a., 
to prick, sting; to trouble, vex, 
afflict, goad. 

Punicus, a, um, o,dj., Punic, Phe- 
nician, Carthaginian. 

Puri'O, ire, ivi <^ ii, Itum^ a., to 
punish, chastise. 

Purgo, are, dvi, atum, a., to 
cleanse, purify ; to excuse, jus- 
tify ; to absolve, acquit. 

Purpura, (e, /., the purple shell- 
fish ; purple. 

Pupureus, a, um, adj., of purple, 
purple. 

Purus, a, um, adj., pure, clean. 

Puto, are, dvi, dtum, a., to prune ; 
to esteem, reckon ; to think, 
judge, imagine, suppose. 

PyrencBus, i, m., the Pyrenees, a 
range of mountains between 
France and Spain : V. 11. 

Pijrrhus, i, m., Pyrrhus, king of 
the Epirots : 111. 14—18. 

a. 

Q.,an abbreviation of the prcenomen 
Quintus. 

Qua, adv. (qui), where, whither. 

Quadra gesivius, a, um, adj., the 
fortieth : from 

Quadraginta, ind. num. adj., for- 
ty- 

Quadrans, tis, m. (quadro, to 
square), the fourth part of any 
thing; a quarter, the fourth of 
an as, a farthing. 

QuadrigcE, drum, f. pi., a team 
of four horses ; a four-horse 
chariot. 

Quadrlmus, a, um, adj. (quatuor), 
four years old. 

Quadringenti, ce, a, num. adj. pi. 



{quatuor <^ centum), four hun- 
dred. 

Qucero, ere, slvi, situm, a., to seek, 
seek for; to inquire, ask; to ask 
for. Queer ere ah aliquo, to ask 
one ; — to get, gain, procure, ob- 
tain. Qucerere ad mortem, iosee^ 
for in order to put to death. 

QucBso, ere, a. S^ n., § 183, 7, to^. 
seek ; to pray, beg, beseech. 

QucEstio, onis, f. {qucero), a seek- 
ing, asking, inquiry, investiga- 
tion, question. 

Qucestor, oris, m. {qucero) , a seeker ; 
a quEestor, a magistrate who ^ 
had the care of the public reve- 9 
nues ; also a military officer 
who acted as the paymaster of 
the army. 

Qucestura, (B,f. {qucestnr), the office 
of quaestor, quaestorship. 

Quccstus, us, m. {qucero), a getting; 
a trade, employment, profession • 
gain, profit. 

Qualis, e, adj., of what kind, sort, 
nature ; as, such as. 

Qualiscunque, adj., of what kind of 
sort soever, of any sort soever. 

Quam, conj. S/- adv., how, how 
much ; tvith comparatives and 
words implying comparison, as, 
than ; with superlatives, with or 
without possum, as possible, as, 
quam maxima voce potuit, with 
as loud a voice as possible : 
quam celerrime, as speedily as 
possible. 

Quamdiu, conj. {quam 8/- din), as 
long as, how long. 

Quamubrem, conj. {quam, ob, 8^ 
rem), why ? wherefore .' for 
which reason. 

Quarnprtvium, adv. {quam Sf pri- 
mum), as soon as possible, with- 
out delay, very soon. 

Quamvis, conj. S/- adv. {quam ^ 



QUANDO— QUIPPE. 



237 



vis), as much as you will, how- 
ever much-, although. 

Quando, adv. ^^ conj.^ when, since. 

Quandoq2iidem, conj. {quando 8^ 
quidem), since, seeing that. 

Quanquam, co«j., although, though. 

Quantum, adv., as much as, how 
much, so far as. In comparisons, 
quantum is sometimes used in- 
stead of quam, than : from 

Quantus, a, um, adj., how great, 
as great as ; how much. Tantus 
— quantus, as great — as, so 
much — as. Quanta, all., by 
how much, by as much. 

Quapropter, adv. (qua S/' propter), 
for which reason, wherefore. 

Quare, adv. ^ conj. (quis ^ res), 
wherefore, for which reason, 
why. 

Quartdna, ce, f. (quartus), a quar- 
tan, quartan ague, an ague recur- 
ring once in four days. 

Quartiim, adv., for the fourth time, 
the fourth time : from 

Quartus, a, um, num. adj , the 
fourth. 

Quasi, conj., as if, just as if; as it 
were. 

Quater, adv. {quatuor), four times. 

Quatio, ere, — , quassum, a., to 
shake, agitate ; to beat, strike. 

Quatuor, ind. num. adj., four. 

Que, conj. enclitic, § 198, R. 2, and. 

Quemadmodum, conj. Sfadv. (quem, 
ad, <^ modum), in what manner, 
how; as. 

Querela, ce, f. (queror), a lament, 
complaint. 

Querimonia, <z, f., a lament, com- 
plaint : from 

Queror, i, questus sum, dep., to la- 
ment, bewail ; to complain, com- 
plain of. Liberis vocibus queri, 
to complain openly, boldly, or 
loudly. 



Questus, us,m. (queror), a lamenta- 
tion, complaint, lament. 

Questus, a, tim, part, (queror). 

Qui, qucB, quod, rel. pro., § 136, 
who, which, what, that. 

Qui, abl. of qui Sf quis, § § 136, R. 1, 
& 137, R. (6), how, in what 
way ; why. 

Quia, conj., because. 

Quicurnque, qu(BCumque, quodcum- 
que, rel. pro., § 136, (qui <^ cwm- 
que, soever), whoever, whatso- 
ever, whatever, every one who. 

Quid. See Quis. 

Quidarn, qucedam, quoddam or 
quiddam, pro., a certain ; a cer- 
tain one, one; pi., some, several, 
certain ; — a kind of. 

Quidem, conj., § 279, 3, indeed, 
also, truly, certainly. JVe — qui- 
dem, not even. 

Quies, etis, f, rest, repose, cessa- 
tion from labor, respite ; quiet, 
peace ; sleep, a dream. 

Quiesco, ere, evi, eturn, n. (quies), 
to rest, repose, take rest. 

Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), at 
rest, quiet, calm, tranquil. 

Quin, conj. 8/- adv. (qui 4^ ne), that 
not; but that, that ; but not ; nay. 
Haudprocul erat, quin agnosceret, 
was not far from recognizing, 
§ 262, R. 10. Quin? why not.' 

Quinquaginta, ind. num. adj., fifty. 

Quinque, ind. num. adj., five. 

Quinquies, adv. (quinque), five 
times. 

Quintius, ^, m., Quintius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Quintian 
gens. 

Quintus, a, um, num. adj. (quin- 
que), the fifth. 

Quintus, i,m.,a, Roman prcenomen. 

Quippe, conj., for, because ; indeed, 
in fact. Quippe qui, inasmuch 
as he, since or because he. 



238 



QUIRINUS— RAPINA. 



Qiiirlnus, i, m., Quirinus, a name 
given to Romulus after his death : 
1.8. 

Quirites, ium, m. pi., properly the 
inhabitants of Cures^ a town of the 
Sabines ; hence, after the union 
of the Romans and Sabines, the 
united people were called Qui- 
rites ; the Romans. 

fluis, qua, quid, interrog. pro., 
§ 137, who, which, what. Quid 
est? what is the matter ? Quid? 
what is the reason .? why .? 
what.? §235, R. 5. Quid ni? 
why not.' 

Quisnam, qucenam, qtddnam, pro. 
(quis ^ nam), who, which, 
what. 

Quisquam, qucequam, quidquam 
or quicquam, indef. pro. {quis <^ 
quam), gen. cujusquam ; any 
one, any man, any thing. 

Quisque, quoeque, quodque or quid- 
que, pro. {quis fy que), every, 
every man, every one, each. 

Quisquis, quisquis, quidquid ^ 
quicquid, rel. pro., § 136, {quis <^ 
quis), whoever, whosoever, what- 
ever, whatsoever. 

Qud, adv. {qui), where, whither, 
to or in which place ; for which 
reason, wherefore ; that, in or- 
der that. 

Quoad, adv. {quo S/- ad), till, until ; 
as long as. 

Quocumque, adv. {quo Sf cumque), 
to whatsoever place, whitherso- 
ever, whatever way, which way 
soever. 

Quod. See Qui. 

Qudd, conj , that, wherefore ; be- 
cause. JVihil est quod, there is 
no reason why. 

Quominus, adv. {quo <^ minus), 
that not. After clauses denoting 
hinderance, § 263, R. 9, from, 



with the present participle of the 
verb following it, as, impediri 
quominus adesset, — from being 
present or assisting. 

Quomodo, adv. (^ conj. {quo <^ mo- 
do), in what manner, how. 

Quoniam, conj. {quum &/• jam), 
seeing that, since, because. 

Qudque, conj., § 279, 3, also, like- 
wise ; even. 

Quorsum, adv. {quo &/- versum), to- 
ward what place, whither, to 
what end, intent, or purpose, 
which way. 

Quot, ind. num. adj. pi., as many 
as, how many. Tot — quot, so 
many — as. 

Quotididnus, adj. {quotidie, daily), 
daily, ordinary, common, usual, 
e very-day. 

Quoties, adv. {quot, how many), 
how often .? how many times .? 
as often as, as. 

Quotiescumque, adv. {quoties 8^ 
cumque), how often soever, as 
often as. 

Quousque, adv. {quo <^ usque), how 
long, how far ; until. 

Quum, adv. Sf conj., when ; while ; 
since, as, because ; though, al- 
though. Quum — tum, not only 
— but also, both— and, as — so 
also. 

R. 

Racilia, ce, /., Racilia, the wife of 

Cincinnatus : II. 16. 
Radix, ids, f, the root of a tree, 

plant, &c., or bottom of a hill or 

mountain. Sub Mpium radici- 

bus, at the foot of — . 
Ramus, i, m., a branch, bough, 

arm of a tree. 
Rapidus, a, um, adj. {rapid), swift, 

rapid, vehement. 
Rapina, cB,f., robbery, rapine, plun- 



RAPIO— REDIMO. 



2539 



dering; a carrying off by force : 
from 

Rapio, ere, pui, ptum, a., to rob, 
carry off by force ; to snatch, 
seize ; to drag, hurry away ; to 
hurry away to execution. 

Raptus, a, um, part, (rapio). 

Rapum, 2, w., a turnip. 

Rard, adv., not often, rarely, sel- 
dom : from 

Rarus, a, um, adj., rare, thin, scat- 
tered ; rare, extraordinary. 

Ratio, onis, f. (rear), a reckoning, 
account ; regard, respect, con- 
sideration, reason ; a design, 
plan, purpose ; interest. Habere 
rationem, or rationem alicujus, 
to have a care or regard for — . 

Ratus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (reor), 
thinking, deeming; firm, estab- 
lished, certain. 

Rebello, are, dvi, dtum^ n. (re ^ 
hello), to begin war again ; to 
rebel, revolt. 

Recede, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (re ^ 
cedo), to retire, withdraw, re- 
cede. 

Recens, tis, adj.., fresh, new, re- 
cent. 

Recepius, a, um, part, (recipin). 

Receptus, us, m. (reciplo), a taking 
back ; a place of refuge, asylum ; 
a retiring, retreat. 

Recessus, us, m. (recedo), a retiring ; 
a retired place ; a bay, gulf 

Recido, ere, cidi, n. (re &/- cado), 
to fall back ; to recoil } to fall 
upon. 

Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (re <^ 
capio), to take or seize again; 
to retake, recover; to take, re- 
ceive; admit. Recipere se, to 
return, come back ; to retreat, 
retire. 

Reconciliatio, 6nis,f., a restoration, 
reconciliation : from 



Reconcllio, arc, dvi, dtum, a. (re i^ 
concilia), to bring back ; to rec- 
oncile, conciliate. Reconciliare 
gratiam, to make or effect a 
reconciliation. 

Recreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re fy 
creo), to remake, restore, renew; 
to refresh, comfort, relieve. 

Recti, adv. (rectus), in a straight 
or direct line ; rightly, properly. 

Rectus, a, um, adj., right, straight, 
direct. Rectd, sc. vid, direct- 
ly, straightforward, right on, 
straight. 

Recupero, are, dvi, dtum, a., to 
regain, recover. 

Recuso, are, dvi, dtum, n. «^ a. (re 
^ causa), to make objection 
against ; to be reluctant, un- 
willing, loath ; to refuse, decline. 
Sententiam ne diceret, recusare, 
to refuse to vote. 

Redactus, a, um, part, (redigo). ' 

Reddo, ere, didi, dltum, a. (re &/■ 
do), to give back, restore, re- 
turn ; to render, make ; to give, 
administer, deliver; to give forth, 
send forth. Extremum reddere 
spiritum, to breathe one's last 
breath. 

Redemi. See Redimo, 

Redegi. See Redigo. 

Redeo, ire, ii, ttum, irr. n. (re ^ 
eo), to return, come back. 

Rediens, euntis, part, (redeo). 

Redigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (re ^ 
ago), to bring back, reduce, con- 
strain, compel, force, subject. 

Redlmio, ire, ivi, itum, a., to bind 
round, wreath, crown, encircle. 

Redimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (re 
S/- emo), to buy back, purchase 
again ; to purchase ; to redeem, 
ransom. Publicd pecunid redi- 
mi, to be repurchased or re- 
placed at public expense. 



240 



REDINTEGRO— RELINQUO. 



Redintigro, are, dvi^ dtum, a. (re 
^ imegro^ to renew), to renew, 
refresh, begin anew. 

Rediturus, a, um, part, (redeo). 

Redltus, us, TO. (redeo)^ a return; 
income, revenue. 

Reduco^ ere, duxi^ ductum, a. (re 8/' 
duco), to bring back, conduct 
back ; to restore, reinstate. 

Redux, ucis,m. <^/., brought back, 
returned, returning. 

Refero, ferre, tuli, Idtura, a. (re (^ 
fero)^ to bring or carry back ; to 
return, restore ; to get, obtain, 
acquire, bear away ; to tell, re- 
late ; to count, number, reckon; 
to refer, point, direct ; to attrib- 
ute, ascribe, impute ; to register, 
record, enter, set down. In tab- 
ulas refcrre, to enter (in one's) 
account-book. 

Reflccto, ere, flexi, fiexum, a. (re Sf 
flecto), to bend or turn back. 

Reformido, are, a. ^ n. (re <^ for- 
inldo, to fear), to fear, dread. 

Refoveo, ere, fovi, fotum, a. (re ^ 
foveo), to cherish, refresh, re- 
store, revive. 

Refractus, a, um, part. : from 

Refrlngo, ere, fregl, fr actum, a. 
(re <^ frango), to break, break 
open ; to repress, weaken, de- 
stroy. 

Refugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, a. &/• 
n (re ^ fuglo), to flee back, 
retreat ; to recede, retire, re- 
treat; to fear, shun, avoid. 

Refulgeo, ere, fulsi, n. (re &/• ful- 
geo), to be resplendent, shine 
bright, glitter. 

RegdUs, e, adj. (rex) , kingly, royal, 
regal, princely. 

Regia, (E,f. (regius), a palace. 

Regillus, i, TO., or Regillus Lacus, 
Lake Regillus, a lake of Latium, 
near Rome : II. 8. 



Reglna, (B,f. (rex), a queen. 

Regie, dnis, f. (;rego), a line ; a 
boundary, limit; a region, coun- 
try, territory. 

Regius, a, um, adj. (rex), of a 
king, kingly, royal, princely. 

Regno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 8/- n., to 
be king; to reign, have power, 
be powerful : from 

Regnum, i, n. (rex), a kingdom, 
sovereignty. 

Rego, ere, rexi, rectum, a., to di- 
rect ; to manage, guide ; to rule, 
govern. 

Regrcdior, i, gressus sum, dep. (re 
Sf gradior), to go back, return. 

Regressus, a, um, part, (regredior). 

Regressus, us, to. (regredior), a 
return, 

Regulus, i, TO., Regulus, a Roman 
cognomen. Jitilius Regulus, a 
consul who commanded an army 
in Africa during the first Punic 
war: IV. 7— 11. 

Rejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (re ^ 
jacio), to cast or throw back; to 
drive back, repel ; to reject, neg- 
lect, refuse, spurn. 

Reldbor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (re ^ 
labor), to slide back, flow back. 

Reldtus, a, um, part, (refero). 

Relego, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re &^ 
lego), to send away, remove; to 
banish, exile. 

Relictus, a, um,part. (relinquo). 

Religio, dnis, f (relego, to read 
again), religion, religious rites 
and institutions ; devotion, pie- 
ty ; a religious obligation ; a re- 
ligious scruple ; superstition. 

Religiosus, a, um, adj., ior, issi- 
mus, (religio), sacred, holy. 

Retigo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re 8^ 
ligo), to bind back, bind, tie, 
fasten. 

Relinquo, ere, llqui, lictum, a. (re <^ 



RELIQUI— REPONO 



241 



linguo), to leave behind, leave; 
to bequeath; to forsake, aban- 
don. 

Reliqid. See Relinquo. 

Reliquice, drum^f. pi., the remains, 
relics, remainder, rest, remnant : 
from 

Reltquus, a, um, adj. (relinquo), 
remaining, the rest. Reliquum 
tempus anni, the remainder, the 
rest — . 

Reluceo, ere, luxi, n. (re ^ luceo), 
to shine, glitter. 

Remdneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n (re 
^ maneo), to remain, continue. 

Remedium, i, n., (re S^ medior), a 
medicine, remedy, 

Remissio, dnis,f., a throwing back ; 
an abating, diminishing, remis- 
sion, relaxation, recreation : from 

Remitio, ere, 7nisi, missum, a. (re 
4^* mitto), to send back ; to send ; 
to loosen, slacken, relax, abate, 
remit, cease ; to dispense with. 
Remittere alicui aliquid, to excuse 
one from — . Ad otium animum 
remittere, to give up to — . 

Remotus, a, um, part. <^ «</;'., re- 
moved ; remote, afar off: from 

Removeo, ere, movi, motum, a. (re 
4^ moveo), to remove, withdraw, 
take away. 

Remuneror, dri, dtus sum, dep. (re 
8/- muneror), to remunerate, re- 
ward, recompense, requite. 

Remus, i, m., Remus, the twin- 
brother of Romulus: I. 1. 

Renascor, i, ndtus sum, dep. (re ^ 
nascor), to rise or be born again, 
spring up again, be renewed. 

Renovo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re <^ 
novo), to renew, restore; to re- 
fresh, revive, recover. 

Renuntio, or Renuncio, are, dvi, 
dtum, a. (re &/• nuntio), to bring 
or carry word back, report, de- 

21 



clare, announce, relate ; to re- 
nounce, give up, disclaim. 

Renuo, ere, nui, a. (re Sf nuo), to 
deny or disapprove by nodding 
or winking ; to refuse, deny. 

Renuto, are, n.freq. (renuo), to be 
against; not to desire; to refuse, 

Reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to reck- 
on ; to suppose, think, imagine, 
deem, believe. 

Repello, ere,puli, pulsum, a. (re &/> 
pello), to drive back, repulse, 
keep off, repel, reject, refuse. 

Rependo, ere, pendi, pensum, a. (re 
^ pendo), to weigh back ; to re- 
turn, pay back ; to pay in equal 
weight. 

Repent^, adv. (repens), suddenly, 
on a sudden, unexpectedly, un- 
awares; instantly, immediately. 

Repentinus, a, um, adj. (repens, 
sudden), unlooked for, unexpect- 
ed, sudden. 

Reperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (re ^ 
pario), to find again ; to find ; to 
perceive, discover, find out. 

Rcpeto, ere, ivi <^ it, itum, a. (re ^ 
peto), to ask or demand again, 
claim, demand back ; to return ; 
to trace back, retrace, seek again. 
Repetere res, to demand back 
property ; to demand satisfaction. 

Repetundce, drum, f. pi., or pecunia 
repeiund<B, (properly, the parti- 
ciple of repeto, for repetendcB^ 
§ 162, 20), money or any thing 
else to be restored ; extortion, 
the taking of money or other 
property contrary to laio while 
one commanded in a province. 

Repleo, ere, evi, etiim, a. (re ^ plea, 
obs.), to fill again, replenish ; to 
fill, supply. 

Repono, ere, osui, ostium, a. (re ^ 
pono), to place again, replace; 
to keep, preserve, reserve. 



242 



REPORTO-^RESFONSUM. 



Reporto, are, dvi, dium, a. (re fy 
porto), to carry back; to bring 
back, report. 

Reposco, ere, a. {re Sfposco), to de- 
mand again or back; to ask. ex- 
act, require. 

Reposui. See Repono. 

Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (re S^ 
prehendo), to catch again ; to re- 
prove, blame, censure, find fault 
with. 

Repromitto^ ere, misi, misstim, a. 
(re S/- promiito), to promise in 
return, promise. 

Repudio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (repu- 
dluni), to reject, refuse ; to di- 
vorce, repudiate. 

Repuerasco, ere, n. inc. (re ^ puc- 
rasco, to attain the age of youth), 
to become a boy again, become 
young again. 

Repugno, dre, dvi, dtum,. n. (re 
&/• pugno), to fight or contend 
against, resist, oppose. 

Repulsa, ee, f. (repeUo), a repulse, 
denial, failure of being elected, 
loss of election, defeat. 

Repurgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re 8^ 
pur go), to clean, cleanse ; to 
clear. 

Reputo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re &/• 
puto), to reckon, calculate, com- 
pute ; to consider. 

Reguiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, a. 
(re ^ qucero), to seek again > to 
demand, require ; to seek for, 
search after. 

Res, rei,f., a thing, an occurrence, 
event, circumstance, affair, mat- 
ter, business ; property, effects, 
goods ; purpose, object. Res, 
followed by publica or an adjec- 
tive relating to country, as Ro- 
mana, etc., signifies the state, 
empire, government, republic, 
commonwealth ; in military lan- 



guage, the management of a 
war : — undertaking, perform- 
ance ; action, deed, exploit. 

Rescindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. 
(re ^ scindo), to cut off, destroy, 
break down, demolish, pull 
down; to annul, abolish, make 
void. 

Rescissus, a, um,part. (rescindo). 

Reseco, dre, cui, ctum &/• cdtum, a. 
(re 8f seco), to cut off, pare away ; 
to restrain, check. 

Resedi. See Resideo. 

Resero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re ^ 
sero, dre), to unbar, unlock, 
open, 

Reservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re ^ 
servo), to reserve, keep; to pre- 
serve, retain. 

Resido, ere, sedi, sessum, n. (re (^ 
sido), to sink or settle down, 
subside, abate. 

Resisto, ere, stiti, stitum, n. (re <^ 
sisto), to stand still, halt, stop ; 
to resist, withstand, oppose. 

Respergo, ere, si, sum, a. (re (^ 
spergo, to strew), to sprinkle ; 
to besprinkle. 

Respersus, a, um, part, (respergo). 

Respexi. See Respicio. 

Rcspicio, ere, spexi, spectum,, a. <^ 
n. (re S/- specio), to look back ; 
to regard, respect ; to look back 
at; to look at, look upon. 

Respiro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (re «§/■ 
spiro), to breathe, respire, take 
breath, recover. 

Respondeo, ere, di, sum, a. <^ n. 
(re Sf spondeo), to answer, reply. 
Responsum est, pass, imp., it was 
answered, the reply was made ; 
to appear, answer to one's name ; 
— to agree, correspond, harmo- 
nize, correspond with. 

Responsum, i, n. (respondeo)^ an 
answer, reply; a response. 



RESPONSUS— ROGO. 



243 



Responsus^ a, um,part. (rcspondeo). 

Respubllca^^ reipubllcce, f. (res <^ 
publicus), a republic, common- 
wealth, state ; public business. 

Rcstlti. See Resisto. 

Restituo, ere, ui, uium, a. (re S/- 
statuo), to set up again, replace ; 
to restore, rebuild, give back, re- 
instate ; to repair, restore to its 
former situation, put in order 
again; to renew; to heal, re- 
move, correct, remedy. 

Resumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, a. 
(re ^ sumo), to resume, take 
again. Somnum resumere, to fall 
asleep again. 

RcLcntus, a, mn, part, (retineo). 

Rethogtnes, is, m., Rethogenes, a 
Celtiberian noble : VII. 17. 

Retineo, ere, ui, tentum, a. (re ^ 
leneo), to hold back, stop, detain ; 
to retain, keep, preserve. 

Rctrdho, ere, traxi, tr actum, a. (re 
S^ traho), to draw back, bring 
back, withdraw. 

Relribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (re 4" 
tribuo), to give back, restore, re- 
turn. 

Retro, adv., behind, backwards, 
back. It is often redundant ; as, 
retro viam repetere, to trace back, 
retrace — . 

Retuli. See Refero. 

Reus, i, m. (res), a person accused 
in a court of justice ; a criminal, 
culprit, defendant; also. Reus, 
a, uin, adj., guilty. Reus fieri, 
to be accused, brought to trial. 

RevCra, adv. (re 4^ vera), indeed, 
really, truly, in truth, in fact. 

Reverentia, cB,f. (revereor, to fear), 
respect, regard; reverence, awe. 

Reversus, a, um, part, (revertor). 

Reverto, ere, ti, sum, a. ^71., S/- 
Rivtrtor, ti, sus sum, dep. (re 8," 
verto), to return, coxae back. 



Revoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (re 4- 
voco), to call again ; to call back, 
recall. Rerocare ingenium ab 
aliquo, to recall the mind from, 
to cure one of any thing. 

Rex, regis, m. (rego), a ruler ; a 
king, sovereign, monarch, 

Rhea, a:, f. (Sylvia), Rhea Sylvia, 
daughter of Numitor and mother 
of Romulus and Remus : I. 1. 

Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine, a river 
of Germany : IX. 8. 

Rhetor, oris, m., a teacher of rhet- 
oric, rhetorician. 

Rhoddnus, i, m., the Rhone, a river 
of France: VIII. 11. 

Rhodus, i, f., Rhodes, an island 
containing a city of the same 
name, near the coast of Caria, 
in Asia Minor : VII. 21. 

Rideo, ere, risi, visum, n. «^ a., to 
laugh ; to laugh at, ridicule. 

Rigo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to water, 
irrigate. 

Rigor, oris, m., stiffness ; rigor, 
severity. 

Ripa, «,/., the bank of a river. 

Risi. See Rideo. 

Risus, us, m. (rideo, to laugh), a 
laughing, laughter, laugh. Risui 
esse or movere alicui, to occa- 
sion laughter for, be laughed at 

.by-. 

Rite, adv , in due form, rightly, 
with proper ceremonies ; accord- 
ing to custom. 

Rilus, xls, m., a rite, ceremony ; a 
custom, manner. 

Rixa, a:,f., a quarrel, brawl ; a dis- 
pute, strife, contention. 

Robur, oris, n., the oak; strength, 
vigor, firmness, energy. 

Robustus, a, um, adj. (robur), of 
oak ; hard, firm, solid, robust, 
strong, stout, sturdy. 

Rogo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. ^ n., to 



244 



ROGUS— SAGINO. 



ask, inquire, request, beg, sue 
for. 

Rogus^ i, m., a funeral pile. 

Roma, (B,f., Rome, a city of Lati- 
um, in Italy, on both sides of the 
Tiber, ft was the capital of the 
ancient Roman empire : I. 5. 

Romdnus, a, urn, adj. {Roma), Ro- 
man. Romdni, orum^ m. pL, the 
Romans. 

RoivMus, i, m., Romulus, son of 
Rhea Sylvia, and founder of 
Rome : I. 1—8. 

Rostrum, i, n., the beak of a bird ; 
the beak of a ship ; pi., the ros- 
trum or rostra, a place in front 
of the senate-house of Hostilius, 
adorned with the beaks of cap- 
tured ships. 

Ruber, bra, brum, adj., red, ruddy. 

Rudis, e, adj., uncultivated, raw, 
unpolished, unskilled, inexpert, 
rude, ignorant. 

Rvfinus, i, VI., Rufinus, a Roman 
cognomen in the Cornelian gens. 
Cornelius Rufinus, a Roman con- 
sul : III. 22. 

Rufus, i, m., Rufus, a Roman cog- 
nomen. M. Minucius Rufus, a 
master of horse under Fabius 
Maximus : V. 4. P. Rut'dius Ru- 
fus, a consul, A. U. 647 : VII. 26. 

Rulna, (E,f. (ruo), a fall, downfall; 
ruin, destruction ; a ruin. 

Rumor, oris, in., noise, bustle ; re- 
port, rumor. 

Rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a., to 
break ; to break off, interrupt. 

Ruo, ere,i, rutum, n. S/- a., to throw 
down, overturn, overthrow, de- 
stroy ; to rush headlong, rush, 
hasten. 

Rupes, is,f., a rock, crag, cliff. 

Rursum, 8^ Rursus, adv., back- 
wards, back ; again. 

Rus, ruris, n., the country. Rus, 



ace, to the country, § 237, R. 4. 
Rure, or ruri, in the country, 
§ 254, R. 1. 

Rusticor, dri, dep., to be or dwell 
in the country, rusticate : frorn 

RusCicus, a, um, adj. (rus), per- 
taining to the country, rustic, 
rural ; plain, simple, rude, un- 
polished. 

Rutilius, i, m., Rutilius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Rutilian 
gens. 

s. 

Sablni, drum, m. pi., the Sabines, 
a people of Italy, near Rome : 
II. 5. 

Sacer, era, crum, adj., consecrated, 
holy, sacred. Via Sacra, the 
sacred street in Rome, leading 
up to the capitol : II. 6. 

Sacer dos, Otis, m. ^ f. (sacer), a 
priest or priestess. 

Sacramentum, i, n. (sacro, to con- 
secrate), any thing sacred; an 
oath. MiliticB sacramentum, a 
military oath. 

Sacrificium, i, n. {sacrifico, to sac- 
rifice), a sacrifice. 

Sacrum, i, n. {sacer), any thing 
sacred or consecrated to the 
gods ; a sacrifice, sacred rite. 

Scepe, adv., scepius, scepissime ; 
often, many times, frequently ; 
the comparative saspius is often 
used for saspe. 

ScBvio, ire, ivi or ii, Uum, n. {sce- 
vus), to rage, be fierce, be cruel, 
exercise one's cruelty, vent one's 
rage. 

Savitia, «,/., harshness, severity; 
violence, cruelty : from 

Scevus, a, um, adj., rigorous, se- 
vere, cruel. 

Sagino, are, dvi, dtum, a. {sagma, 
a fattening), to fatten; to feed. 



SAGITTA— SCiEVOLA. 



245 



Sagllla^ cE,f.^ an arrow, dart. 

Sagulum, i, n. dim., a soldier's 
cloak or cassock ; a travelling 
cloak : from 

Sagum, z, w., a soldier's cloak. 

Saguntum, i, w., Saguntum, a city 
of Spain, near the Ebro : V. 1. 

Sal, sails, m. 8/" n.; pi. m., salt. 

Salii, drum, m. pi. (salio, to leap), 
the Salii, or priests of Mars : I. 9. 

Sdlinator, oris, m., Salinator, a 
Roman cognomen in the Livian 
gens. M. Livius Salinator, a 
Roman who commanded the 
city of Tarentum when it was 
taken by Hannibal : V. 5. 

Salinum, i,n. (salinus, relating to 
salt), a salt-cellar. 

Saliva, ce,f., spittle, spit. Pinguis 
saliva, thick — . 

Saltern, adv., at least. 

Salto, are, dvi, dtum, n. ^ a. freq. 
{salio, to leap), to dance. 

Saltus, us, m. (salio), a leaping, 
leap. Saltu se demittere, to leap 
down. Ferri IcBto saltu, to bound 
or leap joyfully along ; — a for- 
est, thicket, thick wood. 

Saluher, bris, bre, adj., healthful, 
salubrious, healthy } useful, prof- 
itable, advantageous : from 

Solus, utis, f., health ; safety, de- 
liverance, preservation; a greet- 
ing, salutation. 

Salutdris, e, adj. (salus), salutary, 
healthful. 

Salutatio, onis, f (saluto), a sa- 
luting, salutation, greeting. 

Salutdtor, oris, m., a saluter, cour- 
tier : from 

Saluto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (salus), 
to Salute, greet, pay respect to. 

Salvus, a, um, adj., unhurt, unin- 
jured, safe. 

Sambuceus, a, um, adj. (sambucus, 

an elder- tree), made of elder, 

21* 



Samnitis, e, adj., Samnite. Sam- 
nltes, um, m. pi., the Samnites, 
a people of Italy : III. 8. 

Sanctus, a, um, adj. ^ part, (sancioy 
to consecrate), sacred, inviola- 
ble ; holy ; upright, honest, vir- 
tuous, just. 

San^, adv. (sanus), reasonably, so- 
berly ; truly, indeed, certainly. 

Sanguinolentus , a, um, adj., bloody, 
cruel : from 

Sanguis, inis, m., blood. 

Sanus, a,um, adj., sound in health, 
healthy ; well, sane. 

Sapiens, tis, adj. S^ part., tor, issi- 
mus, (sapio), wise, judicious. 
Sapiens, tis, m., a wise man, a 
sage. 

Sapientia, ce, f (sapiens), wisdom, 
prudence, discretion ; knowl- 
edge. 

Sapio, ere, ivi, n., to taste ; to be 
wise, understand. 

Sarmentum, i, n., a sere branch 
cut off; a twig. 

Satelles, Uis, m. 8^ f., a life-guard, 
attendant, guard, body-guard. 

Satio, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to satiate, 
satisfy, tire : from 

Satis, adv. S^ adj. ind., satius ; 
enough, sufficient ; sufficiently, 
in a sufficient degree; tolerably. 
Satis magnus, considerable, pret- 
ty large. Satis bene, tolerably 
well, pretty well. Satius, better, 
preferable. Satis annorum ha- 
bere, to be old enough. 

Saturnlnus, i, m., Saturninus, a 
Roman cognomen. L. .^pvleius 
Saturninus, a factious tribune of 
the people: VII. 21. 

Saucius, a, um, adj., wounded. 

Saxum, i, n., a rock ; a stone. 

Scmvola, ce, m. (scoevoia, one who 
is left-handed), ScaB\ ola, a Ro- 
man cognomen in the Mucian 



246 



SCALiE— SECO. 



gens. C. Mucins Sccevola, a brave 
Roman soldier : II. 5. 

Scales, drum, f. pi. {scando, to 
mount), a ladder, stair. 

Scapka, ffi,/., a skiff, bark, boat. 

Scaurus, i, m., Scaurus, a Roman 
cognomen in the ^aiilian gens. 
M. JEmilius Scaurus, a Roman 
consul, A. U. C. 637: VII. 23. 

Scelerdtt, adv., wickedly, impious- 
ly : from 

Scelerdtus, a, urn, adj., wicked, 
impious ; cursed, infamous ; pol- 
luted or tainted with crime ; 
unlucky, unfortunate ; from 

Scelero, are, dvi, dtum, a. (scelus), 
to pollute, stain, defile, contami- 
nate. 

Scelesth, adv. (scelestus, wicked), 
wickedly, impiously. 

Scelus, eris, n., a crime; impiety, 
wickedness. 

Schola, «,/., a school. 

Scidi. See Scindo. 

Scientia, ce, f. {sciens, knowing), 
knowledge, science, skill. 

Scilicet, adv. (scire 8/- licet), it is 
evident ; truly, in truth, cer- 
tainly, doubtless, indeed ; to wit, 
namely ; forsooth. 

Scindo, ire, scidi, scissum, a., to 
cut, tear, rend. 

Scio, ire, ivi, ilum, a., to know; 
with an infinitive, to know how. 

Scipio, onis, m., a staff. 

Scipio, onis, m., Scipio, a Roman 
cognomen in the Cornelian and 
Cecilian genies. P. Cornelius 
Scipio .BEmilianus Africanus, the 
son of L. -^milius Paulus, and 
grandson, by adoption, of P. 
Scipio Africanus, the elder : VI. 
32, & VII. 1. Publius Corneli- 
us Scipio JVasica, a Roman con- 
sul, A. U. 614: VI. 3—5. q. 
CcecUius Metellus Scipio, a con- 



sul with Pompey, A. U. 700: 
IX. 10. P. Cornelius Scipio, a 
Roman consul, A. U. 534, who 
was defeated at the River Tici- 
nus, by Hannibal : V. 2. P. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Africanus, an illus- 
trious Roman general, by whom 
Hannibal was defeated at the 
battle of Zama : V. 19. L. Cor- 
nelius Scipio Asiaticus, brother 
of Scipio Africanps, conquered 
King Antiochus : V. 33, & VI. 
1 &2. 

Sciscitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (scis- 
00, to inquire), to inquire, de- 
mand, ask. 

Scriba, <z, m., any one who writes ; 
a scribe, secretary, clerk, aman- 
uensis : from 

Scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a., to 
engrave, imprint; to write. 

Scripsi. See Scribo. 

Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a writer, 
author. 

Scriptus, a, um, part, (scribo). 

Scrutor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
search, explore. 

Sculpo, ere, sculpsi, sculptum, a., 
to carve in stone, cut, engrave, 
sculpture. 

Scurra, ce, m., a buffoon, jester, 
scoffer. 

Scutum, i, n., a buckler, shield, 
target. 

Se. See Sui. 

Sect do, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (se fy 
cedo), to retire, withdraw, re- 
treat ; to secede, separate. 

Secerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. (se ^ 
cerno), to sever, separate, divide ; 
to except. 

Secessi. See Secedo. 

Secessus, us, m. (secedo), a separa- 
tion; departure; a retreat. 

Seco, dre, cui, ctum, a., to cut, cut 
off. 



SECRETO— SENESCO. 



247 



Secret^, adv., separately, apart, 
aside; secretly, privately : /ro?« 

Secretus, a, urn, adj. ^' part, (se- 
cerno), separate, apart ; secret. 
Secretum, i, 7i., a retired place. 

Secui. See Seco. 

Secum,far cum se. 

Secundarius^ o, wm, adj. {secun- 
dus), of the second sort, second- 
ary ; of the second quality, in- 
ferior. 

Secundum, adv. 4* prep, with the 
ace., after, nigh, near; next, in 
the next place, in the second 
place : from 

Secundus, a, urn, adj. (seqi/or), 
following; the second ; prosper- 
ous, successful, favorable. 

Seciiris, is, f., § 79, 3, (seco), an 
axe or h-itchet. Sccuri ferire or 
percutere, to behead. 

Secus, adv., otherwise, differently. 
Secus ac or atque, otherwise 
than. JVon secus ac, just as. 
Haud secus, not otherwise, not 
less. 

Secuturus, a, um, part, (sequor). 

Secfitu^, a, um, part, (sequor). 

Sed, co»j., § I9i, 4. but. 

Sedeo, ere. sedi, sessum, n., to sit; 
to remain, stay, rest, dwell. 

Sedes, is, f. (sedeo), a seat, place 
to sit on ; an abode, habitation, 
residence ; a site. 

Sed- 'in, onis, f., a separation ; a 
dissension, discord, strife, sedi- 
tion, insurrection. 

Scd lit s, dlis,f. (seduhis, careful), 
car<-fulness, diligence, assiduity, 
industry, zeal, earnestness 

Segnis. €, ar'j., ior ; inactive, dull, 
heavy, stupid, slothful, slow ; un- 
fruitful, unproductive, useless. 

Segn'ter, adv., segniiis, (segnis), 
inactively, slowly, slothfully, 
remissly, inertly. 



Segnitia, CB, f., ^ Scgnities, ei, f. 
(segnis), sloth, laziness, inactiv- 
ity, remissness, supineness. 

Seipsum. See Sui, and Ipse. 

Sellbra, ce, f. (semi, half, c^- libra), 
the half of a pound or as ; six 
ounces. 

Sella, ce,f., a seat, chair; a sedan, 
litter. 

Semel, adv., a single time, once. 
.Yon semel, not once only, more 
than once, often. 

Semen, mis, n., seed. 

Semet. See Sui. 

Semetipsum, himself, themselves, 
&c. See Sui, and Ipse. 

Semi, or Semis, adj. ind., a hi If. 

Semper, adv., always, ever, forever. 

Sempilernus, a, um, adj. (semper), 
continual, perpetual, endless, 
everlasting. 

Sempronius, i, m., Sempronius, a 
Roman name belonging to the 
Sempronian gens. T. Sempro- 
nius Longus, a consul defeated 
by Hannibal at the River Trebia : 
V. 2. 

Semuncia, (B,f., half an ounce. 

Sena, ce, /., Sena, a town of Um- 
bria, on the Adriatic : V. 18. 

Senator, oris, m. (scnex, an old 
man), a senator. 

Scnatorius, a, um, adj. (senator), 
of or belonging to a senator, 
senatorial. 

Sendi.vs, us, m. (stnex), a senate ; 
the senate at Rome. 

Senatuscunsultum, i, n., an act, or- 
dinance, or decree of the senate. 

Senecta, ce, f. (stnex), age, old age, 
the same as Seneclus. 

Senectus, vtis, f. (senex), old age, 
age. 

Senesco, ere, senvi, n. inc. (senco, 
to be old), to grow old; to wane, 
decrease. 



248 



SENEX— SERVIO. 



Senex, is^ adj., senior; old, aged. 
Senex, is, m. (^ /., an old man 
or woman. 

Senilis, e, adj. (senex), of or per- 
taining to old age or old men ; 
old, advanced. 

Senior, oris, adj. (comp. of senex), 
older, elder. Senior, oris, m., 
an old man, an elder. 

Senium, i, n., age, old age, de- 
crepitude. 

Senones, um, m. pL, the Senones, 
a people of Gaul: II. 21. 

Sensi. See Sentio. 

Sensim, adv. (sentio), by little and 
little, gradually; insensiblj^, im- 
perceptibly. 

Sensus, us, m. (sentio), sensation, 
feeling ; sense, understanding, 
comprehension, perception. Sen- 
sim sine sensu, by little and little 
without being perceived, grad- 
ually and imperceptibly. 

Sententia, «,/., opinion, idea; res- 
olution, purpose, judgment, sen- 
tence. Sententiam dicer e, to give 
one's opinion or vote ; to vote. 
Ex sententid, according to one's 
wish or desire, happily, prosper- 
ously, successfully : from 

Sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, a., to 
perceive, feel; to think, judge; 
to notice, observe, discover, un- 
derstand, perceive, find out, 
know. 

Separdtim, adv. (separdtus, sepa- 
rate), apart, separately. 

SepeJio, ire, ivi ^ ii, sepultum, a., 
to bury, inter. 

Sepes, is,f., a hedge, fence. 

Sepio, ire, sepsi, septum, a. (sepes), 
to hedge in, fence ; to surround, 
enclose; to guard, garrison. 

Septem, ind. num. adj., seven. 

September, hris, m. (srptem), Sep- 
tember. 



Septemdecim, ind. num. adj. (sep' 
tem ^ decern), seventeen. 

Septeni, m, a, num. distributive adj. 
(septem), seven each; seven. 

Septimuieius , i, m., Septimuleius, 
a man's name : VII. 12. 

Septimus, a, um, adj. (septem), the 
seventh. 

Septuagesimus, a, um, adj. (septua- 
ginta, seventy), the seventieth. 

Sepulchrum, i, n. (sepelio), a grave, 
tomb, mound, sepulchre. 

Sepultura, «, /. (sepelio), burial, 
interment. 

Sepultus, a, um, part, (sepelio). 

Sequor, i, cutvs sum, dep., to go 
or come after, follow, ensue ; 
to accompany, attend ; to pur- 
sue, follow after; to conform to, 
be governed by ; to follow up, 
prosecute ; to follow after, seek 
for, court. 

Sergius, i, m., Sergius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Sergian 
gens. 

Serid, adv., in earnest, seriously : 
from, 

Serius, a, tim, adj , serious, grave, 
in earnest. Seria, drum, n. pi., 
grave affairs, serious business. 

5'<;rmo,oni5,m., a discourse, speech, 
language, conversation ; a lan- 
guage, dialect. 

Serd, adv., late, too late ; in the 
evening, late in the evening. 

Sertorius, i, m., a Roman name. 
Q. Sertorius, a Roman general 
of the party of Marius : VIIT. 
11. 

Sertum, i, n., a garland, festoon. 

Serva, ce, f. (servus), a female 
slave, handmaid. 

Servilia, <B,f, Servilia, the mother 
of Brutus : IX. 29. 

Servio, ire, ivi <^ ii, Itum, n. (ser- 
vus), to be a slave, serve. 



SERVITUS— SIMULTAS. 



249 



ServUus, utis, f. (servus), slavery, 
servitude, bondage. 

Servius, /', m., Servius, a Roman 
prcBnomen: 

Servo, are, dvi, dtiim, a. S^' n., to 
save, preserve ; to observe ; to 
preserve, watch, guard, keep. 

Servus, i, m., a slave. Servus pub- 
licus, a public slave, one who 
served the magistrates. 

Sese, intensive for se, § 133, R. 2. 

Sessor, oris, m. (sedeo), a sitter. 
Sessor, or equi sessor, a rider. 

Sessurus, a, tint, part, (sedeo). 

Sestertius, i, m., a sesterce, a small 
Roman coin. Millies sestertium, 
sc. centena millia, one hundred 
millions of sesterces, § 327, 6. 
Centies sestertium, ten millions 
of sesterces, § 327, 6. 

Sen, conj., or, or if, and if. Scu — 
seu, whether — or, either — or. 

Severe, adv., gravely, severely; 
strictly, rigorously : frovi 

Severus, a, um, adj., ior, issimus, 
(se ^ verus), serious, strict, se- 
vere, rigorous, austere, harsh. 

Sex, ind. num. adj., six. 

Sexaginta, ind. num. adj. (sex), 
sixty. 

Sextilis, e, adj. (sextus), the sixth. 
Sextilis, is, m., or Sextilis men- 
sis, the month August. 

Sextilius, i, m., Sextilius, a Roman 
name. Sextilius, a Roman pre- 
tor in Africa : VIII. 2. 

Sextus, a, um, adj. (sex), the sixth. 

Sextus, i, m. (sex), Sextus, a Ro- 
man prcenomen. 

Si, conj., if. 

Sibi. See Sui. 

Sic^ adv., so, thus, in such circum- 
stances ; therefore, on that ac- 
count. 

Siccus, a, um, adj., dry. In sicca, 
sc. locoy on dry land. 



Sicilia, ce, /., Sicily, a large island 
in the Mediterranean, near the 
southern extremity of Italy : 
II. 12. 

Siculus, a, um, adj. (Sicilia), Si- 
cilian. Siculi, drum,, m.pL.,X\i.e 
Sicilians. 

Sicut, conj. (sic <^ ut), so as, just 
as, as. 

Significo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sig- 
num Sf facia), to give notice, 
signify, show, manifest, inti- 
mate, imply. 

Signum, i, n., a mark, sign; a 
standard, banner ; a signal ; a 
statue ; a seal. 

Silentium, i, n., a being silent ; 
silence. 

Sileo, ere, ui, n. S^ a., to be silent, 
keep silence. 

Silva, <s,f., a wood, forest; trees. 

Similis, e, adj., similior, similli- 
mus, § 125, 2, like, similar. 

Similiter, adv. (similis), in like 
manner, alike, similarly. 

Similitudo, mis, f. (similis), like- 
ness, resemblance, similarity. 

Simplex, ids, adj., simple, un- 
mixed ; open, sincere, frank, 
candid, ingenuous. 

Simul, adv., together, at once, at 
the same time. Simul ac, as 
soon as; as well as. 

Simuldcrum, i, n. (simulo), an 
image, picture; a statue; a rep- 
resentation. PugncB simula- 
crum, a mock fight. 

Simnldtor, oris, m., an imitator ; 
a feigner, pretender : from 

Sittmlo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (similis), 
to make like; to imitate, resem-^ 
ble ; to pretend, feign. 

Simultas, dtis, f, a grudge or ha- 
tred. Simultates gerere cum ali- 
quo, to have a grudge against — ; 
to hate — J be at enmity with. 



250 



SIN— SOPIO. 



Sln^ cbnj.^ but if. 

Sine. See Sino. 

Sine, prep. 2cith the abl.., without. 

Singuldris, e, adj.^ single ; ex- 
cellent, singular, remarkable : 
from 

Singulus, a, um^ d^j--, single, one 
by one ; each, every ; one to 
each. S'lnguU supererant, one 
on each side — . 

Sinister^ tra, trum^ (J^j-, left, on 
the left. 

Sino, ere, sivi, a., to permit, suffer, 
allow. 

Sinus, us, m., a bosorri, fold. 

Siquis, qua, quod or quid, adj. pro., 
§ 138, {si <^/- quis), if any one, 
if any, if any thing. 

Sisto, ere, stiti, statum, a. &f n., 
to stop; to stand. Slstere gra- 
dum, to halt. 

Sitis, is,f., thirst; drought. 

Situs, a, um, adj. (sino), situated, 
situate, placed ; buried. 

Situs, us, m. (sino), site, situation; 
a region, country. 

Sive, conj., or if 

Sivi. See Sino. 

Soboles, is, /., a young shoot; off- 
spring, descendant. 

Sohrius, a, um, adj., sober. 

Socer, eri, m., a father-in-law. 

Socidlis, e, adj. (socius), sociable, 
social, friendly. Bellum sociale, 
a war with the allies, social 
war. 

Societas, dtis, /., a union, society, 
association, alliance, participa- 
tion : from 

Socius, a, um, adj., partaking, par- 
ticipating. Socius, i, m., a com- 
panion, associate; an ally, con- 
federate. 

Soddlis, e, adj., social. Soddlis, 
is, m., a comrade, companion. 

Solj solis, m., the sun; sunshine. 



Solemnis, e, adj., celebrated every 
year ; solemn, festive ; ordinary, 
usual, customary. 

Soleo, ere, solitus sum, n. pass., 
§ 142, R. 2, to use, be accus- 
tomed, be wont. 

Solers, lis, adj., skilful, expert, sa- 
gacious, ingenious. 

Solidus, a, um, adj., solid, dense ; 
firm, hard, solid, substantial ; 
true, real. 

Solitarius, a, um, adj. (solus), lone- 
ly, solitary. 

Solitudo, Inis, f (solus), a solitary 
place ; a desert, wilderness. 

Solitus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (soleo), 
that is accustomed ; ordinary, 
usual, customary. Solitum, i, 
n., a custom, ordinary practice, 
habit. Solito hilarius, more 
merrily than usual. 

Solium, i, n., a throne. 

Sollicitus, a, um, adj., movea, agi- 
tated; solicitous, anxious, trou- 
bled ; watchful, unquiet. 

Solum, adv., only, alone. 

Solummodo, adv. (solum &/> modo), 
only. 

Solus, a, um, adj., gen. solius, 
§ 107, alone, only. 

Solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a., to 
loose, untie, unbind ; to solve, 
explain. Solvere e portu, to set 
sail from, put to sea from — . 
Solvere navem, or solvere, to set 
sail, put to sea. 

Somnium, i, n., a dream : from 

Somnus, i, m., sleep. Somnum 
videre, to sleep, go to sleep. 

Sonitus, Us, m., a sound, noise, 
din : from 

Sono, dre, sonui, a. &^ n. (sonus), 
to sound, resound. 

Sonus, i, m., a sound. 

Sopio, ire, ivi &/- ii, Itum, a., to 
lull asleep. 



SOPITUS— SPONSA. 



251 



Sopitiis, a, um, part, (sopio), lulled 
asleep, sound asleep. 

SorbeOy ere^ ui, a., to swallow, ab- 
sorb. 

Sordiddtus, a, um, adj., (sordidus, 
filthy), meanly dressed, clad in 
sorry or dirty clothes, clothed in 
an old or ragged garment. 

Sordidc, adv. (sordidus), meanly, 
poorly. 

Soror, oris,/., a sister. 

Sororius, a,um,adj. (soror), sister- 
ly. Tigillum sororium, the sis- 
ter's beam : I. 14. 

Sors, tis, /., lot, chance, fortune. 
Conjicere in sortem, to cast names 
into the urn, subject to the lot. 
Extra sortem, without drawing 
lots. 

Sortior, iri, itus sum, dep. (sors), 
to cast or draw lots ; to obtain 
by lot, choose or select by lot, 
determine by lot; to obtain, re- 
ceive. 

Sospes, Uis, adj., safe, unhurt. 

Sp., an abbreviation of the prceno- 
men Spurius. 

Spargo, ere, si, sum, a., to scatter, 
disperse. 

Sparsus, a, um, part, (spargo). 

Spatium,i, n., a space; a course, 
race ; extent, space of time, in- 
terval, distance ; time, space of 
time, opportunity. 

Species, ei, f. (specio, to see), a 
sight ; mien, form, figure, shape, 
appearance ; a species, sort, kind ; 
pretence, pretext, show, color, 
guise. 

Specimen, inis, n. (species), a proof; 
a model, example, specimen. 

Spectaculum, i, n. (specto), a sight ; 
a show, spectacle. Ad spectacu- 
lum, as a show to gratify any 
one ; for the purpose of seeing. 

Spectans, tis, part, (specto), seeing, 



beholding. Spectantes, specta- 
tors. 

Spectator, oris, m., a beholder, ob- 
server, spectator : from 

Specto, are, dvi, dtum,a.freq. (spe- 
cio), to look, see, view, observe, 
look on; to tend, lead, point. 

Speculator, oris, m., a spy, scout : 
from 

Specular, ari, dtus sum, dep . (specu- 
la, a height), to see, look around ; 
to espy, explore. 

Speculum, i, n. (specio, to see), a 
mirror. 

Sperno, ere, sprevi, sprctum, a., to 
separate; to reject, spurn, de- 
spise. 

Spero, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to hope, 
trust; to expect. Alta sperare, 
to hope for high things, to enter- 
tain high expectations. 

Spes, spei,f., a. hope, expectation; 
a promise; confidence. 

Spiritus, us, VI., a blowing of the 
wind ; the spirit, soul, mind ; 
energy, spirit, feeling, courage; 
elevation of mind; ambition; 
breath. Spiritus concipere, to 
conceive aspirations, indulge 
lofty views : from 

Spiro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. S^ a., to 
breathe. 

Splendidus, a, um, adj. (splendeo, 
to shine), bright, shining, splen- 
did, magnificent. 

Splendor, oris, m. (splendeo), splen- 
dor, brightness ; dignity, glory, 
renown, lustre. 

Spolio, dre, dvi, dtum, a., § 251, to 
strip; to rob, plunder, spoil : from 

Spolium, i, n., the skin of an ani- 
mal; plunder, booty, spoil. 

Spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsum, 
a., to promise. 

Sponsa, (B,f. (5pon(Zeo), a betrothed 
woman, bride 



spoNsio— Stridor. 



Sj)onsio, onis, f. (spondeo), prom- 
ise, engagement; a stipulation, 
compact. 

Sponsus, a, um, part, (spondeo), be- 
trothed. Sponsus, i, m., a suitor, 
wooer, one betrothed. 

Sponte, abl., § 94, of one's own ac- 
cord, willingly, freely, 

Spopondi. See Spondeo. 

Spreius, a, um, part, (sperno). 

Spurius, i, m., Spurius, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Squahdus, a, um, adj. {sqiiales, 
filth), filthy, unclean, squalid, 
sordid. 

Squama, a, /., the scale of a fish, 
or serpent. 

Statim, adv. (sto), immediately, 
forthwith, straightway. Statim 
a.tque, as soon as ever. 

Stalio, onis, f. {sto), the act of 
standing; a station, post, out- 
post, sentry, guard. 

Statua, (B,f., a statue : from 

Statuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to cause 
to stand ; to put, place ; to ap- 
point, fix; to resolve, determine. 

Statura, «,/. {sto), stature, size. 

Status, a, um, part, {sisto), appoint- 
ed, settled, fixed, stated. 

Status, us, m. {sto), a standing ; 
state, condition,, circumstance; 
station, state of affairs. 

Stercus, oris, n., dung, ordure, 
muck. 

Steti. See Sto. 

Sthenius, i, m., Sthenius, the name 
of a Sicilian chief: VIII. 19. 

Stimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to prick, 
goad ; to incite, instigate, impel : 
frovi 

Stimulus, i, m., a goad ; an incite- 
ment. 

Stipendium, i, n., the pay of sol- 
diers, wages. Stipendia facere 
or merere, lit., to earn the wages 



of a soldier; to serve as a soldier 
Primum stipendiuin merere or 
facere, to make (one's) first cam- 
paign. Voluntaria stipendia fa- 
cere, to serve voluntarily as a 
soldier. 

Stipo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to stuff, 
cram; to surround, encompass; 
to accompany, attend, guard. 

Stirps, stirpis, f, the lowest part 
of a tree, the root of a tree. Fig., 
the root, source, origin ; a stock, 
family, race. 

Sto, stare, steti, statum,n., to stand ; 
to remain ; to make a stand. 

Stolide, adv. {stolidus, foolish), 
foolishly. 

Slolo, onis, m., Stolo, a Roman 
cognomen in the Licinian gens. 
C. Licinius Stolo, the first consul 
chosen from the plebeians, A.U. 
391: III. 1. 

Stomdchus, i, m., the stomach; 
anger, indignation, choler, bile. 

Strages, is,f. {sterno, to strew), a 
fall, ruin, overthrow; a defeat, 
slaughter. 

Stragulus, a, um, adj. {sterno, 
to spread), that which covers. 
Stragula vestis, a coverlet, blan- 
ket, carpet. Stragulum, i, n., a 
cover for a couch, bed, &c. 

Strenuus, a, um, adj., active, stren- 
uous, ready, energetic, brave, 
valiant. 

Strepito, dre, n. freq. (strepo, to 
make a noise), to make a great 
noise or clashing. 

Strepxtus, Us, m. {strepo), a harsh 
or confused noise, rattling, din. 
Edere strepitum, to make a din, 
shout. 

Strictus, a, um, part. ^ adj. (strin- 
go), drawn together, drawn ; 
severe, strict. 

Stridor, oris, m. {stride, to creak), 



STRIGOSUS— SUBSIDIUM. 



253 



a shrill or grating sound ; a roar, 
scream, yell. 

Strigosus, a, um, adj., lean, thin, 
meagre. 

Stringo^ ere, strinxi, strictum, a., 
to touch lightly; to draw, un- 
sheath. 

Studeo, ere, ui, n., to bestow pains 
upon, study ; to desire, wish, 
aim at, be anxious for. 

Studiose, adv., diligently, careful- 
ly, attentively, studiously : from 

Studiosus, a, um, adj., anxious, 
eager, desirous, fond : from 

Studium, i, n., zeal, fondness, ap- 
probation, desire, eagerness ; 
favor, partiality, attachment, re- 
gard, affection; study, applica- 
tion of mind to books and learn- 
ing ; a profession; pi., studies. 

Stultitia, CE, f., folly, foolishness: 
from 

Stultus, a,um, adj., foolish, unwise, 
silly. 

Stuppfdcio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
(stupeo ^ facio), to stupefy, 
astonish. 

Stupeo, ere, ui, n., to be stupefied ; 
to be amazed, astonished. 

Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. <^ a., to 
advise, exhort, counsel, urge, 
persuade. 

Sub, prep, with the ace. <^ abl., un- 
der, beneath. 

Suhduco, ere, duxi, ductum, a. (sub 
^ duco), to draw away ; to with- 
draw, remove. Subducere se, to 
withdraw one's self, retire. 

Subegi. See Subigo. 

Subeo, ire, ivi ^ ii, itum, n. irr. 
(sub S/- eo), to go or come under; 
to undergo, encounter, suffer, 
sustain, endure ; to incur, en- 
counter ; to attack ; to steal up- 
on ; to bear, carry. Venerium 
subit, — acts, operates. 

23 



Suber, eris, n., the cork-tree. 

Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (sub ^ 
ago), to drive, bring, or lead to 
a place ; to force, compel ; to 
conquer, subdue. 

Subitd, adv., suddenly, on a sud- 
den ; hastily, quickly : from 

Subitus, a, um,part. S/" adj. (subeo)^ 
sudden, unexpected. 

Subjicio, ere,jeci,jectum, a. (sub ^ 
jacio), to put or place under; to 
subject. Subjicere humeros ali- 
cui, to bear upon the shoulders. 

Subldtus, a, um,,part. (sustollo). 

Sublevo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sub 8^ 
levo), to lighten ; to relieve, help, 
assist ; to lift, support, raise. 

Sublicius, a, um, adj., consisting of 
beams, or resting on piles. 

Sublimis, e, adj., lofty, high, on 
high ; aloft, in the air. 

Sublustris, e, adj. (sub ^ lux), hav- 
ing a faint light, glimmering. 

Submitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (sub 
4" mitto), to let down, to lower; 
to submit ; to yield, give up, re- 
sign. Submitter e fasces, to lower 
the fasces, in token of respect. 

Submoveo, ere, movi, motum, a. (sub 
<^ moveo), to remove, displace. 

Subrectus, a, um, part, (subrigo). 

Subndeo, ere, risi, risum, a. (sub ^ 
rideo), to smile. 

Subrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, a. (sub 
S^ rego), to set up, erect. 

Subrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sub fy 
rogo), to substitute, put in the 
place of. 

Subscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a. 
(sub i/- scribo), § 224, to write 
under ; to subscribe. 

Subsequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (sub 
S^ sequor), to follow forthwith, 
soon, or near after ; to come 
after. 

Subsidium,i,n. (subsideo, to sit), a 



254 



SUBSTITUO— SUPELLEX. 



place of reserve ; succor, reen- 
forcement ; help, relief. 

Substttuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (sub 8/- 
statuo)^ to put under; to make 
subject, expose ; to substitute, 
put in the place of another. 

Subvectus, a, wm, part. : from 

SubvehOj ere, vexi, vectum, a. (sub 
^ neho), to carry or bring up ; to 
convey, conduct. 

SucctdOy ere, cessi, cessum, n. (sub 
4^ cedo), to go under ; to ap- 
proach^ advance ; to come after, 
succeed, come into the place 
of. 

Successor, oris,m. (succedo), a suc- 
cessor. 

Successus, us, m. (succedo), success, 
prosperity. 

Succingo, ere, cinxi, cinctum, a. 
(sub S/- cingo), to gird ; to furnish, 
equip, arm. 

Succldmo, arc, dvi, dtum, a. (sub 8/- 
clamo) ^to cry out, exclaim, shout, 
answer with a loud voice. 

Sudor, oris, m., sweat. Fig., toil, 
exertion. 

Svffectus, a, um, part, (svfficio). 

Suffero, ferre, irr. a. (sub ^fero), 
to bear, support ; to endure, sus- 
tain. 

Sufflcio, ere, feci, fectum, a. S^ n. 
(sub &/• facio), to substitute; to 
afford, supply ; to be sufficient, 
to suffice. Sufficere in locum ali- 
cvjus, to put into the place or 
office of — . 

Suffigo, ere, fixi, fixum, a. (sub S/- 
figo), to fix under ; to fix or 
fasten to. 

Suffixus, a, um,part. (suffigo). 

Suffoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. (sub ^ 
faux), to choke, stifle, suffocate. 

Suffodio, ere, fodi, fossum, a. (sub 
^ fodio), to dig under, under- 
mine, 



Svffragium, i, n. (sub ^franga), a 

vote or suffrage. 
Sui, sibi, se, subs, pron., § 208, of 
himself, herself, itself; the y arti- 
cle met is often annexed inten- 
sively, either with or without ipse, 
§ 132, R. 2. 

Sulpicius, i, m., Sulpicius, a Ro- 
man name belonging to the Sul- 
pician gens. Aulus Sulpicius, a 
Roman nobleman: HI. 1. 

Sum, esse,fui, irr. n., §. 153,^ to be, 
exist ; to brings confer, be, serve, 
prove, afford, icith two datives, 
§ 227; to be of, to possess, with 
a genitive or ablative of charac- 
ter, § 211, R. 6 & 8. 

Sulla, (E, m., a Roman cognomen in 
the Cornelian gens. L. Corne- 
lius Sulla, a Roman general, dis- 
tinguished for his military tal- 
ents, his enmity to Marius, and 
his cruelties during the civil 
wars : VII. 32 & VIII. 5. 

Sulldnus, a, um, adj. (Sulla), of 
Sylla. Sulldni, drum, m. pL, the 
followers or partisans of Sylla. 

Summa, <?,/., the sum of any thing ; 
a sum 0f money ; the chief thing. 
Summa imperii, supreme pow- 
er^ chief power or command : 
jfrom 

Summus, a, um, adj., (sup. of su- 
perus), highest ; greatest, ex- 
treme, last ; supreme, utmost. 

Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, a. 
(sub &/• emo), to take, take up ; 
to undertake, begin, engage in ; 
to assume. Sumere bellum, to 
wage war. 

Sumptus, a, um, part. (sumo). 

Sumptus, us, m. (sumo), charge, 
expense, cost, costliness, sump- 
tuousness ; money to defray ex- 
penses. 

Supellex, lectins, f., household fur- 



SUPER— SUSTOLLO. 



255 



Tiiture, household goods. Supel- 
lex argentea, plate, silver ware. 

Super, adv. ^' prep, tcith the ace. 4-' 
ahl., § 235, (3) ; with the ace., 
over, on, upon, above, in ad- 
dition to ; besides, beyond j with 
the all., of, on, about, concern- 
ing. 

Superasto, are. S7iperasttii, n. (super 
4-' astOy to stand), to stand above. 

Supcrbdy adv. {superhus, proud), 
proudly, haughtily. 

Super bia, (s,f., pride, haughtiness, 
arrogance : from 

Superbus, a, um, adj., proud, haugh- 
ty. Superbus, i, m., The Proud, 
an agnomen of Tarquin. See 
Tarquinius. 

Superesse. See Supersum. 

Superfui. See Supersum. 

Superjdcio, ere, jeci, jactum 8^ jec- 
tum, a. (super (^ jacio), to cast 
or. throw over or upon. 

Superior, (comp. of swperM^), supe- 
rior, higher, upper. Superior, 
oris, m., a. superior. 

Superndto, are, dvi, dtum, n. (super 
Sf nato), to swim above, float. 

Supero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. S^ n., 
(super), to be superior; to pass 
ofver, surmount ; to overcome, 
surpass, excel, vanquish, con- 
quer, overpower. 

Supersum, esse, fui, irr. n. (super 
<^- sum), § 224, to remain ; to 
survive. 

Supervenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. 
(super (^' venio), to come over 
or upon ; to surpass, excel ; to 
surprise, come unexpectedly; 
to come. 

Supervolo, dre, n. (super &/• volo), 
to fly over. 

Supcrus, a, um, adj., superior, sup. 
supremus <^ summus, (super), 
that is above, upper, on high. 



Supplex, icis, adj. (sub 8/- plico)^ 
that kneels down ; suppliant, 
humble. 

SuppUciter, adv. (supplex), as a 
suppliant, humbly. 

Supplicium,i,n. (supplex), a kneel- 
ing down; a supplication, prayer; 
punishment ; torment, torture, 
suffering. 

Supplico, dre, dvi, dtum, n. (sup- 
plex), to beseech, implore ; to 
worship, return thanks to. 

Supremus, a, um, adj. (sup. o£ su- 
perus). See Summus. 

Surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, a., 
to lift or raise up, erect; to rise, 
arise. 

Surripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (sub 
<^ rapio), to snatch away secret- 
ly, steal; to take away, with- 
draw. 

Suscipio, ere, ccpi, ceptum, a., to 
take up ; to undertake, take in 
hand, engage in, take up; to 
encounter, endure, submit to, 
incur. Causam suscipere, to 
espouse a cause, join a party. 

Suspendo, ere, pendi, pensum, a., 
to hang, suspend ; to make high, 
raise. 

Suspiclo, onis,f. (susplcio, to sus- 
pect), suspicion, distrust. In 
suspicionem venire, to fall under 
a suspicion, become suspected. 

Suspicor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (stis- 
picio), to suspect, apprehend, 
fear, mistrust; tb imagine, con- 
jecture, suspect. 

Sustineo, ere, te.nui, tentum, a., to 
hold up, sustain, uphold, sup- 
port; to withstand, stay, retard, 
check ; to bear, carry. 

Sustollo, ere, tuli, suhldtum, a., to 
raise or lift up ; to take away, 
remove; to bear, carry. Sustol- 
lere animum, to take courage. 



256 



SUSTULI— TANTUS. 



Sustuli. See Sustollo. 

Susurrum^ ^, n.^ a murmuring. 

Sutor^ oris, m. (suo, to sew), a 
shoemaker, cobbler. 

Suus, rt, um, pass. adj. pro., belong- 
ing to him, her, it, them ; his, 
her, its. Sui, drum, m., one's 
friends, soldiers, people, &c. 

Sylvia, «,/., Sylvia. See Rhea. 

Syphaz, dcis, m., Syphax, a king 
ofNumidia: V, 25. 

Syracusce, drurn, f. pi., Syracuse, 
a maritime city of Sicily : IV. 1. 

Syracusdnus, a, um, adj. (Syracu- 
sce), oF or belonging to Syracuse, 
Syracusan. 

Syria, ce, /., Syria, a country of 
Asia north of Palestine : V. 32. 

T. 

T.f an abbreviation of the prceno- 
men Titus. 

Tabella, ce,f. dim. (tabula), a little 
table or tablet ; a writing-table ] 
a letter, epistle ; a picture, paint- 
ing. 

Tabernaculum, i, n. (taberna, a hut), 
a tent. 

Tabes, is, f. (tabeo, to melt), a 
vi^asting away, emaciation, con- 
sumption; pestilence, plague. 

Tabula, (B,f., a tablet covered with 
wax for writing on ; a tablet, 
table, writing, book; a board 
or plank; a painting, picture; 
an account-book. Proscriptlonis 
tabula, a proscription list. 

Tabuldtum, i, n. (tabulo, to cover 
with boards), a story in a build- 
ing; a boarded floor, scaffold. 

Taceo, ere, ui, itum, a. ^- n., to be 
silent, hold one's peace, say 
nothing. 

Tacite, adv., silently, in silence : 
from 



Tacitus, a, um,part. <^ adj. (taceo), 
passed over in silence ; silent, 
tacit, secret. 

Tcedium, i, n. (taidet, to loathe), 
weariness, irksomeness; a dis- 
like, aversion. Tcedio esse, to 
weary or be irksome to. 

Talentum, i, n., a talent, § 327, 3. 

Talis, e, adj., such, of such a kind. 
Tale aliquid, any such thing. 

Talus, i, in., the pastern-bone of 
a beast; the ankle; a certain 
game in which four pastern 
bones of certain animals, prop- 
erly marked, were thrown, like 
dice, the game of cockal or 
huckle-bone. 

Tarn, adv., so, so very, so much. 
Tara — quam, as well — as, as 
much — as. 

Tamdiu, adv. (tarn ^ diu), so long, 
so long a time. 

Tamen, conj., § 279, 3, neverthe- 
less, however, yet, notwithstand- 
ing, still. 

Tandquil, ilis,f., Tanaquil, the wife 
of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus : 
1.19. 

Tandem, adv. (turn <^ demum), at 
last, at length, finally ; in vehe- 
ment addresses, pray ! for heav- 
en's sake ! 

Tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, a., to 
touch ; to arrive at, reach. 

Tanquam, adv. (tarn ^ quam), as, 
as it were ; as if, just as if 

Tantopere, adv. (tantus 8/- opus), 
with so great trouble, so much, 
so greatly. 

Tantitm, adv. (tantus), only, but. 

Tantummodo, adv. (tantum S^ mo- 
do), only, i^ only ; merely. 

Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so 
much, such. Tanti facere, to 
value or esteem so highly, § 214. 
Tantum hominum, so many men. 



TARDE— TENTO. 



257 



Tanto, flW., by so much, so 
much. 
Tardt, adv.,, iiis^ issimt^ (tardus), 
slowly, tardily. 

Tarditas, dtis, /., slowness; dul- 
ness, stupidity : from 

Tardus, a, vm, adj., tor, isstmus ; 
slow, sluggish, dull. 

Tarentlnus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
longing to Tarentum, Tarentine. 
Tarrnti?ii, drum, m. pi., the Ta- 
rentines : from 

Tarentum, i, n., Tarentum, now 
Taranto, a large city in the south 
of Italy. 

Tarpeia, «,/., Tarpeia, the daugh- 
ter of Tarpeius, governor of the 
Roman citadel : I. 7. 

Tarpeiiis, a, um, adj., Tarpeian, 
pertaining to Tarpeia. Tarpeia 
rupes, or Tarpeium saxum, the 
Tarpeian rock, on which the 
capitol was built. 

Tarquinii, drum, m. pi., Tarquinii, 
a town of Etruria : I. 19. 

Tarquinius, i, m., Tarquin, a Ro- 
man cognomen. Lucius Tarquin- 
ius Priscus was the fourth king 
of Rome: 1.19,20. Tarquinius 
Snperbus, the last king of Rome : 
I. 24 — 26. Tarquinii, drum, m. 
pi., the Tarquinii. Sextus Tar- 
quinius, a son of Tarquinius Su- 
perbus : I. 25. 

Tatius, i, m., Tatius, a man's name. 
Titus Tatius, a leader of the Sa- 
bines : I. 6 — 8. 

Tectorium, i, n., a cover, covering ; 
plaster, stucco. 

Tectum, i, n. (tego), the roof of a 
house ; a dwelling, house, build- 
ing. 

Tecum, for cum te, § 133, R. 4. 

Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a., to cover; 
to hide, conceal. 

Tea-ula, (B,f. {tego), a tile. 

22* 



Tehim, i, n., a missile weapon, 
dart, javelin ; a weapon ; an axe 
or hatchet. 

Temerarius, a, um, adj., accidental ; 
rash, imprudent : from 

Temere, adv., without cause, by 
chance; inconsiderately, rashly. 

Temeritns, dtis,f. (temere), chance; 
rashness, thoughtlessness, te- 
merity. 

Temno, ere, a., to disdain, despise. 

Temperans, tis, part., moderate, 
temperate, abstaining from. 

Ternperantia, (e, f. {temperans, so- 
ber), moderation, temperance. 

Tempero, are, dvi, dtum, a. S/- n. 
(tempus), to set bounds; to be 
temperate ; with a dative, § 223, 
R. 2, to refrain from, abstain. 

Tempestas, dtis, f {tempus), time, 
period, season ; a storm, a tem- 
pest; calamity, misfortune. 

Tempestivus, a, um, adj., {tempes- 
tas), seasonable. 

Templum, i, n., a temple. 

Tempus, oris, n., time ; a season ; 
an opportunity. 

Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum 8^ turn, 
a. 4" ra., to stretch, extend. 

Tenebricosus , a, um, adj., (tenibrfe^ 
darkness), full of darkness, dark, 
gloomy, obscure. 

Tenehrosus, a, um, adj. (tenehrce), 
full of darkness, gloomy. 

Teneo, ere, temii, tentum, a. S^ n. 
{tendo), to have, hold, keep, keep 
possession of, detain, keep back ; 
to bind, oblige ; to hold, last, con- 
tinue. Tenere se loco, to keep 
shut up, as in camp, ^c. 

Tener, era, Srum, adj. (teneo), ten- 
der, soft. Tener a eetas, one's 
tender years, childhood. 

Tento, are, dvi, dtum, a., to touch, 
handle; to try, attempt; to ex- 
amine, explore, try, sound. 



258 



TENTORIUM— TOGA . 



Tentorium^ e, w., a tent. 

Ter, adv. (tres), three times, thrice. 

Terentius, i, m., Terentius, a Ro- 
man name. Terentius, a com- 
rade of Cn. Pompey : VIII. 17. 

Tergeo, ere, si, sum, a., to make 
clean, scour, wipe. 

Tergiversor, ari, dtus sum, dep. 
(tergum ^ verto), to turn one's 
back to ; to be backward ; to de- 
cline, refuse, shuffle, delay. 

Tergum, i, n., the back. Jl tergo, 
from behind, in the rear, behind. 

Terni, cb, a, adj. (ter), § 119, III., 
three each, three by three. 

Tero, ere, trivi, tritum, a., to rub; 
wear away, consume. Ter ere 
tempus, to spend, pass — . 

Terra, (B,f., the earth ; the ground ; 
a country, region, land. Terra, 
pi., the earth, the land, the world. 
Terr A marique, by land and sea. 

Terreo, ere, ui, itum, a., to frighten, 
alarm, terrify. 

Terrester, tris, tre,adj. (terra), pex- 
taining to the earth or land, land. 

Terribilis, e, adj. (terreo), terrible, 
frightful. 

Territus, a, um, part, (terreo). 

Terror, oris, m. (terreo), terror, af- 
fright; dread, fear. 

Tenia, (B,f., Tertia, a daughter of 
iEmilius Paulus : VI. 21. 

Tertio, adv., for the third time : 
from 

Tertius, a, um, adj. (ter), third, the 
third. 

Testimonium, i, n., testimony, evi- 
dence, declaration : from 

Testis, is, m. ^f, a witness. 

Teutones, um, m. pL, the Teutones, 
a people living near the Cimbri, 
towards the north of Germany : 
VII. 33. 

Texi. See Tego. 

7%edf/'Mw,t,n,,aplayhouse, theatre. 



Theleslnus, i, m., Thelesinus. See 
Pontius. 

Thesaurus, i, m., a treasury; a 
treasure. 

Thessalia, (B,f., Thessaly, a coun- 
try of Greece, bordering on 
Macedonia : IX. 1. 

Tkessalonlca, ce, f, Thessalonica, 
a maritime city of Macedonia : 
IX. 16. 

Thus, thuris, n., frankincense, in- 
cense. 

Tiberis, is, m., § 79, 1, & § 82, 
Exc. 2, the Tiber, a river of 
Italy, separating Etruria from 
Latium : I. 1. 

Tiberius, i, m., Tiberius, a Roman 
prcenomen. Tiberius Gracchus. 
See Gracchus. 

Tibicen, Inis, m., a player on the 
flute, piper. 

Ticlnus, i, m., Ticinus, a river of 
Cisalpine Gaul : V. 2. 

TigilLum, i, n. dim., a small beam : 
from 

Tignum, i, n., a beam, 

Tigrdnes, is, m., Tigranes, a king 
of Armenia: VIII. 10. 

Timeo, ere, ui, a. 8f n., to fear, be 
afraid. 

Timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), fear- 
ful, timid, afraid. 

Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, appre- 
hension. 

Tingo, ere, tinxi, tinctum, a., to 
moisten ; to color, dye. 

Tiro, onis, m., a young or raw sol- 
dier, a recruit; a novice. 

Tirocinium, i, n., (tiro), the first 
service of a soldier; a novitiate, 
apprenticeship. 

Titulus, i, m., an inscription, su- 
perscription, title. 

Titus, i, m., Titus, a Roman prce- 
nomen. 

Toga, (B, f. (tego), the Roman 



TOGATUS— TRANSFU GA. 



•259 



gown, worn in time of peace, 
gown, toga. 

TogdtuSy «, wm, adj. (toga)y dressed 
in a toga, togated, in the dress 
of a citizen. 

Tolero., are, dvi, dtum, a., to bear, 
support, endure, bear patiently, 
tolerate. 

Tollo, ere, tolli, a., to raise, lift, or 
take up. 

Tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsum, a., to 
clip, shear, shave. 

Tonitrus, M5, m., § 89, 5, (tono, to 
thunder), thunder, a peal of thun- 
der. 

Tonsor, oris, m. (tondeo), a barber. 
The Roman barbers not only 
shaved and cut the hair, hut also 
pared the nails. 

Tonsorius, a, um, adj. (tonsor), of 
or pertaining to a barber. Ton- 
sorius cultellus, a razor. 

Torqudtus, i, m. (torques), Torqua- 
tus, a Roman cognomen in the 
Manlian gens. T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, a consul, A. U. 408 ; 
he conquered a Gaul in single 
combat, A. U. 394 : III. 2—5. 

Torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, a., to 
turn, bend, twist ; to rack, tor- 
ture, afflict, trouble, torment. 

Torques, is, m. i^f. (torqueo), a col- 
lar or chain worn round the neck. 

Torreo, ere, ui, lostum, a., to dry, 
bake, roast. 

Torvus, a, uni, adj., staring, fixed, 
piercing, stern, savage. 

Tot, ind. num. adj.pl., so many. 

Tolidem, ind. num. adj. (tot 8/- idem), 
just so many, just as many, as 
many. 

Toties, adv. (tot), so often. 

Totondi. See Tondeo. 

Totus, a, um, adj., gen. totius, the 
whole, all the, all. 

Trado, ere, idi, Xtum, a. (trans ^ 



do), to give over, deliver, con- 
sign; to relate, narrate. Famd 
traditur, imp., it is handed down 
by tradition, it is reported : — to 
give up, surrender; to betray. 
Tradere se totum, to give one's 
self wholly up to. 

Traduco, ere, duxi, ductum, a. 
(trans 8f duco), § 233, (1,) to 
bring or carry over, transport, 
bring, lead, conduct, transfer. 
Traducere noctem, to spend, 
pass — . 

Traho, ere, traxi, tractum, a., to 
drag, draw, draw or drag along ; 
to conduct, lead ; to protract, 
prolong, spin out. Trahere ali- 
quem sermone, to detain one by 
discourse. 

Trajicio, ere, jeci, jecturn, a. (trans 
^ jacio), § 233, (1,) to throw or 
cast over. Trajicere, or irajicere 
se, to pass over, cross ; — to 
pierce, transfix, run or thrust 
through. 

Trans, prep, icith the ace, over, be- 
yond, on the farther side of. 

Transegi. See Transigo. 

Transeo, ire, ivi 4-' Hi Uum, n. ^ 
a. (trans 4^ eo), to go or pass 
over, go or pass ; to desert ; to 
make a transition, pass from one 
thing to another, resort. 

Transfero, ferre, tiili, latum, irr. 
a. (trans 8^ fero), to carry or 
bring over, transfer, transport ; 
to change ; to carry by or past. 

Tra.nsflgo, ere, jixi, Jizum, a. (trans 
8^'figo), to transfix, pierce, run 
through. 

Trunsfixus, a, um, part, (transfigo). 

Transfodio, ere, fodi, fcssum, a. 
(trans Sffodio), to run or thrust 
through, transfix, stab, pierce. 

Transfuga, ce, m., a deserter, run- 
away : from 



260 



TRANSFUGIO- TRIGINTA. 



Transfugio^ ere, fugi, fugitum, n. 
(trans ^ftigio), to fly over, go 
over to the enemy, desert. 

Transgredior, i, gressus sum, dep. 
(trans S/- gradior, to go), to go, 
pass or cross over. 

Transigo, ere, egi, actum., a. (trans 
^ a«"o), to drive through; to 

- finish, despatch, accomplisli. 

Transiiio, tre, ivi or ui, n. &/- a. 
(trans ^ salio), § 233, to leap, 
bound, or spring over; go or 
pass over. 

TransLdtus, a, um, part, (trans- 
fer o). 

Tra7ismitto, ere, misi, missum, a. 
(trans ^ niitto), to send or con- 
vey over or across ; to transmit; 
to lay over or across ; to pass 
over, cross. 

Transno, are, dvi, atum, a. (trans 
S/- no), to swim over. 

Transveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a. 
(trans S^ veho), to carry from one 
place to another, transport, car- 
ry by. 

Transversus, a, um, part. &/• adj. 
{transverto, to turn from one 
place to another), transverse, 
crosswise, oblique. Iter trans- 
versa in, a cross road. 

Trasimenus, i, m., Trasimenus, a 
lake in Etruria, near which the 
consul Flaminius was defeated 
by Hannibal, A. U. C. 535 : V. 2. 

Traxi. See Traho. 

Trebia, oe, m. Trebia, a river of 
Cisalpine Gaul : V. 2. 

Trecentesrmus, a, um, adj., the 
three hundredth : from 

Trecenti, ce, a, adj. (tres S/- centum), 
three hundred. 

Treflecim, ind. num. adj. (tres <^ 
decem), thirteen. 

Tremo, ere, ui, n. ^ a., to tremble, 
shake. 



Tremulus, a, um, adj. (tremo) ^ 
trembling, shaking, tremulous. 

Trepidatio, 6nis,f. (trepido), trepi- 
dation, consternation, terror. 

Trepidt, adv. (trepldus, fearful), 
with trepidation. 

Trepido, are, dvi, dtum, n. (trepi- 
dus), to hurry with alarm ; to be 
alarmed, fear. 

Tres, tria, num. adj., § 109, three. 

Tribunal, dlis, n., a tribunal, judg- 
ment-seat. 

Tribundtus, us, m., the tribuneship, 
office of a tribune. 

Tribunitias, a, um, adj., of or pro- 
ceeding from the tribunes, tribu- 
nitial : from 

Tribunus, i, m. (tribus), a chief of 
a tribe ; a commander, tribune. 
Tribuni plebis, tribunes of the 
people or of the plebeians : for 
tkcir origin, see II. 10. Tribuni 
milititm, tribunes of the soldiers, 
military tribunes. 

Tribuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to give, 
impart ; grant, concede ; bestow 
upon. 

Tribus. See Tres. 

Tribus, Us, f. (tres), a tribe, a di- 
vision of the Roman people, a 
class. The Roman people were 
originally divided into three 
tribes, but this number was grad- 
ually increased to thirty-five ; of 
these, thirty-one were rustic, (rus- 
ticce,) and four city (urbance) 
tribes. 

Tributum, i, n. (tribuo), a tax, con- 
tribution, tribute. 

Triduum, i, n. (tres (^ dies), the 
space of three days. 

Trigeminus, a, um, adj. (ter &/• 
gendnus), threefold, triple; pi., 
three brothers born at the same 
birth. 

Trigintu, ind. num. adj., thirty 



TRISTICULUS— TUTELA. 



261 



Tristiculus, a, um, adj. dim., some- 
what sad, saddish : from 

Tristis, e, adj.., tor, issimvs ; sad, 
sorrowful, melancholy, doleful, 
dismal, ominous, unlucky 3 dark, 
gloomy, horrid. 

Triumphal^, e, adj. (triumphus), 
of or pertaining to a triumph, tri- 
umphal, one that has triumphed. 

Triumplio., are., dvi, dtum, n. ^ a.., 
to triumph ; celebrate a triumph. 
Triumphare de or ex aliguo, to 
triumph on account of a victory 
over, or conquest of — ; to be 
transported with joy, rejoice ex- 
ceedingly, triumph : from 

Triumphus, i, m., a triumph, a 
Roman general's magnificent 
entrance into the city after a 
victory : he was seated in a char- 
iot preceded by the spoils taken 
from the enemy, and 2cearing 
upon his head a croicn of laurel. 

Trucldo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (trux i^ 
ccedo), to cut to pieces, cut down, 
massacre, murder. 

Truncus, i, m., the trunk of a tree-, 
the trunk or body without the 
limbs, the headless trunk. 

Trux, trucis, adj., fierce, stern, 
grim. 

Tu,pers. pro., thou. § 133. 

Tuba, (B,f., a trumpet. 

Tueor, eri, tuitus 8^' tuius sum, 
dep., to see, view, behold} to 
defend, protect ; to maintain, 
preserve, uphold. 

Tugurium, i, n., a cottage, hut, 
shed. 

Tuli. See Fero. 

Tullia, ce, f, Tullia, a name be- 
longing to females of the Tullian 
getis; a daughter of Servius Tul- 
lius : I. 24. 

Tullius, i, 771., Tullius, a Roman 



gens. Servius Tullius, the sixth 
king of Rome: I. 22—24. 

Tullus, i, m., Tullus, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Turn, adv. 4-- conj., and, so ; then, 
at that time. Turn — tum, as 
well — as, both — and; besides, 
moreover, next. 

Tumuituor, dri, dtv^ sum, dep , to 
raise a tumult, make a disturb- 
ance, be in an uproar : from 

Tumultus, us, m., a tumult, bustle, 
commotion, sedition, uproar. 

Tumulus, i, m. (tumeo, to swell), a 
hill, hillock, mound ; a tomb, 
sepulchre. 

Tunc, adv., then, at that time. 

Tunica, a, f a tunic, a garment 
worn under the toga. 

Turba, cB,f., tumult, confusion; a 
crowd, multitude. 

Turbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 8^^ n. (tur- 
ba), to cause disorder, disturb, 
trouble, throw into confusion ; 
to be disturbed, confused. 

Turbulentus, a, urn, adj. {turba), 
confused, turbulent, seditious. 

Tardus, i, m., a thrush; also, the 
name of a fish. 

Turma, cB,f., a division of Roman 
cavalry consisting of thirty men ; 
a troop of horse. 

Turmdtim, adv. (turma), by troops 
or squadrons. 

Turpis, e, adj., ugly; filthy, un- 
sightly ; base, dishonorable, dis- 
graceful. 

Turris, is,f., a, tower. 

Tusculdnus, a, um, adj., Tusculan : 
from 

Tuscuhan, i, n., Tusculum, a town 
of Latium, not far from Rome : 
VI. 6. 

Tutela, (B,f. (tueor), care, defence, 
protection, guardianship, tute- 
laore. 



262 



TUTO— USURPO. 



Tuto, adv. (tutus), safely, securely. 

Tutor, dri, dtus sum, dep. freq. 
{tueor), to defend, protect; to 
guard, preserve. 

Tutor, oris, m., a defender, protect- 
or; a guardian. 

Tutus, a, um, part. S^ adj., ior, is- 
simus, (tueor), defended; safe, 
secure. 

Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. (tu), thy, 
your. 

u. 

Uher, eris, n., a teat, pap, udder. 

Uber, eris, adj., rich, fertile, fruit- 
ful, plentiful. 

Ubi, adv , where, in what place, in 
which ; when, § 259, (3.) 

Ubicumque, adv. (ubi <^ cumque), 
wheresoever, whatsoever. 

Ublque, adv., every where, in every 
place. 

Ulciscor, i, ultus sum, dep., to re- 
venge, avenge. 

Ullus, a, um, adj., gen. ullius, § 107, 
any, any one. 

Ultimd, adv., at last, finally, for the 
last time : from 

Ultimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ulte- 
rior, farther), farthest, extreme ; 
last; utmost, extreme ; lowest, 
meanest. Ultima pernicies, utter 
destruction ; suhs.,ultimum,i,n., 
the greatest, utmost, extremity. 

ULtio, onis, f. (ulciscor), revenge ; 
a revenge. 

Ultra, adv. <^ prep, with ace, be- 
yond ; beside. 

Ululdtus, us, m. (ululo, to howl), a 
howling, crying, shrieking. 

Umbra, (B,f., a shadow. 

Una, adv. (unus), together, along 
with, at the same time. 

Uncia, cB,f., an ounce. 

Unda, (B,f., a wave, billow. 

Unde, adv., whence, from which ; 



on which or what side; hence, 
for which reason. 

Undecim, ind. num. adj. (unus S/- 
decem), eleven. 

Undique, adv. (unde Sf que), 
whencesoever, from all parts, 
every where, on all sides. 

Unguis, is, m., a nail of the finger, 
claw, talon. 

Unicus, a, um, adj. (unus), only, 
single, sole, alone. 

Univcrsus, a, um, adj. (unus Sf ver- 
sus), turned into one ; whole, 
entire, all; universal, general. 
Dlmicatio universa, a general 
engagement. Universum, i, n., 
the whole. 

Unquam, adv., ever, at any time. 

Unas, a, um, num. adj., gen. unius, 
§107, one; a single, one only, 
alone. In unum , together . Unus 
— alter, one — the other. Jld 
unum, to a man. 

Unusquisque, unaquceque, unum- 
quodque or unumquidque, indef. 
pro., gen. uniuscujusque, each. 

Urbanitas, dtis,f., refinement, ele- 
gance : from 

Urbdnus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
ing to a city ; refined, polished : 
from 

Urbs, bis, f. (orbis) , a city , town ; 
the city, i. e. Rome. 

Urgeo, ere, ursi, a., to press upon, 
urge ; to bear down, oppress, 
distress. 

Urindtor, 6ris,m. (urlnor, to dive), 
a diver. 

Urna, (B,f., an urn, pitcher, bucket. 

Usquam, adv., any where, in any 
place. 

Usque, adv., right on : as far as, 
even. Eo usque dum, so long 
as, all the while that. 

Usurpo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to use, 
make use of; to usurp. 



USUS— VARIUS. 



263 



Usus, a, um, part. (utor). 

Usus, us, m. (utor), use; prac- 
tice, exercise; utility, advantage, 
profit, interest; experience, prac- 
tice ; need, occasion. 

Ut, or Uti, adv. ^^ conj.^ as, like as ; 
that; when, as soon as. 

Uter, tris, m., a leathern bottle, 
wine-bag. 

Uter, tra, trum, adj., gen. utnus, 
§ 107, which of the two, which. 

Uterque, utrdque, utrumque, gen. 
utriusque., § 107, adj. {uter ^ 
que), both, each. 

Uti. See Utor. 

Utlca, cE,f. Utica, a maritime city 
of Africa, not far from Carthage : 
IX. 19. 

Uticensis, e, adj., of or belonging 
to Utica. Uticensis, is, m., a 
surname of M. Cato the younger. 
See Cato. 

Uticenses, ium, m. pi. (Utica), the 
inhabitants of Utica. 

Utilis, e, adj. (utor), useful, profit- 
able, advantageous, good, fit, 
proper, wholesome. 

Utilitas, dtis,f. (utilis), nsef\i[ness, 
utility, profit, advantage, interest. 

Ufinam, adv. (uti 4'' nam), § 263, 
O that ; I wish that, would that. 

Utor, i, usus sum, dep., to use, 
make use of, employ. 

Utpote, adv. (ut), namely; inas- 
much as, as, being, seeing or 
considering. 

Utrinque, adv., on or from both sides. 

Utrum, adv. (uter), whether. 

Uva, a, /., a bunch or cluster of 
grapes. 

Uxor, oris,/., a wife, spouse. 

V. 

Vaco, are, dvi, dtum, ri., to be emp- 
ty ; to be at leisure. Vacare ali- 



cui rei, to have time or leisure 
to apply or attend to — . 

Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco), § 213, 
R. 5, (3,) void, empty, vacant; 
free from, without, void of 

V(B, int., ah ! oh ! § 228, 3. 

Vagina, cB,f., a scabbard, sheath. 

Vagitus, us, m. (vagio, to cry), a 
crying, cry. 

Valde, adv., vehemently, strongly, 
very. 

Valeo, ere, ui, n., to be well ; to 
be able ; to avail, be efiectual ; 
to be powerful, strong ; to have 
weight, interest, or influence, 
prevail. Magnd gratid valere, 
to be in high favor, have great 
influence: — to excel, be emi- 
nent. 

Valerius, i, m., Valerius, a Roman 
name belonging to the Valerian 
gens. 

Valef.udo, inis, f. (valeo), health, 
either gitod or had; ill health, 
indisposition, infirmity, weak- 
ness, disease. 

Validus, a, um, adj. (valeo), sound, 
healthy, well, strong, robust, in 
health ; vigorous, powerful. 

Vallis, is,f., a valley, vale. 

Vallo, are, dvi, dtum, a., to forti- 
fy with palisades ; to intrench ; 
to defend, secure, fortify : from 

Vallum, i, n., a fortification com- 
posed of the earth dug from the 
ditch and of sharp stakes ; the 
palisades ; a rampart, intrench- 
ment : from 

Vallus, i, m., a stake. 

Vanus, a, um, adj., empty, void; 
vain, unmeaning; idle, fruitless ; 
groundless, unfounded. Religio 
vana, vain superstition. 

Varius, a, um, adj., of diverse col- 
ors; various, different, diverse. 

Varius, i, m., Varius, the name of a 



264 



VARIX— VENTITO. 



Spaniard who was the enemy of 
M. iEmilius Scaurus : VII. 25. 

Varix, zcis, m. 8^ f., a varix, a 
swollen vein. 

Varro, onis, m., Varro, a Roman 
cognomen. C. Terentius Varro, 
a Roman consul, A. U. C. 536 : 
V.8. 

Vas, vasis, n., ^ pi. vasa, drum, 
§ 93, 2, a vessel of any kind, dish. 

Vasto, are, dvi, dtxim, a., to lay 
waste, ravage, desolate, pillage : 
from 

Vastus, a, um, adj., waste, desert, 
desolate ; huge, immense, vast. 

Ve, an enclitic conj., or. 

Vecordia, cb, f., want of reason, 
madness, insanity ; folly : from 

Vecors, dis, adj. (ve ^ cor), mad, 
frantic, insane ; foolish. 

Vectlgal, dlis, n. a tax, impost, du- 
ty, revenue, tribute. 

Vectus, a, um, part. (veho). 

Vegetus, a, um, adj. {vegeo, to be 
lively), quick, lively, active. 

Vrhemens, tis, adj., vehement, im- 
petuous, violent, ardent. 

Vehementer, adv. (vehemens), ve- 
hemently, ardently, eagerly, 
exceedingly, furiously, impetu- 
ously. 

Vekiculum, i, n., a carriage, vehicle. 
Juncto vehiculo veld, to ride in a 
carriage : from 

Veho, ere, vexi, vectum, a., to carry, 
convey, bear. 

Veientes, um, w. pi., the Veientes, 
inhabitants of Veii, a town not 
far from Rome : I. 15. 

Vcl, conj., or, even, , Vel — vel, 
either — or. 

Veldmen, Inis, n. (velo), a veil, cov- 
ering. 

Velle. See Volo. 

Vellico, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. 
(vello, to pluck), to twitch, pinch. 



Velio, ere, velli or vulsi, vulsum, a., 
to pluck, pull, pluck up by the 
roots, tear up. 

Velo, are, dvi, dtum, a., (velum), to 
cover, veil ; surround, encircle, 
bind about. 

Velocitas, dtis, f, swiftness, fleet- 
ness, rapidity, speed : from 

Velox, ocis, adj., sv/ift. 

Velum, i, n., a sail ; a veil, cover. 
Facere vela, to set sail. 

Velut, or Veluti, adv. (vel Sf ut), as, 
like as, as if, as it were. 

Venahulutn, i, n. (venor), a hunt- 
ing spear. 

Venditio, dnis,f (vendo), a sale. 

Venditor, oris, m., a seller: from 

Vendo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (venum 
<^ do), to sell, vend. 

Venenum, i, n., drug or medicine ; 
poison. 

Vcneo, ire, n., § 142, R. 3, to go to 
sale ; to be sold. 

Veneratio, onis,f., veneration, wor- 
ship, reverence, respect. Ter- 
rori ac venerationi esse, to be 
an object of fear and respect : 
from 

Veneror, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
adore, reverence, worship, ven- 
erate, revere, honor, respect. 

Venia, ce, f, a favor, pardon, for- 
giveness ; leave, permission, li- 
cense. 

Venire. See Veneo. 

Venire. See Venio. 

Venio, Ire, veni, ventum, n., to 
come, arrive. Venire ad aliquem, 
to visit, to call upon — . In 
manus alicujus venire, to fall 
into the hands of — . 

Venor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to hunt, 
chase. 

Venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach. 

Ventito, are, n. freq. {venio), to 
come often. 



VENTUS— VICESIMUS. 



265 



P'entus, «, m., the wind. 

Verber, eris, w., a scourge, lash, 
whip; a blow. 

Verbero, are, dvi, dtum, a. (verber), 
to whip, scourge, beat. 

Verbum, i, n., a word, saying. 
Verba facere, to speak. Verbo, 
in word, by word. 

Verk, adv. (verus), truly. 

Verecundia^ ce, /., respect, regard, 
awe, veneration; mc iesty : from 

Verecundits, a, wm, adj., modest; 
respectful ; retiring : from 

Vereor, eri, verttus sum, dep., to 
fear, be afraid of; to appre- 
hend. 

Veritas, dtis,f. (verus), truth. 

Veritus, a, um, -part, (vereor). 

Verd, adv. ^ conj. {verus), § 279, 3, 
third clause; indeed, truly, cer- 
tainly ; but. 

Verruca, ce, f, a wart; an emi- 
nence. 

Verso, are, dvi, dtum, a., to turn ; 
turn about ; pass., to be occupied, 
busy ; to frequent, stay, remain, 
live, dwell, be. 

Versus, its, m. (verto), a line, verse ; 
poetry. 

Versus, or Versiim, adv., towards. 
It is often used with ad or in. 

Versus, a, um,part. (verto), turned ; 
looking, facing. Versus ad pre- 
ces, resorting to, having recourse 
to. 

Vertex, ?cw, m., the crown of the 
head ; the point, summit ; from 

Verto, ere, ti, sum, a. 8^ n. to turn. 
Terga vertere, to turn one's back 
to the enemy, fly, run away. 
^liquid alicui probro vertere, to 
reproach one with, to speak of 
as disgraceful to — , § 227. 

Verum, i, n., (verus), the truth. 

Verus, a, um, adj., true, real, sin- 
cere. 

33 



Vescor, i, dep.(esca), §245, I., to 
eat or drink, feed, feed upon, 
subsist upon. 

Vesperus, i, m., the evening star ; 
the evening, evening. 

Vesta, (B, f, Vesta, a goddess, the 
daughter of Saturn and Ops : 
I. 1. Her 'priestesses were called 
vestal virgins, and were forbidden 
to marry. 

Vester, tra, trum, adj. pro. (vos), 
your, yours. 

Vestibulum, i, n., the vestibule of 
a house ; a porch. 

Vestigium, i, n., a footfall, tread ; 
a footstep, trace, track. Fig., 
trace, vestige, sign, indication. 

Vestimentum, i, n. (vestio, to clothe), 
clothes, a garment. 

Vestis, is,f., a garment, robe, vest- 
ment, dress. 

Veterdnus, a, um, adj. (vetus), old. 
Veteranu^, or miles veteranus, a 
veteran soldier, veteran. 

Veto, dre, ui, itum, a., to dissuade, 
forbid, prohibit, command a 
thing not to be done. 

Veturia, (R,f., Veturia, the mother 
of Coriolanus : II. 13. 

Vetus, eris, adj., old, ancient, pris- 
tine ; former, of long standing. 
Veteres, um, m. pi., the ancients. 

Vexo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to agi- 
tate ; to abuse, molest, trouble, 
hurt, disquiet, harass, annoy, dis- 
turb. 

Via, cB, f, a way, road, street; a 
method, manner. Viam ferro 
facer e, to make a way, open a 
passage — ; a journey. 

Vicarius, a, um, adj. (vices), vica- 
rious, in the place of another. 
Vicanus, i, m., a substitute, 
deputy. 

Vieesirmis, a, um, num. adj. (w- 
ginti), the twentieth. 



266 



VfCl— VIRIDIS. 



Vici. See Vinco. 

Vicinus, a, um^ adj. (vicus), neigli- 
boring, near. VicinuSy i, w., a 
neighbor. 

Vicis, gen. § 94, /., change, vicis- 
situde ; place, office, part, room, 
stead. Vicem prastarCy to serve 
the purpose. 

Victima, «,/. (vinco), a victim. 

Victor, oris, m. (vinco), a con- 
queror, victor, ^dj., victorious. 

Victoria, cE,f. (victor), victory, 

Victurus, a, um, part, (vinco). 

Victurus, a, um, part. (vivo). 

Victus, us, m. (vivo), life ; food, 
sustenance. 

Victus, a, um, part, (vinco). 

Virus, i, m., a village, hamlet; a 
street. 

Videlicet, adv. (video «^ licet), you 
can see; it is evident; certain- 
ly, indeed; namely, to wit, that 
is to say. 

Video, ere, di, sum, a. ^ n., to see, 
behold ; to perceive ; to take 
care, provide. Videor, eri, visus 
sum, to be seen ; also, dep., to 
seem, appear. Imp., to seem 
good or proper ; I, he, &c., re- 
solve or determine : to take 
care, provide, see. 

Vigeo, ere, ui, n., to live, thrive. 

Vigil, ilis, adj. (vigeo), awake, 
watching. Subs., a watchman, 
sentinel. 

Vigilia, ce, f. (vigil), a watching, 
being awake ; a watch, guard 
by night : the night, among the 
Romans, was divided into four 
vigil i SB, or watches, of three hours 
each. 

Vigilantia, ce, f. (vigilans, watch- 
ful), watchfulness, vigilance. 

Viginti, ind. num. adj., twenty. 

Vigor, oris, m. (vigeo), vigor, 
strength, force, activity. 



Vilis, e, adj., cheap; vile, worth- 
less, mean. 

Villa, «,/., a villa, country-seat. 

Villdris, e, adj. (villa), of or per- 
taining to a villa. 

Vilticus, i, m. (villa), the overseei 
of a farm ; a farmer, steward. 

Vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, a., to 
bind; to fasten, secure. 

Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. 8/- n., 
to conquer, vanquish, overcome ; 
to surpass, exceed, outdo, excel; 
to prevail, gain one's cause; to 
force, constrain. 

Vinctus, a, um, part, (vincio) . 

Vinculum, i, n. (vincio), a bond,, 
band, cord; pi., fetters; a pris- 
on, jail. 

Vindex, ids, m. ^ f, a defender, 
protector ; sn avenger : from 

Vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. <^ n., 
to lay claim to, assert ; to free, 
liberate, deliver ; to avenge j 
revenge, punish ; to appropriate, 
acquire, 

Vinum, i, n., wine. 

Violo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (vis), ta 
hurt, harm, injure, violate. 

Vir, viri, m., a man ; a husband ; 
a brave man. 

Vireo, ere, ui, n., to be green ; to 
flourish. 

Vires, ium, f. pi. (vis), force, 
strength, power, vigor ; forces, 
troops. 

Virga, ce, f. (vireo), a branch, 
twig ; a rod. 

Virginia, ce, /., Virginia, a daugh- 
ter of L. Virginius : IX. 18 & 1&. 

Virginius, i, m., Virginius, a Ro- 
man name. L. Virginius, a Ro- 
man centurion : II. 18 & 19. 

Virgo, mis, f. (vireo), a virginy 
maid. 

Viridis, e, adj. (vireo), green, ver- 
dant ; green, fresh. 



VIRILIS— vox. 



2675 



Virtlis, e, adj. (vir)^ manly. 

Viritim, adv. (vir), man by man, 
singly, individually, severally, 
one by one, among all. 

Virtus, utis, f. (vir), manhood; 
bravery, courage, prowess, val- 
or ; virtue ; the virtues, good 
qualities, merit, excellence : the 
wtme of a deity. Virtue. 

Vis, vis, f., power, force, energy, 
vehemence, impetuosity ; vio- 
lence, strength, vigor ; quantity, 
number, multitude ; abundance, 
plenty. Afferre or inferre vim, 
to do violence to ; — urgency, 
importunity, strenuousness. 

Vis. See Volo, velle. 

Viso, ere, si, sum, a. freq. (video), 
to visit, call upon ; to see, look 
at, view, behold. 

Visus, us, m. (video), the sight; 
a sight, appearance, aspect. 

Visus, a, um, part, (video). 

Vita, cE, /., life ; conduct, manner 
of life. 

Vitiiim^ ^, n., injury, hurt; a fault, 
defect ; vice. Alicui vitio ver- 
tere, dare, or trihuere, to charge 
or impute as a fault to any one ; 
to blame — , censure — . 

Vito.^ are, dvi, dtum, a., to shun, 
avoid. 

Vitta. cB,f., a chaplet, fillet. 

Vituperandus., a, um, part, (vitu- 
pero), censurable, to be blamed. 

Vitnperatio, onis, /., a blaming, 
reproving ; blame, reproof : 
from 

Vitupero, are, dvi, dtum, a. (vi- 
tium)., to injure ; to blame, re- 
prove. 

Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, n., § 245, 
II., to live. 

Vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo)^ alive, 
living. Vivum flumen, a run- 
ning stream. 



Viz, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 

difficulty. 
Vixi. See Vivo. 
Vocifercr, dri, dtus sum, dep.^ to 

cry with a loud voice, exclaim, 

vociferate. 
Vocito, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq., to 

call, name : from, 
Voco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (vox), to 

call, summon ; to invite ; to call, 

name. 
Volens, tis, part. 8^ adj. (volo)., 

willing, ready. 
Volito, dre, dvi, dtum, n. freq., to 

fly often ; to fly, flutter : from 
Volo, dre, dvi., dtum, n., to fly. 
Volo, velle, volui, irr., a. ^ n., to 

will, be willing, choose ; to 

wish, desire. 
Volsci, drum, m. pL, the Volsci, 

a people of Latium : 11. 11. 
Volucer, oris, ere, adj. (volo), 

flying, winged; swift. 
Volucris, is, m. Sff., a bird, fowl. 
Volui. Se£. Volo, velle. 
Volumen^ \nis, n. (volvo), any 

thing wound together in a roll; 

a book, writing. 
Volumnia, ce, f, Volurania, the 

wife of Coriolanus : II. 13. 
Voluntarius, a, um, adj., voluntary : 

from 
Voluntas, dtis, f. (volo), the will, 

inclination, wish, desire; appro- 
bation, consent. 
Voluptas, dtis, f., pleasure, enjoy- 
ment, delight. 
Vos. See Tu. 

Vot.um, i, n., that which is prom- 
ised to a deity ; a vow; a wish. 
Voveo., ere, vovi, votnm, a., to vow, 

promise sacredly; to devote. 
Vox, vocis, f, the voice ; a word, 

saying, remark, expression, 

speech ; language ; the tone of 

voice. 



268 



VULGARIS— ZAMA. 



Vulgaris^ e, adj. (vulgus)^ com- 

moiij ordinary, usual. 
Vulgd, adv., among the people, 

in public ; often, commonly, 

generally : from 
Vulgus^ i, n. ^ m., people collec- 
tively; the public; the vulgar; 

the common people. 
Vulnero, are, dvi, atum, a., to 

wound : from 
Vulnus, eris, n., a. wound. 
Vulsi. See Velio. 
Vulsus, a, um,part. (vello). 
Vultur, uris, m., a vulture. 
Vulturnus, i, m., the Vulturnus, 

a river of Campania : V. 13. 
Vultiis, Us, m., the countenance, 



features, expression, looks, as- 
pect ; the face. 

X. 

Xanthippus, i, m., Xanthippus, a 

Spartan general who conquered 

Regulus : IV. 9. 
Xerxes, is, m., Xerxes, a king of 

Persia, the son of Darius : VIII. 

10. 

z. 

Zama, cB,f., Zama, a town of Af- 
rica, distant five days' journey 
from Carthage : V. 30. 



NOTES 



BOOK I. 



1. Pulso fratre, § 257, R. 5. — After fratre supply suo, § 207, R. 36, 
last clause. — Quo cognito, § 206, (13.) — Parvulos, sc. pueros. 

2. Reverteretui; §263, 5. — Educandos, §274, R. 7. — Venando, 
§ 275, III. R. 4. — Q,uis esset, § 265. — Albam properavit^ § 237. 

3. Quasi — solitus esset, § 263, 2. 

4. Uter — daret, §265. — Rumam vocamt^ sc. urbem, §230. — Tran- 
siliret, § 262. 

5. Hunc asylum fecit^ § 230, — Qui — peterenf, § 264, 5. — .Bdditura^ 
sc. est, which is often omitted after a participle ; § 209, R. 4, at the 
end. — Quid ni, § 209, R. 4. — VidendcB nova urbis, § 275, II. — Cum 
oculis, § 249, Ill. — Et Imc, § 206, (10.) 

6. Ob virgines raptas^ § 274, R. 5. — JlqucB caiisd sacrorum haurien- 
dcE : aqucB kaurimdcB funits causa, §275, III. R. 1; and sacrorum 
limits aqu^: "water for the sacred rites," § 211, R. 12. — Descenderat, 
sc. ab arce. — Exercitum suum, § 208, (1.) — Perduxisset, § 266, 2, R. 4. 

7. Prima impetu, §253. — jYomine, §250. — Longe aliud — aliud : 
the English idiom requires that longe should be translated with the 
latter aliud: ''one thing — quite another." — RaptcB, i.e. quce raptce 
erant. — Coiisiliarunt, § 162, 7. 

8. Omnia ageret^ § 264, 5. — His, § 205, R. 7, (2.) — Lustraret, § 263, 
5, R. 2.— Creditum est, § 201, IV. 1, & § 209, R. 3 & 5. — Visum, sc. 
esse, § 270, R. 3. — Augustiore formd, § 211, R. 6. — Fuisset, § 266, 2, 
& § 209, R. 2, (1,) (b.) 

9. Curibus, § 2bo. — Alendum, § 274, R. 7.— Veste, § 249, L — Pu- 
tabant, § 145, II. 1. — Civitatem — populos, § 239. 

10. Sibi, § 226. — Jigeret, § 266, 2. — Medixim, § 205, R. 17. — Utjides, 
§262, R.l. 

11. Eo regnnnte, § 257, R. l. — Dimicent^ § 209, R. 11, (4.) — Temi 
juvenes, " the three youths upon each side." 

12. AHquantuin, §236. — Spatii, §212, R. 3. — Ah se abesse, §242, 
R. 1.— Posset, § 263,3. 

13. Domum, § 237, R. 4. — Curiatiis, § 212, R. 2, N. 4. — Viso, 

23 * 



270 NOTES. 

§ 257, R. 5. — Crines solvere : this was done in token of grief. — Juveniy 
§ 211, R. 5, 1. — Eat qucecumque, § 260, R. 6. 

14. Lib eris facer et, § 262. 

15. Finisset, § 162, 7, & § 266, 3. — Gratulandum, § 276, II. R. 4. 

16. Habitaretur, § 2Q2. — Memorant, § 209, R. 2, (2.) 

17. Res repeteret, §264, 5. — Id autem, §206, (13.) — Fides sit, 
§ 260, R. 6. — Belli indicendi, § 275, II. & R. 3. 

18. Superbe responsum est a Latinis, i. e. Latini superbe responderunt, 
§ 184, 2. — PrcBStare, i. e. se talem regem qualem promiserat. 

19. Ei advenienti, §224, R. 2. — Ingressi sunt, §205, R. 2, (1.) — 
Tutor liberis, § 211, R. 5. 

20. In experimentum artis, i.e. of Attus. — Possem, §265. — Per- 
cussisset, § 266, 3. 

21. Totus, §205, R. 15. — Elatam securim in ejus caput dejecit : 
" raising an axe, he brought it down upon his head : " a perfect passive 
participle, either in the ablative absolute, or agreeing with a noun 
depending upon a subsequent verb, often supplies the place of an active 
participle, agreeing with the subject of that verb. 

22. Educaretur, § 145, N. — Visu eventuque, § 250. — Gener, § 210, 
R. 4. — Dicto audientes, § 222, R. 1, last part. 

23. Aliquod, § 138, 2. — Roma fanum, § 221, 1. — Datum — habitu- 
rum, § 270, R. 3. 

24. Gradibus dejectus, § 242. — Prima regem salutavit, § 205, R. 15, 
& § 230. — Evitantem, i. e. qui corpus evitabat. 

25. Potestatem redegit, § 207, R. 36, last clause. — Mittit sciscitatum^ 
§ 276, II. — Vellet, § 265. — Exspectando, § 275, III. R. 4. 

26. Advocatis patre et conjuge, § 205, R. 2. 



BOOK II. 



1. Honorandum, §276, II. R. 4. — Oscularetur, §266, 2.— Sit, 
§ 266, 3. 

2. Patrem exuit, " he laid aside the father," i. e. the character or 
feelings of a father. 

3. Obviarn hosti, § 228, 1. — Inquit, § 279, 6. — Quanta potuit : supply 
tanto : tantus is often omitted before quantus, § 206, (16.) 

4. M restituendum, § 275, III. R. 3, & § 276, II. R. 4. — Pons subli- 
cius: see chapter 18. — Msi: the meaning of the passage seems to re- 
quire us to supply, before nisi, et iter dedisset, " and would have afforded 
a passage, had it not been for one man." — Illo cognomine, § 211, R. 6. 
— Interrumperetur, § 263, 4. 



NOTES. '271 

5. Senatum adiit, § 224, R. 4. — Ornatu, § 211, R. 6. — Supplidif 
§ 212, XV. 3. — ^ rea, " from his guilty hand." — Sui, § 222, R. 2. 

6. i2'j3a, §241, R. 2. — Parie obsidum donare, sc. earn. — Quorum 
(Btateniy " whose age," instead of qui propter (Etatem, " who by reason 
of their (tender) age." — Summa^ § 205, R. 17. 

7. Qmo adjutore, § 257, R. 7. — Misit, sc. homines. — Eosque, sc. 
fasces. — Invisum esset^ timnissent^ diruerent, esset,fuisset, deesset : by 
what rules are these verbs in the subjunctive .'' 

10. Creavit, sc. plebs. — Siiam, §208, (1.) — Restitutam — concordi- 
am, §274, R. 5. — Pauperes — locupletes, sc. homines, "the poor — 
the rich," §205, R. 7, (1,) N. l. — Multo magis, §256, R. 16.— 
Quam non sit necessaria, "how unnecessary." — Cupienti, sc. alicui or 
homini. 

11. Captis Coriolis, §274, R. 5. — Quum prima stipendia facere 
coepisset, " though he had begun while a youth to serve as a soldier." 
— Ea oblectanda, § 275, R. 4. — Ulius, sc. inatris. 

13. Complexus inde suos, § 205, R. 2, (1.) 

14. Vos alia bella, § 209, R. 1. — Fabios hostes, § 230, R. 2.—Istud 
helium, §207, R. 25. — Ei, sc. Fabice genti. — Urbe tota, "throughout 
the city," § 236. 

15. Fabiis audacia, § 211, R. 5, 1. — Obviam acta sunt, sc. Fabiis. 

16. PrcEsidii videretur, § 212, R. 4, N. 1. — Placuit, sc. Romanis. — 
Salute data invicem redditaque, " having exchanged salutations." 

18. Urbe condita, § 274, R. 5. — Suam esse, sc. earn. — JVi faciat, sc. 
id, i.e. ni sequatur. 

19. Filiam — alloqui, § 233. — Morte — exsilio, § 249. 

20. Dedituri essent, § 262, R. 10, 2. — Similem tui, § 222, R. 2. 

21. Sexto Calendas, § 326, 2 & 3. 

23. In summum saxum, § 205, R. 17. — Non fefellere, sc. Galli. 



BOOK ni. 



1. Ex duabusfliabus, § 212, R. 2, N. 4. — Potestate consulari, § 211, 
R. 6.— Videat, § 266, 1. 

3. Bella sit melior, § 265. 

4 Pavor cum admiratione, § 249, III. 

5. Quantum eques Latinu^, § 256, R. 16. — Excussum transfixit : see 
note in chapter 21, Book I. — Convener e, § 259, R. 1, (2.) 

7. Res visa mirabilis, § 276, III. 

9. £o die coisa traduntur, § 270, R. 3. 

10. Pedum pernicitas inerat, sc. ei, i. e. " he had — ". — Pertimorem 
segniv^, " — too slowly," § 256, R. 9, last clause. 



^72 NOTES. 

11. Qui locus, § 206, (8.) — Fraus hostilis apparuisset, § 211, R. 4. 

12. Quid sibi, § 225, III. — Faciendum, sc. esse, § 274, R. 8. icci' 

turn — rogavit: see note, Book I. chapter 21. — In suis quisque, sc. ab- 
didit, §209, R. 11, (4.) 

J 3. Civem esse, ilium, i. e.fecialem,. — Legatum,, sc. esse. 
15. Murtuos jacere cerneret, § 272, R. 5. 

17. Quid postea acturvs es, § 274, R. 6. — JVos quieti dabimus, § 132, 
5th paragraph, at the top of the 76th page. 

18. Qualem Romam comperisset, " what kind of a place — ." 

21. Salino uno constabat, § 245, II. 

22. Homo inimicus, sc. ille, "he, though an enemy." — Quod mihi 
gratius agas, § 264, 7, 1. — Venire: prisoners of war were anciently 
sold as slaves. — Expediretur, § 264, 6, 4th clause. 

23. Solitudofuturafuerit, § 259, R. 7, (2.) — Malo, inquit, hcec, " these 
things," instead of has rapas. — Esse, see Edo,\n the Dictionary. — 
Jlurum habentibus, sc. hominibus. < 

24. Ea de causa, § 279, 10, 4th and 5th clauses. — Esse reipublic(By 
§ 226. — JVesciret — detrectaret, § 266, 1. —Hoc terrore, § 207, R. 20. 

25. Consulem fieri placuit, sc. Romanis. 



BOOK IV. 



1. .Bppio Claudio consule, §257, R. 7, 2d clause. — Ad Messanam 
liberandam, § 275, R. 3, & 276, R. 4. 

2. JYarn injectis, sc. host'di navi. 

3. Capienda, ''• on the point of being taken." — Classis amissa, § 211, 
R. 12, &. § 274, R. 5. — Perveniret, § 263, 3. — Configendum,sc. illi. — 
Fecit, sc. id, i.e. conflixit. — Eo pance genere afficiebatur, "suffered 
that kind of punishment." 

4. Ut hosies properent, § 260, R. 7, (] .) 

8. Confagiendum,fult, §184,2, last clause : "a resort was neces- 
sary." — Tanquam urx qucedam munita, "like a fortified citadel." — 
Dejiciendus Itostis fuit, " — had to be overthrown." 

9. Quern septcm jugerum,, § 206, (7.) — jVoti esset unde, i. e. non esset 
aliquid quo, " there would be no resources by which," § 209, R. 2, (2,) 
2d clause. — Alerentur. — § 264, 6, 4th clause. 

10. Rediret ipse Carthaginem : the clause on which the subjunctive 
depends (§ 262) is dato jurejurando, § 257, R. 1. 

11. Licet per maximum gloriam diu acta, "although passed for a 
longtime in the greatest glory." 

12. Quo die hostem vidisset, " on the day in which — ", § 206, (3.) 



NOTES. 273 



BOOK V. 



1. Querimonias deferrent, §264, 5. — Quo acaperentj §266, 2. — 
Gestures^ sc. esse, § 270, R. 3. 

2. Meque ullo loco, § 254, R. 3, 3d clause. 

4. Confessus ab se Minucium, a Fabio se victum esse : a case of 
zeugma, §323, 1, (25) confessus being properly joined to the latter 
clause only, it being necessary to supply dicens, " claiming," before ab 
se Minucium victum esse. 

7. Cautior quam prom.ptior, § 256, R. 12. 

9. Minime cessandiim, sc. esse, " that there should be no delay." 

11. Si non impetrassent, sc. ut redimerentur, " if they could not effect 
their ransom." 

15. Et minantis, sc. alicujus or hominis. 

17. Return erat, § 259, R. 4. — Injuria quam gravissimam, instead 
o^ injuricB gravissimcB quam, § 206, (7.) — Senatus — in provincias con- 
sules prosecutus est, i. e. attended them to the gates of the city. 

21. Cecidissent, placuit, sc. Romanis. 

23. Victum ex Hispania expulit : see note, Book I., chapter 21. — Id 
cUatis, § 235, R. 5, & § 212, R. 3. — Subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, 
§227. 

33. Senatus belli, hujus gerendi, § 275, 11. 

34. Si per eum pacem impetrasset, § 266, R. 4. 

35. JVon est quod qucEratis, "there is no reason why — " § 264, 7, 1. 
— Uterque nostrum, § 212, R. 2, N. 2. 

37. CorUigisset^ § 266, 3. 



BOOK VI. 



1. Plurimum regiis, sc. militibus, § 205, R. 7, N. 1. 

2. AcceptcB pecunicB, § 274, R. 5. — Duci cceptus, § 183, 2, N. — Pecu- 
nia qua multatus fuerat, § 217, R. 5, last clause. 

4. Ea de re, §279, 10, 5th clause. — Fuit vir qui eam, sc. matrem 
Idceam. — Idem consul,'^ ike same when consul;" in apposition, de- 
noting character, § 204, R. 1. 

5. Ego me ipse euro, § 207, R. 28. — Minus verecundum, " too little 
respectful," " wanting in respect," 256, R. 9, last clause. — Turn Enni- 
us : quid, § 229, R. 3, 2. — Hie JVasica, sc. inquit. 

6. AnnoTum decem septemque, " at the age of seventeen," § 211, R. 
6 : the limited noun is here omitted ; homo may be supplied, § 211, R. 
8, (5.) — Eodem cibo quo milites, sc. vescebantur. 



274 NOTES. 

7. Jifricano obtigit : the subject of this verb is ille, referring to Cato, 
with which qucestor is in apposition. 

9. Id autem effecturus sihi tidehatur^ "it seemed to him that he 
should effect this," § 271, R. 2. — Effecturus^ sc. esse^ § 270, R. 3, last 
part : the subject of effecturus esse is se understood, § 239, R. 1. Ef- 
fecturus agrees in case with ille^ the subject of videbatur^ § 210, R. 6. 

12. Si tardior in discendo, §256, R. 9, 2d clause. — JYeque etiam: 
after neque supply volebat, which is contained in nolebat, preceding. 

14. Quid secundum — tertium — quartum — fenerari — occidere : 
with these words supply est. 

15. Qui te negant os habere : the student will here observe the play 
upon the word os, which signifies both "a mouth" and " impudence." 
— Et dicis, sc. proba : so in the two following clauses. — Ingratum, sc. 
est; so with insolitum. 

16. Capitali crimine accusatus, § 217, R. 2, 2d clause. 

17. Cum cetera turba, § 205, R. 17. 

18. Vincendum, aut — parendum, § 225, III. R. 1. — Regem decet, sc. 
esse. 

19. Ut legibus suis viveret, § 249, II. — Se quisque, § 279, 14. 

20. Vivo Hannibale, § 257, R. 7. — Metu vacui, § 250, R. 1. — Miquod 
iterfugcB, § 138, 2, 4th clause. 

22. JYe quis id pro portento : id here supplies the place of earn rem, 
i. e. earn defectionem. 

23. Tertium JVonas, sc. diem ante, § 326, 2. — Decimum septimum, 
§ 120, 2. 

25. Viri ejusdem esse, § 211, R. 8 & (3.) 

27. Stupenti et attonito, sc. Aom?m, " like one — ". — Dona missce, 
§ 227, R. 2.— Suis quceque, § 279, 14. 

28. Si quid adversi, " if any misfortune," § 212, R. 3, N. 3. — Qui 
Pauli JBEmilii nomen ferat, § 264, .5. 

29. Jfisi vendito — fundo, § 257, R. 10. — Quern unum, § 206, (7.) 
31. Quid faciendum sibi, § 225, III. — Quod — interponeret, § 266, 3. 



BOOK VII. 



1. Deliberatum habebant, § 274, R. 4. 

2. Carthago capta — eversa, § 274, R. 5. 

4. Equum ademit adolescenti, § 224, R. 2. — Meprior, § 256. 
7. DuAis et selibras, i. e. duas libras et semi libram. 
9. Et magna omnium spe, sc. hominum. 
J2. JYe quid detrimenti, § 212, R. 3. 



NOTES. 275 

13. Quidy ait, si te, § 229, R. 3, 2. — Obsecuturusne — fuisses, § 260, 
R. 7, (2.) 

21. Et se totum averteret, § 205, R. 15. 

23. Quod se transeunte sederet, § 266, 3. 

24. Dcgcneri filio esse vitandum, § 225, III. 

25. Credendum (sc. esse) putatis : credendum esse is used imperson- 
ally, § 239, R. 3, 2d clause. 

26. Tarn contra officium, § 277, R. 2. 

27. Malo-^erubescat, § 262, R. 4. 

23. JS'emini — quidquam, '•' any thing to no one," instead of " noth- 
ing to any one." — Cesium et ccenum, " air and earth : " the humor of 
this remark consists in the alliteration, § 324, 26. 

32. Legatus Metello, § 211. R. 5. 



BOOK vni. 



4. Ad virtutem prodessent — dolor em judicarent, § 266, 3. 

5. Et oppressisset — maluisset, § 261, 1. 
15. Si quid durius, § 256, R. 9, last clause. 

17. Eum occidendum, i. e. Cn. Pompeium. — Smo, i. e. militum, 
§ 208, (7.) 
21. Is dixissefertuTf sc. Sertorius. 



BOOK IX. 



3. JVec committam ut dolor corporis ejjiciat, ut frustra tantus vir ad 
me venerit : the present and perfect subjunctive, efficiat and venerit, fol- 
lowing committam, have here the sense of the future and future perfect 
indicative, § 260, R. 7, (1.) 

5. Excalceatus est : had he taken off his shoes, it might have been 
suspected that he meant to escape by swimming. 

6. Pietatem colas, § 260, R. 6. 

10. Quatu^r vero, quibus in conspectum venerat, horis, § 254, R. 1, 
3d clause. 

11. Assidentem — clamantem, sc. eum, i. e. CcBsarem.. 
13. Hoc metu, § 207, R. 20. 

16. Q,uod uhi audivit, § 206, (13.) 



276 NOTES. 



^ 



19. Sibi ipse mortem, § 207, R. 28. — Servaii Catonis^ § 274, R. 5. 

23. Med unius opera., § 205, R. 13. 

24. Ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua inter diceretur, § 251, R. 2, 2d clause. 
— Jib universis itum est, i. e. universi iverunt, " all went," § 164, 2. 

26. Annos audio, § 145, 2. 

27. Primi Bruti, i. e. L. Junii Bruti : see Book II. 1 — 3. 

36. Hostibus victis, solusque imperio potitus : metis and potitus are 
virtually in the same construction, though in different cases, § 278, 
R. 2 : see, also, § 257, R. 5, 1st and 3d clauses. 

38. Q^uos adversarios expertus fuerat, § 230, R. 2. i 

41. Jussit quanti, i. e. tanti, quanti, § 252. 

48. Solitam clausulam : words of this kind were usually added at 
the end of plays. 



< 



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